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Mozhaitseva K, Tourrain Z, Branca A. Population Genomics of the Mostly Thelytokous Diplolepis rosae (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) Reveals Population-specific Selection for Sex. Genome Biol Evol 2023; 15:evad185. [PMID: 37831420 PMCID: PMC10608957 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evad185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In Hymenoptera, arrhenotokous parthenogenesis (arrhenotoky) is a common reproductive mode. Thelytokous parthenogenesis (thelytoky), when virgin females produce only females, is less common and is found in several taxa. In our study, we assessed the efficacy of recombination and the effect of thelytoky on the genome structure of Diplolepis rosae, a gall wasp-producing bedeguars in dog roses. We assembled a high-quality reference genome using Oxford Nanopore long-read technology and sequenced 17 samples collected in France with high-coverage Illumina reads. We found two D. rosae peripatric lineages that differed in the level of recombination and homozygosity. One of the D. rosae lineages showed a recombination rate that was 13.2 times higher and per-individual heterozygosity that was 1.6 times higher. In the more recombining lineage, the genes enriched in functions related to male traits ('sperm competition", "insemination", and "copulation" gene ontology terms) showed signals of purifying selection, whereas in the less recombining lineage, the same genes showed traces pointing towards balancing or relaxed selection. Thus, although D. rosae reproduces mainly by thelytoky, selection may act to maintain sexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia Mozhaitseva
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes, Comportement, Ecologie, l’Institut Diversité, Ecologie et Evolution du Vivant, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Zoé Tourrain
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes, Comportement, Ecologie, l’Institut Diversité, Ecologie et Evolution du Vivant, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Antoine Branca
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes, Comportement, Ecologie, l’Institut Diversité, Ecologie et Evolution du Vivant, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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2
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Du SJ, Yefremova Z, Ye FY, Zhu CD, Guo JY, Liu WX. Morphological and molecular identification of arrhenotokous strain of Diglyphuswani (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) found in China as a control agent against agromyzid leafminers. Zookeys 2021; 1071:109-126. [PMID: 34887696 PMCID: PMC8613133 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1071.72433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diglyphus species are ecologically and economically important on agromyzid leafminers. In 2018, a thelytokous species, Diglyphuswani Liu, Zhu & Yefremova, was firstly reported and described. Subsequently, the arrhenotokous D.wani were discovered in Yunnan and Guizhou Provinces of China. We compared the morphological characteristics of thelytokous and arrhenotokous strains. However, the females of two strains had a strongly similar morphology and showed subtle differences in fore- and hind-wings. The difference was that forewing of arrhenotokous female was with denser setae overall, showing that costal cell with 2 ~ 4 rows of setae on dorsal surface and the setae of basal cell with 15 ~ 21 hairs and forewing of thelytokous female was with two rows of setae on dorsal surface and basal cell with 10 ~ 15 hairs generally. The setation beneath the marginal vein of the hind-wing of arrhenotokous female is denser than the same area of thelytokous female. To explore the genetic divergence between thelytokous and arrhenotokous strains of D.wani, the mitochondrial and nuclear gene were applied and sequenced. The polygenic analyses revealed that two strains can be distinguished by COI, ITS1 and ITS2. The mean sequence divergence between the two strains was 0.052, 0.010 and 0.007, respectively. Nevertheless, the 28S gene was unfeasible due to its containing a sharing haplotype between different strains. The two strains of D.wani are dominant parasitoids against agromyzid leafminers and such effective discernible foundation provides future in-depth studies on biological characteristics, along with insight into field application of two strains of D.wani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jie Du
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China
| | - Zoya Yefremova
- Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Israel TelAviv University Ramat Aviv Israel
| | - Fu-Yu Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China
| | - Chao-Dong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Jian-Yang Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China
| | - Wan-Xue Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China
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3
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Hitchcock TJ, Gardner A, Ross L. Sexual antagonism in haplodiploids. Evolution 2021; 76:292-309. [PMID: 34773705 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Females and males may face different selection pressures, such that alleles conferring a benefit in one sex may be deleterious in the other. Such sexual antagonism has received a great deal of theoretical and empirical attention, almost all of which has focused on diploids. However, a sizeable minority of animals display an alternative haplodiploid mode of inheritance, encompassing both arrhenotoky, whereby males develop from unfertilized eggs, and paternal genome elimination (PGE), whereby males receive but do not transmit a paternal genome. Alongside unusual genetics, haplodiploids often exhibit social ecologies that modulate the relative value of females and males. Here we develop a series of evolutionary-genetic models of sexual antagonism for haplodiploids, incorporating details of their molecular biology and social ecology. We find that: 1) PGE promotes female-beneficial alleles more than arrhenotoky, and to an extent determined by the timing of elimination - and degree of silencing of - the paternal genome; 2) sib-mating relatively promotes female-beneficial alleles, as do other forms of inbreeding, including limited male-dispersal, oedipal-mating, and the pseudo-hermaphroditism of Icerya purchasi; 3) resource competition between related females inhibits the invasion of female-beneficial alleles; and 4) sexual antagonism foments conflicts between parents and offspring, endosymbionts and hosts, and maternal-origin and paternal-origin genes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andy Gardner
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Laura Ross
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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4
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Influence of reproductive biology on establishment capacity in introduced Hymenoptera species. Biol Invasions 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-020-02375-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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5
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Collet M, Amat I, Sauzet S, Auguste A, Fauvergue X, Mouton L, Desouhant E. Insects and incest: Sib-mating tolerance in natural populations of a parasitoid wasp. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:596-609. [PMID: 31850599 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sib-mating avoidance is a pervasive behaviour that is expected to evolve in species subject to inbreeding depression. Although laboratory studies provide elegant demonstrations, small-scaled bioassays minimize the costs of mate finding and choice, and thus may produce spurious findings. We therefore combined laboratory experiments with field observations to examine the existence of inbreeding avoidance using the parasitoid wasp Venturia canescens. In the laboratory, our approach consisted of mate-choice experiments to assess kin discrimination in population cages with competitive interactions. A higher mating probability after sib rejections suggested that females could discriminate their sibs; however, in contrast to previous findings, sib-mating avoidance was not observed. To compare our laboratory results to field data, we captured 241 individuals from two populations. Females laid eggs in the lab, and 226 daughters were obtained. All individuals were genotyped at 18 microsatellite loci, which allowed inference of the genotype of each female's mate and subsequently the relatedness within each mating pair. We found that the observed rate of sib-mating did not differ from the probability that sibs encountered one another at random in the field, which is consistent with an absence of sib-mating avoidance. In addition, we detected a weak but significant male-biased dispersal, which could reduce encounters between sibs. We also found weak fitness costs associated with sib-mating. As such, the sex-biased dispersal that we found is probably sufficient to mitigate these costs. These results imply that kin discrimination has probably evolved for purposes other than mate choice, such as superparasitism avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Collet
