1
|
Zhang Q, Zhang Z, He X, Liu Z, Shen L, Long C, Wei G, Liu X. Expression of Rab25 is down-regulated in the foreskin of children with hypospadias. J Pediatr Urol 2023; 19:581.e1-581.e6. [PMID: 37246119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2023.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypospadias, a congenital malformation of the penis, is one of the newborns' most common developmental defects. The incidence of hypospadias is increasing yearly, and its pathogenesis is closely related to genetic susceptibility and environmental exposure to endocrine disruptors. Exploring the hypospadias' key molecular regulatory mechanism is crucial to reducing its incidence. OBJECTIVE To examine the differential expression of Rab25 in hypospadias and normal penile tissue and to identify whether it is a candidate gene for exploring the mechanism of hypospadias. STUDY DESIGN This study included 18 children aged 1-6 years undergoing hypospadias repair surgery at the Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, and foreskin samples were collected. Children diagnosed with cryptorchidism, intersex status, or endocrine abnormalities were excluded from this study. Another 18 children aged 3-8 years with phimosis were included in the control group. The specimens were used for immunohistochemistry, western blotting, immunofluorescence, and polymerase chain reaction to assess the expression of Rab25. RESULTS Rab25 protein expression was lower in the hypospadias group than in the control group [ (2.101 ± 0.1845), (0.7506 ± 0.1779), p = 0.0008 < 0.05). The hypospadias group showed decreased expression of Rab25 protein in the epithelial cell layer. Rab25 mRNA levels were downregulated in the foreskin of children with hypospadias compared with controls [(1.697 ± 0.2005), (0.7687 ± 0.2130), p = 0.0053 < 0.05)]. DISCUSSION Rab25 mRNA and protein expressions in the hypospadias group were significantly downregulated compared with the control group. This was consistent with the results of single-cell sequencing of fetal mice reproductive nodules at 15.5 days of gestation (Zhang Z, Liu Z, Zhang Q, et al., unpublished observations). Our study represents the first report of abnormal Rab25 expression in the foreskin tissue of patients with hypospadias. More detailed research on the relationship between Rab25 and urethral development could be conducted to reveal the molecular mechanism of hypospadias. CONCLUSION The expression of Rab25 in foreskin tissue was lower in the hypospadias group than in the control group. Rab25 is involved in the formation of the urethral seam and the occurrence of hypospadias. The potential mechanism by which Rab25 affects the canalization of the urethral plate needs to be further investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
| | - Zhicheng Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
| | - Xueyu He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
| | - Zhenmin Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
| | - Lianju Shen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
| | - Chunlan Long
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
| | - Guanghui Wei
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
| | - Xing Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China; Program for Youth Innovation in Future Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Maheshwari M, Gite VA, Agrawal M, Sankapal P, Shaw V, Sharma S, Dias S. Outcome of spongioplasty alone as second layer of tubularised incised plate urethroplasty in patients with hypospadias. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF UROLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s12301-022-00305-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Spongioplasty alone or in combination with local tissue flaps can be used as a second layer for the prevention of complications of tubularised incised plate urethroplasty (TIPU) of hypospadias repair. It can be used when wide urethral plate and well-developed robust spongiosum are present. This study aims to review the success rate and complications of TIPU performed utilising spongioplasty alone as a second layer in Type 3 well-developed robust spongiosum.
Methods
This is a retrospective observational study conducted between January 2015 and December 2019 at a tertiary care centre. A total of 21 patients aged 4–15.4 years with primary hypospadias having a Type 3 well-developed robust spongiosum, Glans score ≤ 2, Meatal score ≤ 4, and Shaft score ≤ 3 underwent TIPU using spongioplasty alone as a second layer. The hospital stay ranged from 10 to 14 days and follow-up from 12 to 36 months.
Results
Hypospadias was distal in 12 (57.1%), mid in 5 (23.8%), and proximal penile in 4 (19.1%) patients. The mean Glans Meatus Shaft score was 6.1 (G = 1.25, M = 2.95, S = 1.9) with a range of 3–9. An early post-operative complication of preputial oedema and bladder spasm developed in 1 (4.7%) patient each. Meatal stenosis developed in 1 (4.7%) patient. None developed urethrocutaneous fistula. At 3 months all patients had good urinary flow (> 15 ml/s) and good cosmesis. All the patients/parents (in case of minors) were satisfied with the result.
Conclusion
Spongioplasty alone as the second layer after TIPU for primary penile hypospadias in patients with well-developed robust spongiosal tissue is associated with minimal, easily manageable complications.
Collapse
|
3
|
Abbas TO. The Plate Objective Scoring Tool (POST): Further Reflections and Extended Applications. Res Rep Urol 2021; 13:783-791. [PMID: 34796132 PMCID: PMC8594448 DOI: 10.2147/rru.s321188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypospadias is a common birth defect of the male external genitalia. However, there are conflicting arguments about the optimal classification approach and ideal surgical technique. We have introduced the Plate Objective Scoring Tool (POST) to define critical glanular phenotypic landmarks of the urethral plate. We propose that POST can objectively, reproducibly, and accurately determine urethral plate quality, thus permitting robust comparison between the different surgical techniques commonly utilized in hypospadias repair. Furthermore, the POST scoring system represents a versatile tool that can objectively quantify key variables in hypospadiology that are currently not well defined. Further validation of POST should lead to better identification and management of postoperative complications. ![]()
Point your SmartPhone at the code above. If you have a QR code reader the video abstract will appear. Or use: https://youtu.be/yy_2-OaaCVw
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tariq O Abbas
- Pediatric Urology Section, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.,College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar, Doha, Qatar.,Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Edan OAA. Urethral mobilization and advancement technique in distal types of hypospadias: short-term local experience. ANNALS OF PEDIATRIC SURGERY 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43159-021-00125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
A prospective study was conducted on 65 cases with distal hypospadias operated using the urethral mobilization technique between July 2017 and December 2019. Patients with proximal hypospadias and those with distal hypospadias, but with a hypoplastic urethra, were excluded from the study. In this technique, the urethral tube was mobilized proximally in a ratio of 3–4:1 (the ratio of mobilized urethral length to the initial distance between the native meatus and the tip of the glans) then positioned distally after creating wide glans wings. The aim of this study was to assess the outcome of the urethral mobilization technique in distal hypospadias in our center.