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR5558, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Isabelle Amat
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR5558, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sandrine Sauzet
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR5558, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | | | - Laurence Mouton
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR5558, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Emmanuel Desouhant
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR5558, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
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Casanovas P, Goldson SL, Tylianakis JM. Asymmetry in reproduction strategies drives evolution of resistance in biological control systems. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207610. [PMID: 30566468 PMCID: PMC6300327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of biological control may depend on the control agent co-evolving with its target pest species, precluding the emergence of resistance that often undermines chemical control. However, recent evidence of a decline in attack rates of a sexual pest weevil by its asexual parasitoid suggests that evolutionary arms races may not prevent the emergence of resistance if the host and parasitoid do not have reproductive strategies that generate equal amounts of genetic variation. To understand how these asymmetries in reproductive strategies may drive the emergence of resistance, we combined life history data from two pest weevils and their parasitoids (one sexual and one asexual) in the New Zealand pastoral ecosystem, with a population dynamic model that allows the coevolution of hosts and parasitoids. We found that the ratio of the genetic variance of hosts to parasitoids was a key determinant of the emergence of resistance. Host resistance eventually occurred unless the parasitoids had considerably greater additive genetic variance than their host. The higher reproductive rate of asexual parasitoids did little to offset the cost of reduced additive genetic variance. The model predictions were congruent with long-term parasitism rates observed in the field for both of the pests considered (one with a sexual and one with an asexual parasitoid). We then explored the consequences of introducing two parasitoids with different reproductive strategies that attack the same sexual host. The model showed that the sexually reproducing parasitoid always out-competed the asexually reproducing one. Our study shows that any asymmetry in reproductive strategies is extremely important for predicting the long-term success of biological control agents. Fortunately, introduction of sexually reproducing individuals after an initial introduction of asexual strains may overcome the problems of host resistance. We conclude that evolution must be considered when evaluating the long-term outcomes of importation biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Casanovas
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| | - Stephen L. Goldson
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
- AgResearch Ltd., Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jason M. Tylianakis
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire, United Kingdom
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7
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Eggs B, Birkhold AI, Röhrle O, Betz O. Structure and function of the musculoskeletal ovipositor system of an ichneumonid wasp. BMC ZOOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1186/s40850-018-0037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Ding T, Chi H, Gökçe A, Gao Y, Zhang B. Demographic analysis of arrhenotokous parthenogenesis and bisexual reproduction of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Sci Rep 2018; 8:3346. [PMID: 29463836 PMCID: PMC5820284 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21689-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is a serious pest that is capable of bisexual and arrhenotokous reproduction. In arrhenotokous reproduction, virgin females initially produce male offspring; later, when their sons are sexually mature, the mothers begin bisexual reproduction by carrying out oedipal mating with their sons. Because a virgin female produces many male offspring before oedipal mating occurs, multiple oedipal mating is common. In this study, we investigated the effect of multiple oedipal mating on the population growth of F. occidentalis by using the age-stage, two-sex life table theory. In the arrhenotokous cohorts, all unfertilized eggs developed into males. In the bisexual cohorts, the offspring sex ratio was significantly female biased with the mean number of female offspring and male offspring being 72.68 and 29.00, respectively. These were the same as the net reproductive rate of female offspring and male offspring. In arrhenotokous cohorts, the number of males available for oedipal mating significantly affected the production of female offspring. The number of female offspring increased as the number of sons available for oedipal mating increased. Correctly characterizing this unique type of reproduction will provide important information for predicting the timing of future outbreaks of F. occidentalis, as well as aiding in formulating successful management strategies against the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianbo Ding
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, P. R. China
| | - Hsin Chi
- Department of Plant Production and Technologies, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Niğde, 51240, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Gökçe
- Department of Plant Production and Technologies, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Niğde, 51240, Turkey
| | - Yulin Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, P. R. China.
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9
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Life history and biocontrol potential of the first female-producing parthenogenetic species of Diglyphus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) against agromyzid leafminers. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3222. [PMID: 29459647 PMCID: PMC5818481 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20972-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Diglyphus species are dominant biocontrol agents for suppressing outbreaks of agromyzid leafminers in fields. In July 2015, we collected a new thelytokous species of Diglyphus in Qinghai, China. The wasp is here named as D. wani Liu, Zhu & Yefremova sp. nov., based on morphological and molecular analyses. The life history and biocontrol potential of the wasp were studied in the laboratory and by providing Liriomyza sativae larvae. The intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of increase, and mean generation time were 0.2373 d-1, 1.2678 d-1, and 15.9 d, respectively. The wasps showed three types of host-killing behaviour, namely parasitism, host feeding and host stinging, resulting in 47.6, 94.4 and 3.4 host larvae killed per wasp over a lifetime, respectively. The finite total host-killing rate was 1.0071 and the wasp showed strong synovigeny. The wasp may be a crucial biocontrol agent against agromyzid leafminers.
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10
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Amat I, van Alphen JJ, Kacelnik A, Desouhant E, Bernstein C. Adaptations to different habitats in sexual and asexual populations of parasitoid wasps: a meta-analysis. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3699. [PMID: 28924495 PMCID: PMC5600175 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coexistence of sexual and asexual populations remains a key question in evolutionary ecology. We address the question how an asexual and a sexual form of the parasitoid Venturia canescens can coexist in southern Europe. We test the hypothesis that both forms are adapted to different habitats within their area of distribution. Sexuals inhabit natural environments that are highly unpredictable, and where density of wasps and their hosts is low and patchily distributed. Asexuals instead are common in anthropic environments (e.g., grain stores) where host outbreaks offer periods when egg-load is the main constraint on reproductive output. METHODS We present a meta-analysis of known adaptations to these habitats. Differences in behavior, physiology and life-history traits between sexual and asexual wasps were standardized in term of effect size (Cohen's d value; Cohen, 1988). RESULTS Seeking consilience from the differences between multiple traits, we found that sexuals invest more in longevity at the expense of egg-load, are more mobile, and display higher plasticity in response to thermal variability than asexual counterparts. DISCUSSION Thus, each form has consistent multiple adaptations to the ecological circumstances in the contrasting environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Amat
- UMR CNRS 5558 Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Univ Lyon; Université Claude Bernard (Lyon I), Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Alex Kacelnik
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel Desouhant
- UMR CNRS 5558 Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Univ Lyon; Université Claude Bernard (Lyon I), Villeurbanne, France
| | - Carlos Bernstein
- UMR CNRS 5558 Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Univ Lyon; Université Claude Bernard (Lyon I), Villeurbanne, France
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11
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Froissart L, Giurfa M, Sauzet S, Desouhant E. Cognitive adaptation in asexual and sexual wasps living in contrasted environments. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177581. [PMID: 28498866 PMCID: PMC5428991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in learning and memory dynamics between populations are suspected to result from differences in ecological constraints such as resource distribution. The two reproductive modes (strains) of the parasitoid wasp Venturia canescens share the same geographical areas but live in contrasting habitats: arrhenotokous wasps live in the wild (generally orchards), whereas thelytokous ones live mostly in stored-products buildings (e.g. granaries). This species thus represents a relevant biological model for understanding the relationship between the ecological constraints faced by a species and its memory and learning ability. We showed that after having laid eggs in presence of both a synthetic odour and natural olfactory cues of their host, arrhenotokous wasps exhibited a change in their behavioural response towards the synthetic odour that was at least as pronounced as in thelytokous ones even though they were faster in their decision-making process. This is consistent with better learning skills in arrhenotokous wasps. The corresponding memory trace persisted in both strains for at least 51 h. We compare and discuss the learning and memory ablities of both strains as a function of their costs and benefits in their preferential habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Froissart
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive UMR 5558, Université Claude Bernard, Université de Lyon, CNRS, Villeurbanne, France
- Institut Universitaire de Technologie Lyon 2, Université Lumière Lyon 2, Université de Lyon, Bron, France
- * E-mail: (LF); (ED)
| | - Martin Giurfa
- Research Center on Animal Cognition, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Sandrine Sauzet
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive UMR 5558, Université Claude Bernard, Université de Lyon, CNRS, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Emmanuel Desouhant
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive UMR 5558, Université Claude Bernard, Université de Lyon, CNRS, Villeurbanne, France
- * E-mail: (LF); (ED)
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12
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Collet M, Vayssade C, Auguste A, Mouton L, Desouhant E, Malausa T, Fauvergue X. Diploid male production correlates with genetic diversity in the parasitoid wasp Venturia canescens: a genetic approach with new microsatellite markers. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:6721-6734. [PMID: 27777743 PMCID: PMC5058541 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex determination is ruled by haplodiploidy in Hymenoptera, with haploid males arising from unfertilized eggs and diploid females from fertilized eggs. However, diploid males with null fitness are produced under complementary sex determination (CSD), when individuals are homozygous for this locus. Diploid males are expected to be more frequent in genetically eroded populations (such as islands and captive populations), as genetic diversity at the csd locus should be low. However, only a few studies have focused on the relation between population size, genetic diversity, and the proportion of diploid males in the field. Here, we developed new microsatellite markers in order to assess and compare genetic diversity and diploid male proportion (DMP) in populations from three distinct habitat types - mainland, island, or captive -, in the parasitoid wasp Venturia canescens. Eroded genetic diversity and higher DMP were found in island and captive populations, and habitat type had large effect on genetic diversity. Therefore, DMP reflects the decreasing genetic diversity in small and isolated populations. Thus, Hymenopteran populations can be at high extinction risk due to habitat destruction or fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Collet
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558CNRSUniversité Claude BernardUniversité de LyonF‐69622VilleurbanneFrance
| | - Chloé Vayssade
- UMR 1355‐7254 Institut Sophia AgrobiotechCNRSUniversité Nice Sophia AntipolisINRA06900Sophia AntipolisFrance
| | - Alexandra Auguste
- UMR 1355‐7254 Institut Sophia AgrobiotechCNRSUniversité Nice Sophia AntipolisINRA06900Sophia AntipolisFrance
| | - Laurence Mouton
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558CNRSUniversité Claude BernardUniversité de LyonF‐69622VilleurbanneFrance
| | - Emmanuel Desouhant
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558CNRSUniversité Claude BernardUniversité de LyonF‐69622VilleurbanneFrance
| | - Thibaut Malausa
- UMR 1355‐7254 Institut Sophia AgrobiotechCNRSUniversité Nice Sophia AntipolisINRA06900Sophia AntipolisFrance
| | - Xavier Fauvergue
- UMR 1355‐7254 Institut Sophia AgrobiotechCNRSUniversité Nice Sophia AntipolisINRA06900Sophia AntipolisFrance
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13
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Detection of Gene Flow from Sexual to Asexual Lineages in Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138353. [PMID: 26375283 PMCID: PMC4573522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Populations of Thrips tabaci are known to have two sympatric but genetically isolated reproductive modes, arrhenotoky (sexual reproduction) and thelytoky (asexual reproduction). Herein, we report behavioral, ecological and genetic studies to determine whether there is gene flow between arrhenotokous and thelytokous T. tabaci. We did not detect significant preference by arrhenotokous males to mate with females of a particular reproductive mode, nor did we detect significant behavioral differences between arrhenotokous males mated with arrhenotokous or thelytokous females in their pre-copulation, copulation duration and mating frequency. Productive gene transfer resulting from the mating between the two modes was experimentally confirmed. Gene transfer from arrhenotokous T. tabaci to thelytokous T. tabaci was further validated by confirmation of the passage of the arrhenotokous male-originated nuclear gene (histone H3 gene) allele to the F2 generation. These behavioral, ecological and genetic studies confirmed gene transfer from the sexual arrhenotokous mode to the asexual thelytokous mode of T. tabaci in the laboratory. These results demonstrate that asexual T. tabaci populations may acquire genetic variability from sexual populations, which could offset the long-term disadvantage of asexual reproduction.