Results
The age of patients was ranged 9 months to 7 years old (mean 37.5 months); 17 (26%) cases were already circumcised. During the postoperative follow-up, 62 (95.4%) patients had a good caliber neomeatus with a good and straight urinary stream; the remaining 3 (4.6%) cases developed meatal stenosis which responded well to urethral dilatation. One (1.5%) patient had a minor retraction of neomeatus but remained within the glans and not requiring further intervention. Four (6%) cases developed minor hematoma which was resolved on conservative measures. Six (9.2%) patients developed minor wound infection which was treated with daily dressing and antibiotic coverage.
Conclusion
The urethral mobilization technique is a good choice for repairing distal hypospadias especially for boys who are previously circumcised as the preputial flap is not required in this technique. It provides good cosmetic and functional results, with a fewer complication rate.
Collapse
|
5
|
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kaefer
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jamaladin H, van Rooij IALM, van der Zanden LFM, van Gelder MMHJ, Roeleveld N. Maternal hypertensive disorders and subtypes of hypospadias: A Dutch case-control study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2020; 34:687-695. [PMID: 32657475 PMCID: PMC7689729 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypospadias is a frequently occurring congenital anomaly in male infants, in which the opening of the urethra is located along the ventral side of the penis. Although various studies attempted to identify its causes, the aetiology of the majority of hypospadias cases remains poorly understood. Maternal hypertensive disorders are believed to be associated with hypospadias, but the results of previous studies are not consistent, especially for subtypes of hypospadias. OBJECTIVES To investigate the associations between maternal hypertensive disorders, stratified by pharmacological treatment, and the occurrence of hypospadias divided into subtypes in a large population-based case-control study. METHODS We included 887 hypospadias cases and 1005 male controls from the AGORA data- and biobank. Cases and controls were born in the periods 1975-2016 and 1990-2011, respectively. All data were collected in the period 2004-2018. Maternal questionnaires were used to obtain information on hypertensive disorders during pregnancy, antihypertensive medication treatment, and potential confounders. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations between hypertensive disorders and hypospadias were estimated using logistic regression. RESULTS Hypertensive disorders were reported by 15.3% of the women in this study. Maternal hypertensive disorders in general, chronic hypertension, and gestational hypertension were not associated with hypospadias or its subtypes. Preeclampsia was associated with posterior hypospadias (aOR 3.09, 95% CI 1.49, 6.43), whether it was untreated (aOR 2.81, 95% CI 1.24, 6.38) or pharmacologically treated preeclampsia (aOR 4.96, 95% CI 1.08, 22.80). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that preeclampsia is associated with posterior hypospadias, irrespective of pharmacological treatment. This result supports the hypothesis of aetiological heterogeneity among the subtypes of hypospadias, with pregnancy-related risk factors being associated with the more severe types of hypospadias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Jamaladin
- Department for Health EvidenceRadboud Institute for Health SciencesRadboud university medical centerNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Iris A. L. M. van Rooij
- Department for Health EvidenceRadboud Institute for Health SciencesRadboud university medical centerNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Loes F. M. van der Zanden
- Department for Health EvidenceRadboud Institute for Health SciencesRadboud university medical centerNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Marleen M. H. J. van Gelder
- Department for Health EvidenceRadboud Institute for Health SciencesRadboud university medical centerNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Radboud REshape Innovation CenterRadboud university medical centerNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Nel Roeleveld
- Department for Health EvidenceRadboud Institute for Health SciencesRadboud university medical centerNijmegenThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Özbey H, Arlı OT. "Fossa navicularis" and "septum glandis": A "flow-control chamber" for the male urethra? Med Hypotheses 2020; 140:109642. [PMID: 32131035 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A clear understanding of the normal anatomy of the glanular urethra is essential for anatomical reconstruction of the male urethra. In hypospadias surgery, tubularization of the neourethra over a catheter or stent has been the standard method for decades. However, the male urethra is not a tubular structure with uniform configuration and diameter by forming a fossa (navicularis) in the glans penis. We recently investigated the structural anatomy of the glanular urethra using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We have shown that the male urethra does not have a uniform tubular structure and not covered by the corpus spongiosum to the end. The glanular urethra that forms the "fossa navicularis" has a wider caliber than the proximal urethra. Its vertical elliptical shape resembles a laterally compressed slit-like passage. The fossa navicularis is covered by a thin layer of fibrous tissue ("septum glandis") which is an extension of tunica albuginea of the corpus cavernosum and the corpus spongiosum. Our hypothesis is based on the results of MRI of the glanular urethra and the basic principles of fluid dynamics. We analyzed the flow dynamics of urine on this particular component of the urethra in terms of shape and structural properties. Because of its wider caliber than the proximal urethra, the glanular urethra (fossa navicularis) should cause an increase in pressure and a decrease in velocity of the urine flow. The navicular shape of the fossa and its elliptical external opening (the meatus) should allow urine to be expelled at higher flow rates and at opposite angles at the upper and lower corners which make the wave-like shape of the urine. It can be said that the changes in the volumetric form, pressure and velocity, as well as the wave-like shape of the urine flow are caused by the "fossa navicularis" covered by the "septum glandis". We propose that the "fossa navicularis" and "septum glandis" play a role as 'flow control chamber" in controlling the flow of the urine exiting the urethra, which must be taken into account for successful functional reconstruction of hypospadias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hüseyin Özbey
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Division of Pediatric Urology, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Osman Tayyar Arlı
- Department of Biophysics, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen Y, Renfree MB. Hormonal and Molecular Regulation of Phallus Differentiation in a Marsupial Tammar Wallaby. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11010106. [PMID: 31963388 PMCID: PMC7017150 DOI: 10.3390/genes11010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital anomalies in phalluses caused by endocrine disruptors have gained a great deal of attention due to its annual increasing rate in males. However, the endocrine-driven molecular regulatory mechanism of abnormal phallus development is complex and remains largely unknown. Here, we review the direct effect of androgen and oestrogen on molecular regulation in phalluses using the marsupial tammar wallaby, whose phallus differentiation occurs after birth. We summarize and discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying phallus differentiation mediated by sonic hedgehog (SHH) at day 50 pp and phallus elongation mediated by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), as well as multiple phallus-regulating genes expressed after day 50 pp. We also identify hormone-responsive long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) that are co-expressed with their neighboring coding genes. We show that the activation of SHH and IGF1, mediated by balanced androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) signalling, initiates a complex regulatory network in males to constrain the timing of phallus differentiation and to activate the downstream genes that maintain urethral closure and phallus elongation at later stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (M.B.R.)