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14
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Chuine A, Sauzet S, Debias F, Desouhant E. Consequences of genetic incompatibility on fitness and mate choice: the male point of view. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chuine
- Université Lyon 1; Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive; F-69000 Lyon UMR CNRS 5558 F-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Sandrine Sauzet
- Université Lyon 1; Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive; F-69000 Lyon UMR CNRS 5558 F-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - François Debias
- Université Lyon 1; Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive; F-69000 Lyon UMR CNRS 5558 F-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Emmanuel Desouhant
- Université Lyon 1; Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive; F-69000 Lyon UMR CNRS 5558 F-69622 Villeurbanne France
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Maccari M, Amat F, Hontoria F, Gómez A. Laboratory generation of new parthenogenetic lineages supports contagious parthenogenesis in Artemia. PeerJ 2014; 2:e439. [PMID: 25024909 PMCID: PMC4081286 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Contagious parthenogenesis—a process involving rare functional males produced by a parthenogenetic lineage which mate with coexisting sexual females resulting in fertile parthenogenetic offspring—is one of the most striking mechanisms responsible for the generation of new parthenogenetic lineages. Populations of the parthenogenetic diploid brine shrimp Artemia produce fully functional males in low proportions. The evolutionary role of these so-called Artemia rare males is, however, unknown. Here we investigate whether new parthenogenetic clones could be obtained in the laboratory by mating these rare males with sexual females. We assessed the survival and sex ratio of the hybrid ovoviviparous offspring from previous crosses between rare males and females from all Asiatic sexual species, carried out cross-mating experiments between F1 hybrid individuals to assess their fertility, and estimated the viability and the reproductive mode of the resulting F2 offspring. Molecular analysis confirmed the parentage of hybrid parthenogenetic F2. Our study documents the first laboratory synthesis of new parthenogenetic lineages in Artemia and supports a model for the contagious spread of parthenogenesis. Our results suggest recessive inheritance but further experiments are required to confirm the likelihood of the contagious parthenogenesis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Maccari
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas) , Ribera de Cabanes (Castellón) , Spain ; School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull , Hull , United Kingdom
| | - Francisco Amat
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas) , Ribera de Cabanes (Castellón) , Spain
| | - Francisco Hontoria
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas) , Ribera de Cabanes (Castellón) , Spain
| | - Africa Gómez
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull , Hull , United Kingdom
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16
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Omnia tempus habent: habitat-specific differences in olfactory learning and decision making in parasitic wasps. Anim Cogn 2012; 16:223-32. [PMID: 23065185 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-012-0567-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory learning is generally involved in the host-finding process in parasitic wasps. But the reliability of odour cues for predicting future host-finding success depends on the rate at which host-substrate associations are subject to variation within and between parasitoid generations. Since learning comes at physiological costs, we can expect animals to learn in a way that optimizes costs and benefits. The parasitic wasp Venturia canescens occurs in two reproductive modes that forage in different environments. We tested populations from both habitat types for learning rate, memory duration and speed of decision making and found considerable differences. Thelytokous wasps live in habitats with relatively stable host-substrate associations and might encounter hosts at a high rate. They showed a preference for a new odour after only a single experience. However, the response faded within 24 h, even with spaced learning experiences. Arrhenotokous wasps live in habitats where hosts are scarce and are likely to be found on a variety of substrates. Like the thelytokous ones, arrhenotokous wasps learned a new odour after a single experience, but seemingly took long for information processing: one and four hours after an experience, a speed-accuracy trade-off became visible, while 24 h after the experience, wasps decided quickly and in accordance with what they had learned. In addition, these wasps are likely to have developed an aversion response towards Geraniol in the CleanAir experiment. We conclude that the respective cognitive pattern can be attributed to the ecological circumstances of the wasp's natural habitat.
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17
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Mateo Leach I, Ferber S, van de Zande L, Beukeboom LW. Genetic variability of arrhenotokous and thelytokous Venturia canescens (Hymenoptera). Genetica 2012; 140:53-63. [PMID: 22729870 PMCID: PMC3386485 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-012-9657-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ichneumonid wasp Venturia canescens (Hymenoptera) has been studied extensively for foraging behaviour and population dynamics of sexually (arrhenotokous) and parthenogenetically (thelytokous) reproducing individuals. Here we report the development of a set of microsatellite markers for V.canescens and use them to show that arrhenotokous individuals have more genetic variability than thelytokous ones, which are even homozygous for all tested loci. Crosses between arrhenotokous individuals suggested one marker, Vcan071, to be linked with the Complementary Sex Determiner (CSD) locus and one, Vcan109, with the Virus Like Protein (vlp-p40) locus. The genome size of V. canescens was estimated to be 274–279 Mb. We discuss how both reproductive modes can give rise to the observed genetic variability and how the new markers can be used for future genetic studies of V. canescens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Mateo Leach
- Evolutionary Genetics, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, PO Box 11103, 9700 CC, Groningen, The Netherlands
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18
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Goudie F, Allsopp MH, Beekman M, Oxley PR, Lim J, Oldroyd BP. Maintenance and loss of heterozygosity in a thelytokous lineage of honey bees (Apis mellifera capensis). Evolution 2012; 66:1897-906. [PMID: 22671554 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01543.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An asexual lineage that reproduces by automictic thelytokous parthenogenesis has a problem: rapid loss of heterozygosity resulting in effective inbreeding. Thus, the circumstances under which rare asexual lineages thrive provide insights into the trade-offs that shape the evolution of alternative reproductive strategies across taxa. A socially parasitic lineage of the Cape honey bee, Apis mellifera capensis, provides an example of a thelytokous lineage that has endured for over two decades. It has been proposed that cytological adaptations slow the loss of heterozygosity in this lineage. However, we show that heterozygosity at the complementary sex determining (csd) locus is maintained via selection against homozygous diploid males that arise from recombination. Further, because zygosity is correlated across the genome, it appears that selection against diploid males reduces loss of homozygosity at other loci. Selection against homozygotes at csd results in substantial genetic load, so that if a thelytokous lineage is to endure, unusual ecological circumstances must exist in which asexuality permits such a high degree of fecundity that the genetic load can be tolerated. Without these ecological circumstances, sex will triumph over asexuality. In A. m. capensis, these conditions are provided by the parasitic interaction with its conspecific host, Apis mellifera scutellata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Goudie
- Behaviour and Genetics of Social Insects Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences A12, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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19
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PELOSSE PERRINE, JERVIS MARKA, BERNSTEIN CARLOS, DESOUHANT EMMANUEL. Does synovigeny confer reproductive plasticity upon a parasitoid wasp that is faced with variability in habitat richness? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01741.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Foray V, Gibert P, Desouhant E. Differential thermal performance curves in response to different habitats in the parasitoid Venturia canescens. Naturwissenschaften 2011; 98:683-91. [PMID: 21713525 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-011-0818-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Oldroyd BP, Allsopp MH, Lim J, Beekman M. A thelytokous lineage of socially parasitic honey bees has retained heterozygosity despite at least 10 years of inbreeding. Evolution 2010; 65:860-8. [PMID: 21044063 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01164.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The honey bee population of South Africa is divided into two subspecies: a northern population in which queenless workers reproduce arrhenotokously and a southern one in which workers reproduce thelytokously. A hybrid zone separates the two, but on at least three occasions the northern population has become infested by reproductive workers derived from the southern population. These parasitic workers lay in host colonies parthenogenetically, resulting in yet more parasites. The current infestation is 20-year old--surprising because an asexual lineage is expected to show a decline in vigor over time due to increasing homozygosity. The decline is expected to be acute in honey bees, where homozygosity at the sex locus is lethal. We surveyed colonies from the zone of infestation and genotyped putative parasites at two sets of linked microsatellite loci. We confirm that there is a single clonal lineage of parasites that shows minor variations arising from recombination events. The lineage shows high levels of heterozygosity, which may be maintained by selection against homozygotes, or by a reduction in recombination frequency within the lineage. We suggest that the clonal lineage can endure the costs of asexual reproduction because of the fitness benefits of its parasitic life history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Oldroyd
- Behaviour and Genetics of Social Insects Lab, School of Biological Sciences A12, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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22
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Mateo Leach I, Hesseling A, Huibers WHC, Witsenboer H, Beukeboom LW, van de Zande L. Transcriptome and proteome analysis of ovaries of arrhenotokous and thelytokous Venturia canescens. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 18:477-482. [PMID: 19453764 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2009.00890.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Under arrhenotoky, unfertilized haploid eggs develop as males but under thelytoky they develop into diploid females after they have undergone diploidy restoration. In the parasitoid wasp Venturia canescens both reproductive modes occur. Thelytoky is genetically determined but the underlying genetics of diploidy restoration remain unknown. In this study we aim to identify the genes and/or proteins that control thelytoky. cDNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism (cDNA-AFLP) analysis of total ovarian RNA and two-dimensional protein electrophoresis in combination with mass spectrometry revealed putative transcripts and proteins involved in arrhenotokous and thelytokous development. The detected tubulin and actin protein differences are most likely functionally related to the two types of reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Mateo Leach
- Evolutionary Genetics, Center for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, NL-9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands.
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23
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Liu YQ, Bernstein C, Thiel A. Travel duration, energetic expenditure, and patch exploitation in the parasitic wasp Venturia canescens. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-009-0800-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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24
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Differential use of conspecific-derived information by sexual and asexual parasitic wasps exploiting partially depleted host patches. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-008-0691-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Ramsden C. Population Genetics of Ambystoma jeffersonianum and Sympatric Unisexuals Reveal Signatures of Both Gynogenetic and Sexual Reproduction. COPEIA 2008. [DOI: 10.1643/ce-06-280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Lucchetta P, Bernstein C, Théry M, Lazzari C, Desouhant E. Foraging and associative learning of visual signals in a parasitic wasp. Anim Cogn 2008; 11:525-33. [PMID: 18274795 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-008-0144-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Revised: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To cope with environmental variability, animals should gather and use information to reduce uncertainty. In insect parasitoids, associative learning has been widely documented in the context of host foraging. However, despite its potential adaptive value, the insect food searching strategy and cues used to search are poorly understood. In this study, we examined the ability of hymenopteran Venturia canescens females to associate food to a visual cue. To broaden the scope of our results, experiments were performed with both arrhenotokous (sexual) and thelytokous (asexual) individuals. The wasps showed innate attraction for yellow and orange stimuli when presented versus blue stimuli. When trained to associate a food reward with one of the attractive colours (orange), they significantly moved from a distance towards the colour previously associated with food. The choice of the innately preferred colour (yellow) was not modified by associative learning. In the context of food foraging, this study is the first to show associative learning using visual stimuli in a parasitoid and active choice of this colour. This ability gives new insights concerning potential food sources for V. canescens in the field, since flowers are sugar sources, which emit colour signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Lucchetta
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR CNRS 5558, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon,Villeurbanne, 69622, France
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27
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Foucaud J, Fournier D, Orivel J, Delabie JHC, Loiseau A, Le Breton J, Kergoat GJ, Estoup A. Sex and Clonality in the Little Fire Ant. Mol Biol Evol 2007; 24:2465-73. [PMID: 17728279 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msm180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproduction systems are controlling the creation of new genetic variants as well as how natural selection can operate on these variants. Therefore, they had historically been one of the main foci of evolutionary biology studies. The little fire ant, Wasmannia auropunctata, has been found to display an extraordinary reproduction system, in which both males and female queens are produced clonally. So far, native sexual populations of W. auropunctata have not been identified. Our goals were to identify such sexual populations and investigate the origins of female parthenogenesis and male clonality. Using mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite markers in 17 native populations, we found that traditional sexual populations occurred in W. auropunctata and are likely the recent source of neighboring clonal populations. Queen parthenogenesis has probably evolved several times through mutational events. Male clonality is tightly linked to queen parthenogenesis and thus appears to be female controlled. Its origin could be accounted for by 2 mutually exclusive hypotheses: either by the expected coevolution of the 2 sexes (i.e., a variant of the maternal genome elimination hypothesis) or by a shared mechanistic origin (i.e., by the production of anucleate ovules by parthenogenetic queens). Our results also show that W. auropunctata males and females do not form separate evolutionary units and are unlikely to be engaged in an all-out battle of sexes. This work opens up new perspectives for studies on the adaptive significance and evolutionary stability of mixed sexual and clonal reproduction systems in living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Foucaud
- Institut National de Recher Agronomique, UMR CBGP (INRA/IRD/Cirad/Montpellier SupAgro), Campus International de Baillarguet, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France.