| | - Marilyn B. Renfree
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (M.B.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shen J, Isaacson D, Cao M, Sinclair A, Cunha GR, Baskin L. Immunohistochemical expression analysis of the human fetal lower urogenital tract. Differentiation 2018; 103:100-119. [PMID: 30287094 PMCID: PMC6589035 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the ontogeny of the developing human male and female urogenital tracts from 9 weeks (indifferent stage) to 16 weeks (advanced sex differentiation) of gestation by immunohistochemistry on mid-sagittal sections. Sixteen human fetal pelvises were serial sectioned in the sagittal plane and stained with antibodies to epithelial, muscle, nerve, proliferation and hormone receptor markers. Key findings are: (1) The corpus cavernosum in males and females extends into the glans penis and clitoris, respectively, during the ambisexual stage (9 weeks) and thus appears to be an androgen-independent event. (2) The entire human male (and female) urethra is endodermal in origin based on the presence of FOXA1, KRT 7, uroplakin, and the absence of KRT10 staining. The endoderm of the urethra interfaces with ectodermal epidermis at the site of the urethral meatus. (3) The surface epithelium of the verumontanum is endodermal in origin (FOXA1-positive) with a possible contribution of Pax2-positive epithelial cells implying additional input from the Wolffian duct epithelium. (4) Prostatic ducts arise from the endodermal (FOXA1-positive) urogenital sinus epithelium near the verumontanum. (5) Immunohistochemical staining of mid-sagittal and para-sagittal sections revealed the external anal sphincter, levator ani, bulbospongiosus muscle and the anatomic relationships between these developing skeletal muscles and organs of the male and female reproductive tracts. Future studies of normal human developmental anatomy will lay the foundation for understanding congenital anomalies of the lower urogenital tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Shen
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Division of Pediatric Urology, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Dylan Isaacson
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Division of Pediatric Urology, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Mei Cao
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Division of Pediatric Urology, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Adriane Sinclair
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Division of Pediatric Urology, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Gerald R Cunha
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Division of Pediatric Urology, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Laurence Baskin
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Division of Pediatric Urology, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu X, Liu G, Shen J, Yue A, Isaacson D, Sinclair A, Cao M, Liaw A, Cunha GR, Baskin L. Human glans and preputial development. Differentiation 2018; 103:86-99. [PMID: 30245194 PMCID: PMC6234068 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The urethra within the human penile shaft develops via (1) an "Opening Zipper" that facilitates distal canalization of the solid urethral plate to form a wide urethral groove and (2) a "Closing Zipper" that facilitates fusion of the epithelial surfaces of the urethral folds. Herein, we extend our knowledge by describing formation of the human urethra within the glans penis as well as development of the prepuce. Forty-eight normal human fetal penile specimens were examined using scanning electron microscopy and optical projection tomography. Serial histologic sections were evaluated for morphology and immunohistochemical localization for epithelial differentiation markers: Cytokeratins 6, 7, 10, FoxA1, uroplakin and the androgen receptor. As the closing zipper completes fusion of the urethral folds within the penile shaft to form a tubular urethra (~ 13 weeks), canalization of the urethral plate continues in proximal to distal fashion into the glans penis to directly form the urethra within the glans without forming an open urethral groove. Initially, the urethral plate is attached ventrally to the epidermis via an epithelial seam, which is remodeled and eliminated, thus establishing mesenchymal confluence ventral to the glanular urethra. The morphogenetic remodeling involves the strategic expression of cytokeratin 7, FoxA1 and uroplakin in endodermal epithelial cells as the tubular glanular urethra forms. The most ventral epithelial cells of the urethral plate are pinched off from the glanular urethra and are reabsorbed into the epidermis ultimately losing expression of their markers, a process undoubtedly regulated by androgens. The prepuce initially forms on the dorsal aspect of the glans at approximately 12 weeks of gestation. After sequential proximal to distal remodeling of the ventral urethral plate along the ventral aspect of glans, the prepuce of epidermal origin fuses in the ventral midline.
Collapse
|
11
|
Baskin L, Shen J, Sinclair A, Cao M, Liu X, Liu G, Isaacson D, Overland M, Li Y, Cunha GR. Development of the human penis and clitoris. Differentiation 2018; 103:74-85. [PMID: 30249413 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The human penis and clitoris develop from the ambisexual genital tubercle. To compare and contrast the development of human penis and clitoris, we used macroscopic photography, optical projection tomography, light sheet microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, histology and immunohistochemistry. The human genital tubercle differentiates into a penis under the influence of androgens forming a tubular urethra that develops by canalization of the urethral plate to form a wide diamond-shaped urethral groove (opening zipper) whose edges (urethral folds) fuse in the midline (closing zipper). In contrast, in females, without the influence of androgens, the vestibular plate (homologue of the urethral plate) undergoes canalization to form a wide vestibular groove whose edges (vestibular folds) remain unfused, ultimately forming the labia minora defining the vaginal vestibule. The neurovascular anatomy is similar in both the developing human penis and clitoris and is the key to successful surgical reconstructions.