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28
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Egger B, Koblmüller S, Sturmbauer C, Sefc KM. Nuclear and mitochondrial data reveal different evolutionary processes in the Lake Tanganyika cichlid genus Tropheus. BMC Evol Biol 2007; 7:137. [PMID: 17697335 PMCID: PMC2000897 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-7-137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2007] [Accepted: 08/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cichlid fishes are notorious for their wealth of intra- and interspecific colour pattern diversity. In Lake Tanganyika, the endemic genus Tropheus represents the most impressive example for geographic variation in the pattern and hue of integument colouration, but the taxonomy of the over 100 mostly allopatric colour morphs remains to a large degree unresolved. Previous studies of mitochondrial DNA sequence data revealed polyphyly of the six nominally described species and complex phylogeographic patterns influenced by lake level fluctuations and population admixture, and suggested the parallel evolution of similar colour patterns in divergent evolutionary lineages. A gene tree of a rapidly radiating group may be subject to incomplete and stochastic lineage sorting, and to overcome this problem we used multi-locus, nuclear AFLP data in comparison with mtDNA sequences to study diversification, migration and introgression in Tropheus colour morphs in Lake Tanganyika. RESULTS Significant incongruence between phylogenetic reconstructions from mitochondrial and AFLP data suggested incomplete sorting of mitochondrial haplotypes as well as frequent introgression between differentiated lineages. In contrast to the mitochondrial phylogeny, the AFLP phenogram was largely congruent with species classifications, colour pattern similarities, and in many cases also with the current geographic distribution of populations, and did not produce evidence of convergent colour pattern evolution. Homoplasy in the AFLP data was used to identify populations that were strongly affected by introgression. CONCLUSION Different evolutionary processes were distinguished by the combination of mitochondrial and AFLP data. Mitochondrial phylogeographic patterns retained signals of large-scale migration events triggered by historical, major lake level fluctuations, whereas AFLP data indicated genetic cohesion among local groups of populations resulting from secondary contact of adjacent populations in the course of the more frequently occurring, minor lake level fluctuations. There was no support for the parallel evolution of similar colour patterns in the AFLP data. Genetic signatures of introgression and hybridisation detected in several populations suggest that lake level fluctuations drove the stunning diversification of Tropheus morphs not only through population fragmentation, but also by promoting hybridisation between differentiated morphs in secondary contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Egger
- Department of Zoology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Stephan Koblmüller
- Department of Zoology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Sturmbauer
- Department of Zoology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Kristina M Sefc
- Department of Zoology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
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29
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Small but smart: the interaction between environmental cues and internal state modulates host-patch exploitation in a parasitic wasp. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-007-0372-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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30
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Pelosse P, Bernstein C, Desouhant E. Differential energy allocation as an adaptation to different habitats in the parasitic wasp Venturia canescens. Evol Ecol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-006-9145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Reineke A, Asgari S, Schmidt O. Evolutionary origin of Venturia canescens virus-like particles. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 61:123-33. [PMID: 16482583 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Insect host-parasitoid interactions provide fascinating examples of evolutionary adaptations in which the parasitoid employs a variety of measures and countermeasures to overcome the immune responses of its host. Maternal factors introduced by the female wasps during egg deposition play an important role in interfering with cellular and humoral components of the host's immune defence. Some of these components actively suppress host immune components and some are believed to confer protection for the developing endoparasitoid by rather passive means. The Venturia canescens/Ephestia kuehniella parasitoid-host system is unique among other systems in that the cellular defence capacity of the host remains virtually intact after parasitization. This system raises some important questions that are discussed in this mini-review: If immune protection of the egg and the emerging larva is achieved by surface properties comprising glycoproteins and virus-like particles (VLPs) produced by the female wasp, why is the prophenoloxidase activating cascade blocked in parasitized caterpillars? Another question is the evolutionary origin of these particles, given that the functional role and structural features of V. canescens VLP proteins are more related to cellular proteins than to viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Reineke
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Entomology, Jena, Germany.
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32
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Amat I, Castelo M, Desouhant E, Bernstein C. The influence of temperature and host availability on the host exploitation strategies of sexual and asexual parasitic wasps of the same species. Oecologia 2006; 148:153-61. [PMID: 16421757 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-005-0332-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2005] [Accepted: 12/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the hymenopteran parasitoid Venturia canescens, asexual (obligate thelytoky not induced by Wolbachia bacteria) and sexual (arrhenotokous) wasps coexist in field conditions despite the demographic cost incurred due to the production of males by sexual females. Arrhenotoky predominates in field conditions, whereas populations in indoor conditions (mills, granaries) are exclusively thelytokous. These differences in the relative abundance of the two modes of reproduction between environments suggest that the individuals of each reproductive mode may have developed strategies adapted to the conditions prevailing in each kind of habitat. The two environments contrast in temperature variability and in the spatial heterogeneity of host availability. In this study, we considered the combined effect of temperature and host availability on host patch exploitation by thelytokous and arrhenotokous V. canescens. As expected, arrhenotokous females were more sensitive to temperature changes. If the temperature decreased before foraging, they remained longer and exploited patches more thoroughly. This is consistent with the expected behaviour of parasitoids in response to signs of unfavourable conditions that entail increasing risk of time limitation or a reduced probability of attaining further patches. Both arrhenotokous and thelytokous females increased patch exploitation with host availability. However, unexpectedly, we found no difference in the way the two types of wasp responded to differences in host availability. Differences in the strategies adopted under different environmental conditions may indicate divergence of niche-specific life history traits between the two modes of reproduction. Niche displacement may partly account for the coexistence of these two modes of reproduction at a geographical scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Amat
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive (UMR 5558), CNRS, Université Lyon 1, 43 boulevard 11 novembre, 69622, Villeubanne Cedex, France.
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33
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Thiel A, Driessen G, Hoffmeister TS. Different habitats, different habits? Response to foraging information in the parasitic wasp Venturia canescens. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-005-0088-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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34
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Reineke A. Identification and expression of a small heat shock protein in two lines of the endoparasitic wasp Venturia canescens. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2005; 141:60-9. [PMID: 15890552 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2005.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2005] [Revised: 03/30/2005] [Accepted: 04/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Increased expression of small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) is known to be a key regulatory mechanism in extending tolerance to a variety of environmental stresses. In the present study, a full-length cDNA clone encoding a member of the alpha-crystallin/sHSP family was isolated and characterized from the endoparasitic wasp Venturia canescens (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Western blot analysis indicated that the mature protein has a mass of about 35 kDa (Vc_sHSP35). Sequence analysis of RT-PCR products revealed that two transcript forms of the gene are expressed in different developmental stages and tissues of the wasp, with the longer form likely to contain an unspliced intron sequence. Furthermore, gene expression was analysed in ovaries of V. canescens wasps from two genetically different lines after exposure to different temperatures (heat or cold shock and heat or cold acclimation, respectively). Wasps from both lines principally showed the same cold induced change in expression of the shorter transcript form (Vc_sHSP35-2). However, expression levels were higher in wasps from one line compared to the other. These results are discussed in relation to the environmental stress resistance and molecular ecology of both V. canescens lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Reineke
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Phytomedicine, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
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35
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Abstract
Arthropods comprise the most diverse group of animals on earth and as such have been the subject of considerable evolutionary research. For example, much of our understanding of the genetic basis of evolutionary change is derived from the insect genus Drosophila, one of the most well-studied organisms in biology. Arthropods are also of tremendous economic importance as both providers and chief destroyers of food for human consumption. Thus, the genetic diversity of arthropods is of interest from both a pure research perspective and for practical economic reasons. The amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) method of genetic analysis, developed in the early and mid-1990s (Vos et al., 1995; Zabeau, 1992; Zabeau and Vos, 1993), offers a relatively new method for assessing genetic diversity and has been increasingly applied in studies of arthropods. Originally coined selective restriction fragment amplification (SRFA) (Zabeau and Vos, 1993), the method was renamed (Vos et al., 1995) presumably to reflect its similarity to restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Since then, AFLPs have become a popular tool in both population genetics to estimate population parameters such as heterozygosity, F-statistics, migration rates, and genetic distances, as well as phylogenetics, to infer relationships among closely related taxa. In arthropods, AFLPs have been used to assess genetic variation both within and between species in various taxa including crustaceans, chelicerates, and insects, often yielding novel insights. In this chapter, we briefly describe the AFLP method and its strengths and limitations. We then discuss the use of AFLPs in surveys of arthropod diversity, highlighting the specific questions addressed using AFLPs. Finally, a section on experimental design and methods, based on research in our laboratory, is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamra C Mendelson
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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36
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Haccou P, Schneider MV. Modes of reproduction and the accumulation of deleterious mutations with multiplicative fitness effects. Genetics 2004; 166:1093-104. [PMID: 15020489 PMCID: PMC1470730 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.166.2.1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutational load depends not only on the number and nature of mutations but also on the reproductive mode. Traditionally, only a few specific reproductive modes are considered in the search of explanations for the maintenance of sex. There are, however, many alternatives. Including these may give radically different conclusions. The theory on deterministic deleterious mutations states that in large populations segregation and recombination may lead to a lower load of deleterious mutations, provided that there are synergistic interactions. Empirical research suggests that effects of deleterious mutations are often multiplicative. Such situations have largely been ignored in the literature, since recombination and segregation have no effect on mutation load in the absence of epistasis. However, this is true only when clonal reproduction and sexual reproduction with equal male and female ploidy are considered. We consider several alternative reproductive modes that are all known to occur in insects: arrhenotoky, paternal genome elimination, apomictic thelytoky, and automictic thelytoky with different cytological mechanisms to restore diploidy. We give a method that is based on probability-generating functions, which provides analytical and numerical results on the distributions of deleterious mutations. Using this, we show that segregation and recombination do make a difference. Furthermore, we prove that a modified form of Haldane's principle holds more generally for thelytokous reproduction. We discuss the implications of our results for evolutionary transitions between different reproductive modes in insects. Since the strength of Muller's ratchet is reduced considerably for several forms of automictic thelytoky, many of our results are expected to be also valid for initially small populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patsy Haccou
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2311 GP Leiden, The Netherlands.
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MÜLLER CAROLINE, BARKER ALISON, BOEVÉ JEANLUC, DE JONG PETERW, DE VOS HELENE, BRAKEFIELD PAULM. Phylogeography of two parthenogenetic sawfly species (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae): relationship of population genetic differentiation to host plant distribution. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2004.00383.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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D'Souza TG, Storhas M, Schulenburg H, Beukeboom LW, Michiels NK. Occasional sex in an 'asexual' polyploid hermaphrodite. Proc Biol Sci 2004; 271:1001-7. [PMID: 15293852 PMCID: PMC1691700 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2004.2675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Asexual populations are usually considered evolutionary dead-ends because they lack the mechanisms to generate and maintain sufficient genetic diversity. Yet, some asexual forms are remarkably widespread and genetically diverse. This raises the question whether asexual systems are always truly clonal or whether they have cryptic forms of sexuality that enhance their viability. In the planarian flatworm Schmidtea polychroa parthenogens are functional hermaphrodites (as are their sexual conspecifics), copulate and exchange sperm. Sperm is required for initiation of embryogenesis but usually does not contribute genetically to the offspring (sperm-dependent parthenogenesis). Using karyology and genotyping of parents and offspring, we show that in a purely parthenogenetic population an estimated 12% of all offspring are the result of partial genetic exchange. Several processes of chromosome addition and loss are involved. Some of these result in an alternation between a common triploid and a rare tetraploid state. We conclude that genetic recombination does not necessarily require segregation and fusion within the same generation, as is the case in most sexual species. These occasional sexual processes help to explain the geographical dominance of parthenogens in our study species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G D'Souza
- Institute for Animal Evolution and Ecology, Westphalian Wilhelms-University, Huefferstrasse 1, D-48149 Muenster, Germany.