Collapse
|
12
|
Özbey H, Kumbasar A. Glans wings are separated ventrally by the septum glandis and frenulum penis: MRI documentation and surgical implications. Turk J Urol 2017; 43:525-529. [PMID: 29201519 DOI: 10.5152/tud.2017.00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective In the normal human penis, the glans wings are in apposition in the midline ventrally, and are separated by the "septum glandis" and "frenulum" of the prepuce. However, most of the hypospadias repair techniques include dissection of the glans wings and their approximation enclosing the neourethra within the glans. Material and methods In order to obtain detailed information about the normal anatomy of glans penis, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of the penis were studied in three adults. Transverse, and sagittal sections of the penis were performed with a 1.5-T MRI scanner. Results The present MRI study has confirmed that the glans wings do not fuse at the ventral midline and they are seperated by a fibrous tissue (septum glandis). This fibrous tissue is connected to the frenulum, traversing the wings of the glans penis. The glanular urethra forming the fossa navicularis has a wider caliber than the proximal urethra, and its walls are radiologically seen as the extension of that fibrous tissue. Conclusion The male urethra is not a uniform tubular structure and has distinct attachments in glans penis. The glans wings are separated ventrally by the septum glandis and frenulum. In hypospadias, the septum glandis and frenulum are entirely missing structures. Therefore, in hypospadias surgery, the anatomical features of the glanular urethra must be taken into consideration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hüseyin Özbey
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Division of Pediatric Urology, İstanbul University İstanbul School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhou Y, Liu X, Huang F, Liu Y, Cao X, Shen L, Long C, He D, Lin T, Wei G. Epithelial-mesenchymal transformation and apoptosis in rat urethra development. Pediatr Res 2017; 82:1073-1079. [PMID: 28876330 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BackgroundTo examine the mechanism of urethral seam formation during embryonal development of rat urethra.MethodsTime-mated Sprague-Dawley rats were killed and the genital tubercles of male pups harvested on embryonic day (ED) 15, 16, 18, and 19. External morphology was observed under scanning electron microscope. Serial transverse sections were prepared to examine dynamic changes in the urethral seam morphology with hematoxylin-eosin staining, immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscopy, and double immunofluorescence.ResultsBilateral outgrowth of urethral swelling followed by urethral plate fusion in the midline to form urethral seam was observed from ED 16 onwards. Coexpression of epithelial and mesenchymal markers was observed in several cells at the urethral seam; a few cells with coexpression of epithelial and apoptotic markers were also observed. Mesenchymal transformation of epithelial cells and apoptotic epithelial cells was observed under transmission electron microscope.ConclusionUrethral formation occurs by tubulogenesis, which initiates proximally and progresses distally. This is the first study to demonstrate epithelial-mesenchymal transformation and epithelial cell apoptosis in the urethral seam cells of fetal rats. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms involved in embryonal development of the urethra.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Urology Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Pediatric Urology Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Fangyuan Huang
- Department of Pediatric Urology Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pediatric Urology Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Xining Cao
- Department of Pediatric Urology Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Lianju Shen
- Department of Pediatric Urology Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunlan Long
- Department of Pediatric Urology Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Dawei He
- Department of Pediatric Urology Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Pediatric Urology Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Guanghui Wei
- Department of Pediatric Urology Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Özbey H, Etker Ş. Hypospadias repair with the glanular-frenular collar (GFC) technique. J Pediatr Urol 2017; 13:34.e1-34.e6. [PMID: 27847256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the normal human penis, the glans wings merge in the midline ventrally, but are separated by the 'septum glandis' in conjunction with the frenulum. The frenulum is also included in the formation of the distal (glanular and subcoronal) urethra, which has a special part known as the 'fossa navicularis'. This has inspired a hypospadias repair technique that simulates the development of the glanular and subcoronal urethra, which can be incorporated into the repair of all cases of hypospadias. MATERIAL AND METHOD A total of 121 patients with varying degrees of hypospadias underwent surgery with the described technique: a Y-V plasty was used to dissect the inner foreskin, in a fashion that allowed for its ventral mobilization as a frenular mucosal collar. After tubularization of the proximal urethra, a partial spongioplasty was performed that extended up to the subcoronal level. The glans wings were approximated only at their outermost convexities, with a couple of subepithelial sutures, leaving a slit for the meatus. The cleft-like area between the split wings of the glans penis was filled with the terminal ends of the spongiosum and the dartos of the mucosal collar, which converged to form a septum and a neo-frenulum (glanular-frenular collar, GFC). The midline skin closure of the ventral collar and the circumferential foreskin closure was completed as usual. RESULTS At a mean follow-up of 10 months, two patients developed urethral fistula (2%), six had meatal stenosis (5%), and two had glans dehiscence (2%) that resulted in meatal retraction. Overall, patients had a cosmetically satisfying appearance (Figure). Forty-one received secondary circumcision; the parents of 80 (66%) patients were satisfied with the final foreskin appearance obtained with this method. DISCUSSION The split wings of the glans penis or so-called ventral cleft between the glans wings that accommodate the frenulum is part of normal anatomy. Hence, in hypospadias surgery, the approximated glans wings should allow for ventral support of the glanular and subcoronal urethra through a reconstructed neo-frenulum. Neither glanular surface enhancement nor extensive dissection of the glans wings and their full-length approximation are necessary, and may in fact be counter-productive. CONCLUSIONS The employment of a GFC provided: 1) an anatomical restoration of the distal (glanular and subcoronal) urethra, supported by a frenulum; 2) a protective (undissected) dartos layer over the distal part of the tubularized neourethra; and 3) a space for the re-formation of the fossa navicularis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hüseyin Özbey
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Division of Pediatric Urology, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Society for Sexual Development and Hypospadias (DSDturk), Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Şeref Etker
- Society for Sexual Development and Hypospadias (DSDturk), Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
de Graaf P, van der Linde EM, Rosier PFWM, Izeta A, Sievert KD, Bosch JLHR, de Kort LMO. Systematic Review to Compare Urothelium Differentiation with Urethral Epithelium Differentiation in Fetal Development, as a Basis for Tissue Engineering of the Male Urethra. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2016; 23:257-267. [PMID: 27809709 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2016.0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue-engineered (TE) urethra is desirable in men with urethral disease (stricture or hypospadias) and shortage of local tissue. Although ideally a TE graft would contain urethral epithelium cells, currently, bladder epithelium (urothelium) is widely used, but morphologically different. Understanding the differences and similarities of urothelium and urethral epithelium could help design a protocol for in vitro generation of urethral epithelium to be used in TE grafts for the urethra. PURPOSE To understand the development toward urethral epithelium or urothelium to improve TE of the urethra. METHODS A literature search was done following PRISMA guidelines. Articles describing urethral epithelium and bladder urothelium development in laboratory animals and humans were selected. RESULTS Twenty-nine studies on development of urethral epithelium and 29 studies on development of urothelium were included. Both tissue linings derive from endoderm and although adult urothelium and urethral epithelium are characterized by different gene expression profiles, the signaling pathways underlying their development are similar, including Shh, BMP, Wnt, and FGF. The progenitor of the urothelium and the urethral epithelium is the early fetal urogenital sinus (UGS). The urethral plate and the urothelium are both formed from the p63+ cells of the UGS. Keratin 20 and uroplakins are exclusively expressed in urothelium, not in the urethral epithelium. Further research has to be done on unique markers for the urethral epithelium. CONCLUSION This review has summarized the current knowledge about embryonic development of urothelium versus urethral epithelium and especially focuses on the influencing factors that are potentially specific for the eventual morphological differences of both cell linings, to be a basis for developmental or tissue engineering of urethral tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra de Graaf
- 1 Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands .,2 Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter F W M Rosier
- 1 Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ander Izeta
- 3 Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Bioengineering Area, Instituto Biodonostia, Hospital Universitario Donostia , San Sebastián, Spain .,4 Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Tecnun-University of Navarra , San Sebastián, Spain
| | | | - J L H Ruud Bosch
- 1 Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laetitia M O de Kort
- 1 Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Shen J, Overland M, Sinclair A, Cao M, Yue X, Cunha G, Baskin L. Complex epithelial remodeling underlie the fusion event in early fetal development of the human penile urethra. Differentiation 2016; 92:169-182. [PMID: 27397682 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We recently described a two-step process of urethral plate canalization and urethral fold fusion to form the human penile urethra. Canalization ("opening zipper") opens the solid urethral plate into a groove, and fusion ("closing zipper") closes the urethral groove to form the penile urethra. We hypothesize that failure of canalization and/or fusion during human urethral formation can lead to hypospadias. Herein, we use scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and analysis of transverse serial sections to better characterize development of the human fetal penile urethra as contrasted to the development of the human fetal clitoris. Eighteen 7-13 week human fetal external genitalia specimens were analyzed by SEM, and fifteen additional human fetal specimens were sectioned for histologic analysis. SEM images demonstrate canalization of the urethral/vestibular plate in the developing male and female external genitalia, respectively, followed by proximal to distal fusion of the urethral folds in males only. The fusion process during penile development occurs sequentially in multiple layers and through the interlacing of epidermal "cords". Complex epithelial organization is also noted at the site of active canalization. The demarcation between the epidermis of the shaft and the glans becomes distinct during development, and the epithelial tag at the distal tip of the penile and clitoral glans regresses as development progresses. In summary, SEM analysis of human fetal specimens supports the two-zipper hypothesis of formation of the penile urethra. The opening zipper progresses from proximal to distal along the shaft of the penis and clitoris into the glans in identical fashion in both sexes. The closing zipper mechanism is active only in males and is not a single process but rather a series of layered fusion events, uniquely different from the simple fusion of two epithelial surfaces as occurs in formation of the palate and neural tube.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Shen
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Urology
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Avenue, Box A610, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Maya Overland
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Urology
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Avenue, Box A610, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Adriane Sinclair
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Urology
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Avenue, Box A610, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Mei Cao
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Urology
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Avenue, Box A610, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Xuan Yue
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Urology
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Avenue, Box A610, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Gerald Cunha
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Urology
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Avenue, Box A610, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Laurence Baskin
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Urology
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Avenue, Box A610, San Francisco, CA 94143
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Requirement for basement membrane laminin α5 during urethral and external genital development. Mech Dev 2016; 141:62-69. [PMID: 27208857 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hypospadias, a congenital malformation of the penis characteristic of an abnormal urethral orifice, affects 1 in every 125 boys, and its incidence is rising. Herein we test the hypothesis that the basement membrane protein laminin α5 (LAMA5) plays a key role in the development of the mouse genital tubercle, the embryonic anlage of the external genitalia. Using standard histological analyses and electron microscopy, we characterized the morphology of the external genitalia in Lama5 knockout (LAMA5-KO) mouse embryos during both androgen-independent genital tubercle development and androgen-mediated sexual differentiation. We compared regulatory gene expression between control and LAMA5-KO by in situ hybridization. We also examined the epithelial structure of the mutant genital tubercle using immunofluorescence staining and histological analyses of semi-thin sections. We found that Lama5 was expressed in both ectodermal and endodermal epithelia of the cloaca. The LAMA5-KO displayed a profound external genital malformation in which the genital tubercle was underdeveloped with a large ectopic orifice at the proximal end. In older embryos, the urethra failed to form a tubular structure and was left completely exposed. These defects were not associated with a significant alteration in regulatory gene expression, but rather with a defective ectodermal epithelium and an abnormal disintegration of the cloacal membrane. We conclude that LAMA5 is required in the basement membrane to maintain normal architecture of the ventral ectoderm during genital tubercle development, which is essential for the formation of a tubular urethra. Perturbation of LAMA5, and possibly other basement membrane components, may cause hypospadias in humans.
Collapse
|
18
|
Fernández N, Pérez J, Zarante I. Is hypospadias a spectrum of different diseases? MAMLD1 gen: A new candidate gene for hypospadias. Rev Urol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.uroco.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
19
|
Fernández N, Pérez J, Zarante I. ¿Son las hipospadias la expresión de diferentes enfermedades? MAMLD1 : un nuevo gen candidato para hipospadias. UROLOGÍA COLOMBIANA 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.uroco.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
|
20
|
Gredler ML, Seifert AW, Cohn MJ. Tissue-specific roles of Fgfr2 in development of the external genitalia. Development 2015; 142:2203-12. [PMID: 26081573 DOI: 10.1242/dev.119891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Congenital anomalies frequently occur in organs that undergo tubulogenesis. Hypospadias is a urethral tube defect defined by mislocalized, oversized, or multiple openings of the penile urethra. Deletion of Fgfr2 or its ligand Fgf10 results in severe hypospadias in mice, in which the entire urethral plate is open along the ventral side of the penis. In the genital tubercle, the embryonic precursor of the penis and clitoris, Fgfr2 is expressed in two epithelial populations: the endodermally derived urethral epithelium and the ectodermally derived surface epithelium. Here, we investigate the tissue-specific roles of Fgfr2 in external genital development by generating conditional deletions of Fgfr2 in each of these cell types. Conditional deletion of Fgfr2 results in two distinct phenotypes: endodermal Fgfr2 deletion causes mild hypospadias and inhibits maturation of a complex urethral epithelium, whereas loss of ectodermal Fgfr2 results in severe hypospadias and absence of the ventral prepuce. Although these cell type-specific mutants exhibit distinctive genital anomalies, cellular analysis reveals that Fgfr2 regulates epithelial maturation and cell cycle progression in the urethral endoderm and in the surface ectoderm. The unexpected finding that ectodermal deletion of Fgfr2 results in the most severe hypospadias highlights a major role for Fgfr2 in the developing genital surface epithelium, where epithelial maturation is required for maintenance of a closed urethral tube. These results demonstrate that urethral tubulogenesis, prepuce morphogenesis, and sexually dimorphic patterning of the lower urethra are controlled by discrete regions of Fgfr2 activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marissa L Gredler