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Haccou P, Schneider MV. Modes of Reproduction and the Accumulation of Deleterious Mutations With Multiplicative Fitness Effects. Genetics 2004. [DOI: 10.1093/genetics/166.2.1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Mutational load depends not only on the number and nature of mutations but also on the reproductive mode. Traditionally, only a few specific reproductive modes are considered in the search of explanations for the maintenance of sex. There are, however, many alternatives. Including these may give radically different conclusions. The theory on deterministic deleterious mutations states that in large populations segregation and recombination may lead to a lower load of deleterious mutations, provided that there are synergistic interactions. Empirical research suggests that effects of deleterious mutations are often multiplicative. Such situations have largely been ignored in the literature, since recombination and segregation have no effect on mutation load in the absence of epistasis. However, this is true only when clonal reproduction and sexual reproduction with equal male and female ploidy are considered. We consider several alternative reproductive modes that are all known to occur in insects: arrhenotoky, paternal genome elimination, apomictic thelytoky, and automictic thelytoky with different cytological mechanisms to restore diploidy. We give a method that is based on probability-generating functions, which provides analytical and numerical results on the distributions of deleterious mutations. Using this, we show that segregation and recombination do make a difference. Furthermore, we prove that a modified form of Haldane’s principle holds more generally for thelytokous reproduction. We discuss the implications of our results for evolutionary transitions between different reproductive modes in insects. Since the strength of Muller’s ratchet is reduced considerably for several forms of automictic thelytoky, many of our results are expected to be also valid for initially small populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patsy Haccou
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2311 GP Leiden, The Netherlands
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Amat I, Bernstein C, van Alphen JJM. Does a deletion in a virus-like particle protein have pleiotropic effects on the reproductive biology of a parasitoid wasp? JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 49:1183-1188. [PMID: 14624890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2003.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Endoparasitoid insects have evolved mechanisms to counteract host immune defences. At oviposition, the endoparasitoid Venturia canescens injects virus-like particles (VLPs) together with the egg that interfere with the immune system of the host. These prevent encapsulation of the parasitoid egg. It has been shown that the gene coding for one of the VLP proteins exists in two variants (called Repeat-Plus (RP) and Repeat-Minus (RM)). Previous observations suggested that these variants induce pleiotropic effects on the reproductive biology of the female resulting, in an impeded transfer of eggs from the ovarioles to the oviducts in RM females, and in alterations in the egg laying sequence. We show that RM females from another geographical locality do not exhibit any phenotypic alteration of the reproductive biology. By showing a lack of association between VLP alleles and the reproductive phenotypic characteristics in a given strain, our results do not support the hypothesis of pleiotropic effects. Conversely, the results suggest that different genes code for the VLPs and for the reproductive biology characteristics. Different phenomena such as linkage, the action of pathogens, etc. could explain the association between characters that is observed in some strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Amat
- Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR-CNRS 5558, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1, 43 Bd. du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France.
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Casas J, Driessen G, Mandon N, Wielaard S, Desouhant E, Van Alphen J, Lapchin L, Rivero A, Christides JP, Bernstein C. Energy dynamics in a parasitoid foraging in the wild. J Anim Ecol 2003; 72:691-697. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2656.2003.00740.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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SIMON JC, DELMOTTE F, RISPE C, CREASE T. Phylogenetic relationships between parthenogens and their sexual relatives: the possible routes to parthenogenesis in animals. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00175.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Schneider MV, Driessen G, Beukeboom LW, Boll R, van Eunen K, Selzner A, Talsma J, Lapchin L. Gene flow between arrhenotokous and thelytokous populations of Venturia canescens (Hymenoptera). Heredity (Edinb) 2003; 90:260-7. [PMID: 12634810 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In the solitary parasitoid wasp Venturia canescens both arrhenotokously (sexual) and thelytokously (parthenogenetical) reproducing individuals occur sympatrically. We found in the laboratory that thelytokous wasps are able to mate, receive and use sperm of arrhenotokous males. Using nuclear (amplified fragment length polymorphism, virus-like protein) and mitochondrial (restriction fragment length polymorphism) markers, we show the occurrence of gene flow from the arrhenotokous to the thelytokous mode in the field. Our results reinforce the paradox of sex in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Schneider
- Animal Ecology, Institute of Evolutionary and Ecological Sciences, University of Leiden, PO Box 9516, NL-2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Seehausen O, Koetsier E, Schneider MV, Chapman LJ, Chapman CA, Knight ME, Turner GF, van Alphen JJM, Bills R. Nuclear markers reveal unexpected genetic variation and a Congolese-Nilotic origin of the Lake Victoria cichlid species flock. Proc Biol Sci 2003; 270:129-37. [PMID: 12590750 PMCID: PMC1691221 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2002.2153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial (mt) DNA have indicated that the cichlid species flock of the Lake Victoria region is derived from a single ancestral species found in East African rivers, closely related to the ancestor of the Lake Malawi cichlid species flock. The Lake Victoria flock contains ten times less mtDNA variation than the Lake Malawi radiation, consistent with current estimates of the ages of the lakes. We present results of a phylogenetic investigation using nuclear (amplified fragment length polymorphism) markers and a wider coverage of riverine haplochromines. We demonstrate that the Lake Victoria-Edward flock is derived from the morphologically and ecologically diverse cichlid genus Thoracochromis from the Congo and Nile, rather than from the phenotypically conservative East African Astatotilapia. This implies that the ability to express much of the morphological diversity found in the species flock may by far pre-date the origin of the flock. Our data indicate that the nuclear diversity of the Lake Victoria-Edward species flock is similar to that of the Lake Malawi flock, indicating that the genetic diversity is considerably older than the 15 000 years that have passed since the lake began to refill. Most of this variation is manifested in trans-species polymorphisms, indicating very recent cladogenesis from a genetically very diverse founder stock. Our data do not confirm strict monophyly of either of the species flocks, but raise the possibility that these flocks have arisen from hybrid swarms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Seehausen
- Molecular and Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK.
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