- Department of Biology, UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, PO Box 103610, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Ashley W Seifert
- Department of Biology, UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, PO Box 103610, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Martin J Cohn
- Department of Biology, UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, PO Box 103610, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, PO Box 103610, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Keihani S, Kajbafzadeh AM. Concomitant Anterior and Posterior Urethral Valves: A Comprehensive Review of Literature. Urology 2015; 86:151-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
22
|
Lezcano C, Chaux A, Velazquez EF, Cubilla AL. Clinicopathological features and histogenesis of penile cysts. Semin Diagn Pathol 2015; 32:245-8. [DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
23
|
Li Y, Sinclair A, Cao M, Shen J, Choudhry S, Botta S, Cunha G, Baskin L. Canalization of the urethral plate precedes fusion of the urethral folds during male penile urethral development: the double zipper hypothesis. J Urol 2015; 193:1353-59. [PMID: 25286011 PMCID: PMC4456085 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2014.09.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We describe the "double zipper" mechanism of human male urethral formation, where the distal zipper opens the urethral groove through canalization of the urethral plate, and a second closing zipper follows behind and closes the urethral groove to form the tubular urethra. MATERIALS AND METHODS Anonymous human fetal genital specimens were acquired and gender was determined by polymerase chain reaction of the Y chromosome. Specimens were processed for optical projection tomography, stained with E-cadherin, Ki67 and caspase 3, and imaged. RESULTS Eight developing male fetal specimens from 6.5 to 16.5 weeks of gestation were analyzed by optical projection tomography, and an additional 5 specimens by serial sections. Phallus length ranged from 1.3 to 3.7 mm. The urethral plate canalized into a groove with 2 epithelial edges that subsequently fused. Ki67 staining was localized to the dorsal aspect of the urethral plate. In contrast, caspase 3 staining was not observed. The entire process was completed during a 10-week period. CONCLUSIONS The human male urethra appears to form by 2 mechanisms, an initial "opening zipper" that facilitates distal canalization of the solid urethral plate to form the urethral groove, which involves a high rate of epithelial proliferation (apoptosis not observed), and a "closing zipper" facilitating fusion of the 2 epithelial surfaces of the urethral groove, and thus extending the penile urethra distally. Improved knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of these processes is critical to understanding mechanisms of abnormal urethral development, such as hypospadias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Benioff Children's Hospital, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Adriane Sinclair
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Benioff Children's Hospital, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Mei Cao
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Benioff Children's Hospital, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Joel Shen
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Benioff Children's Hospital, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Shweta Choudhry
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Benioff Children's Hospital, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Sisir Botta
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Benioff Children's Hospital, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Gerald Cunha
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Benioff Children's Hospital, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Laurence Baskin
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Benioff Children's Hospital, UCSF, San Francisco, California.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Dinh MH, Anderson MR, McRaven MD, Cianci GC, McCoombe SG, Kelley ZL, Gioia CJ, Fought AJ, Rademaker AW, Veazey RS, Hope TJ. Visualization of HIV-1 interactions with penile and foreskin epithelia: clues for female-to-male HIV transmission. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004729. [PMID: 25748093 PMCID: PMC4352059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To gain insight into female-to-male HIV sexual transmission and how male circumcision protects against this mode of transmission, we visualized HIV-1 interactions with foreskin and penile tissues in ex vivo tissue culture and in vivo rhesus macaque models utilizing epifluorescent microscopy. 12 foreskin and 14 cadaveric penile specimens were cultured with R5-tropic photoactivatable (PA)-GFP HIV-1 for 4 or 24 hours. Tissue cryosections were immunofluorescently imaged for epithelial and immune cell markers. Images were analyzed for total virions, proportion of penetrators, depth of virion penetration, as well as immune cell counts and depths in the tissue. We visualized individual PA virions breaching penile epithelial surfaces in the explant and macaque model. Using kernel density estimated probabilities of localizing a virion or immune cell at certain tissue depths revealed that interactions between virions and cells were more likely to occur in the inner foreskin or glans penis (from local or cadaveric donors, respectively). Using statistical models to account for repeated measures and zero-inflated datasets, we found no difference in total virions visualized at 4 hours between inner and outer foreskins from local donors. At 24 hours, there were more virions in inner as compared to outer foreskin (0.0495 +/- 0.0154 and 0.0171 +/- 0.0038 virions/image, p = 0.001). In the cadaveric specimens, we observed more virions in inner foreskin (0.0507 +/- 0.0079 virions/image) than glans tissue (0.0167 +/- 0.0033 virions/image, p<0.001), but a greater proportion was seen penetrating uncircumcised glans tissue (0.0458 +/- 0.0188 vs. 0.0151 +/- 0.0100 virions/image, p = 0.099) and to significantly greater mean depths (29.162 +/- 3.908 vs. 12.466 +/- 2.985 μm). Our in vivo macaque model confirmed that virions can breach penile squamous epithelia in a living model. In summary, these results suggest that the inner foreskin and glans epithelia may be important sites for HIV transmission in uncircumcised men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minh H. Dinh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Meegan R. Anderson
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Michael D. McRaven
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Gianguido C. Cianci
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Scott G. McCoombe
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Z. L. Kelley
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Casey J. Gioia
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Angela J. Fought
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Biostatistical Collaboration Core Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Alfred W. Rademaker
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Biostatistical Collaboration Core Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ronald S. Veazey
- Department of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Hope
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
The power and perils of animal models with urogenital anomalies: handle with care. J Pediatr Urol 2014; 10:699-705. [PMID: 24768568 PMCID: PMC4454504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Congenital abnormalities of the urogenital tracts form a major part of clinical practice for paediatric urologists, but their knowledge of normal and abnormal development is often limited. Advances in understanding frequently come from studying experimental findings from animal models, however, most clinicians underestimate both the power and perils of extrapolating scientific knowledge from animals. In this review, the key issues that urologists need to understand in order to link animal studies to clinical practice are discussed. Urologists must avoid the traps of anthropomorphism (assuming humans are always the same as animal models) or anthropocentrism (assuming humans are too different from animal models). This review used two common disorders: hypospadias and undescended testes.
Collapse
|
26
|
Hadidi AT, Roessler J, Coerdt W. Development of the human male urethra: a histochemical study on human embryos. J Pediatr Surg 2014; 49:1146-52. [PMID: 24952805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Controversy persists regarding the formation of human penile urethra. The classic fusion theory for the development of the spongy urethra and ectodermal ingrowth or endodermal transformation theories for the development of the glanular urethra do not explain the wide spectrum of anomalies seen in patients with hypospadias. This histological study was made to clarify the mechanism of urethral development. MATERIALS & METHODS 15 human male embryos ranging from 6 to 14 weeks were studied. The phalluses were examined microscopically and photographed. Tissues were prepared as serial histological sections and stained with haematoxylin and eosin and with special immuno-histochemical stains. RESULTS 1) The penile urethra: At 6 weeks of gestation, the urethral plate which is solid distally and partially grooved proximally becomes grooved distally and has fused proximally by 8 weeks. At 14 weeks of gestation; the urethral opening migrates only to the middle of the shaft. 2) The glanular urethra: At the 6th week of gestation, a solid epithelial plate reached the tip of the genital tubercle, and a glans cannot be identified. At the 7th week, a central vacuolation appears and the penile urethral groove does not reach the tip of the phallus. At the 8th week; coronal sulcus starts to appear, and a well defined blind central canal was evident in the 13th week. During the 14th week, the floor of the glanular canal degenerated to form a glanular groove. CONCLUSIONS Our observations suggest that the spongy urethra passes through 3 stages of development: a solid epithelial plate, deep urethral groove, and fused urethra. The glanular urethra passes through 4 developmental stages: a solid epithelial plate, a blind central canal, a deep glanular groove, and the floor from the preputial lamella. There was no evidence of ectodermal ingrowth. These observations raise serious questions to the current theories for human urethra development. Further studies on fresh human embryos are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed T Hadidi
- Hypospadias Clinic, Pediatric Surgery Dept., Emma and Offenbach Hospitals, Germany.
| | - Jasmin Roessler
- Department of Pediatric Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Wiltrud Coerdt
- Department of Pediatric Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Biswas S, Ghosh D, Das S. Congenital urethrocutaneous fistula-our experience with nine cases. Indian J Surg 2014; 76:156-8. [PMID: 24891786 PMCID: PMC4039680 DOI: 10.1007/s12262-012-0763-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital urethrocutaneous fistula is a very rare anomaly with about 40 odd cases reported in literature till 2008 .We present here 9 such cases all of whom were uncircumcised at presentation.7 out of 9 cases had a fistula in the distal shaft and the rest 2 cases had a fistula in the mid-shaft of the penis with an associated chordee.Associated congenital anomaly was present in only one case which had an associated imperforate anus . When the fistula was present distally , we did a primary repair of the fistula which was reinforced by a Bayer's Flap. When the fistula was present in the mid shaft we did a Primary repair of the fistula & reinforced it by a Tunica Vaginalis Flap.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Biswas
- />Departmentof General Surgery, Nilratan Sircar (NRS) Medical College, Calcutta, India
| | - Dipak Ghosh
- />Departmentof Paediatric Surgery, Medical College, Calcutta, India
| | - Sukanta Das
- />Departmentof Paediatric Surgery, Medical College, Calcutta, India
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wei S, Li Q, Li S, Zhou C, Li F, Zhou Y, Ding J, Cao Y, Zhan S, Xie L. Spontaneous ventral urethral fistula in a young man whose mother had a retained IUD in uterus during the gestation. Can Urol Assoc J 2014; 8:E92-5. [PMID: 24554982 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.1551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Urethral fistula is rare and is usually a complication of penile and urethral surgery. A few congenital cases have been reported. To our knowledge, there are only 2 reports about spontaneous ventral urethral fistula in the English literature. We present what we believe is the first case of a patient with spontaneous ventral urethral fistula whose mother had a retained IUD in uterus during the gestation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Wei
- 10th Department, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shi-Jing-Shan District, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qiang Li
- 10th Department, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shi-Jing-Shan District, Beijing, PR China
| | - Senkai Li
- 10th Department, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shi-Jing-Shan District, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chuande Zhou
- 10th Department, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shi-Jing-Shan District, Beijing, PR China
| | - Fengyong Li
- 10th Department, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shi-Jing-Shan District, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yu Zhou
- 10th Department, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shi-Jing-Shan District, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jian Ding
- 10th Department, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shi-Jing-Shan District, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yujiao Cao
- 10th Department, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shi-Jing-Shan District, Beijing, PR China
| | - Siya Zhan
- 10th Department, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shi-Jing-Shan District, Beijing, PR China
| | - Linhai Xie
- 10th Department, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shi-Jing-Shan District, Beijing, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Chaux A, Han JS, Lee S, Gonzalez-Roibon N, Sharma R, Burnett AL, Cubilla AL, Netto GJ. Immunohistochemical profile of the penile urethra and differential expression of GATA3 in urothelial versus squamous cell carcinomas of the penile urethra. Hum Pathol 2013; 44:2760-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2013.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
30
|
Carmichael SL, Witte JS, Ma C, Lammer EJ, Shaw GM. Hypospadias and variants in genes related to sex hormone biosynthesis and metabolism. Andrology 2013; 2:130-7. [PMID: 24281767 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-2927.2013.00165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether variants in genes related to sex hormone biosynthesis and metabolism were associated with hypospadias in humans. We examined 332 relatively common tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (tagSNPs) in 20 genes. Analyses included 633 cases (84 mild, 322 moderate, 212 severe and 15 undetermined severity) and 855 population-based non-malformed male controls born in California from 1990 to 2003. We used logistic regression models to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each SNP. Several of the 332 studied SNPs had p < 0.01: one in CYP3A4, four in HSD17B3, one in HSD3B1, two in STARD3, 10 in SRD5A2 and seven in STS. In addition, haplotype analyses gave several associations with p < 0.01. For HSD17B3, 14-SNP and 5-SNP blocks had ORs of 1.5 (95% CI 1.1, 2.0, p < 0.001) and 2.8 (95% CI 1.6, 4.8, p < 0.001) respectively. For SRD5A2, 9-SNP, 3-SNP and 8-SNP blocks had ORs of 1.7 (95% CI 1.3, 2.2, p < 0.001), 1.4 (95% CI 1.1, 1.8, p = 0.008) and 1.5 (95% CI 1.2, 1.9, p = 0.002) respectively. Our study indicates that several genes that contribute to sex hormone biosynthesis and metabolism are associated with hypospadias risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S L Carmichael
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Pechriggl EJ, Bitsche M, Blumer MJ, Fritsch H. The male urethra: Spatiotemporal distribution of molecular markers during early development. Ann Anat 2013; 195:260-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
32
|
A congenital anterior urethrocutaneous fistula in a boy whose mother was exposed to ionizing radiations: case report and literature review. Case Rep Urol 2013; 2013:525386. [PMID: 23533929 PMCID: PMC3600317 DOI: 10.1155/2013/525386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Anterior congenital urethrocutaneous fistula is a rare anomaly that may present in an isolated fashion or in association with other anomalies of the genital urinary tract or anorectal malformations. A case of congenital anterior urethrocutaneous fistula nonassociated with other congenital anomalies in a 3-year-old male whose mother has been exposed to Chernobyl's nuclear fallout is described. The patient was successfully operated with no recurrence. We report a review of the literature about etiology and surgical strategy including the role of ionizing radiations. The congenital anterior urethrocutaneous fistula represents a rare malformation. The etiopathogenesis is unknown.
Collapse
|
33
|
Huang Z, Hurley PJ, Simons BW, Marchionni L, Berman DM, Ross AE, Schaeffer EM. Sox9 is required for prostate development and prostate cancer initiation. Oncotarget 2013; 3:651-63. [PMID: 22761195 PMCID: PMC3442290 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignancies and the second leading cause of death from cancer in men. The molecular mechanisms driving prostate carcinogenesis are complex; with several lines of evidence suggesting that the re-expression of conserved developmental programs plays a key role. In this study, we used conditional gene targeting and organ grafting, to describe conserved roles for the transcription factor Sox9 in the initiation of both prostate organogenesis and prostate carcinogenesis in murine models. Abrogation of Sox9 expression prior to the initiation of androgen signaling blocks the initiation of prostate development. Similarly, Sox9 deletion in two genetic models of prostate cancer (TRAMP and Hi-Myc) prevented cancer initiation. Expression profiling of Sox9-null prostate epithelial cells revealed that the role of Sox9 in the initiation of prostate development may relate to its regulation of multiple cytokeratins and cell adherence/polarity. Due to its essential role in cancer initiation, manipulation of Sox9 targets in at-risk men may prove useful in the chemoprevention of prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Huang
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Li M, Qiu L, Lin T, He D, Hua Y, Yuan X, Liu X, Wei G. c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase is Upregulated in Patients With Hypospadias. Urology 2013; 81:178-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
35
|
Shao IH, Chen TD, Shao HT, Chen HW. Male median raphe cysts: serial retrospective analysis and histopathological classification. Diagn Pathol 2012; 7:121. [PMID: 22978603 PMCID: PMC3487840 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-7-121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To review the clinical and pathological characteristics of median raphe cysts and to classify the lesions according to pathogenesis and histopathological findings. Methods The medical records of patients who were diagnosed with median raphe cysts between 2001 and 2010 were reviewed to document the clinical presentation and pathological findings of the cysts. Results Most patients were asymptomatic; however, 9 patients had inflammatory or infectious cysts that were tender or painful. Four patients who had cysts on the parameatus and distal prepuce had difficulty voiding. Hematuria and hematospermia were noted in 2 cases. Thirty-one cysts were lined with an urothelium-like epithelium, and a squamous epithelium lining was found in 3 cases. In 2 cases, a well-formed mucinous glandular structure was observed. The other 20 cysts consisted of mixed epithelia. After excision of the cysts under local or general anesthesia, an urethral fistula developed as a complication in only 1 case. Conclusions Median raphe cysts are benign lesions formed due to tissue trapping during the development of urethral folds. The cysts can be defined into 4 types based on pathological findings: urethral, epidermoid, glandular, and mixed. The associated symptoms and signs should be taken into consideration when determining the treatment for the cysts. Virtual slides The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http//http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/7727074877500751
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I-Hung Shao
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No.5, Fusing St., Gueishan Township, Taoyuan County, 333, Taiwan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Carmichael SL, Ma C, Feldkamp ML, Munger RG, Olney RS, Botto LD, Shaw GM, Correa A. Nutritional factors and hypospadias risks. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2012; 26:353-60. [PMID: 22686387 PMCID: PMC3376012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2012.01272.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined whether hypospadias was associated with several aspects of the diet, including intake of animal products, intake of several nutrients and food groups related to a vegetarian diet and oestrogen metabolism, and diet quality. METHODS The study included deliveries from 1997 to 2005 that were part of the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Diet was assessed by food frequency questionnaire during maternal telephone interviews, and two diet quality indices were developed based on existing indices. Analyses included 1250 cases with second- or third-degree hypospadias (urethra opened at the penile shaft, scrotum or perineum) and 3118 male, liveborn, non-malformed controls. All odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals [CI] were estimated from logistic regression models that included several potential confounders, including energy intake. RESULTS Intake of animal products was not associated with hypospadias; for example, the adjusted OR for any vs. no intake of meat was 1.0 [95% CI 0.6, 1.6]. Frequency of intake of meat or other animal products was also not associated with hypospadias, nor was intake of iron or several nutrients that are potentially related to oestrogen metabolism. Diet quality was also not associated with hypospadias; the OR for diet quality in the highest vs. lowest quartile for the two diet quality indices were 1.0 [95% CI 0.6, 1.6] and 0.9 [95% CI 0.7, 1.1]. CONCLUSION This large study does not support an association of a vegetarian diet or worse diet quality with hypospadias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzan L. Carmichael
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA,Corresponding author: Dr. Suzan L. Carmichael, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal & Developmental Medicine, Stanford University, 1265 Welch Road, Rm. X111, Stanford, CA 94305-5415, telephone 650.736.0735, fax 650.721.5751,
| | - Chen Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Marcia L. Feldkamp
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT,Utah Birth Defect Network, Utah Department of Health, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Ronald G. Munger
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT
| | - Richard S. Olney
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, CDC, Atlanta, GA
| | - Lorenzo D. Botto
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT,Utah Birth Defect Network, Utah Department of Health, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Gary M. Shaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Adolfo Correa
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, CDC, Atlanta, GA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Carmichael SL, Shaw GM, Lammer EJ. Environmental and genetic contributors to hypospadias: a review of the epidemiologic evidence. BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH. PART A, CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR TERATOLOGY 2012; 94:499-510. [PMID: 22678668 PMCID: PMC3393839 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This review evaluates current knowledge related to trends in the prevalence of hypospadias, the association of hypospadias with endocrine-disrupting exposures, and the potential contribution of genetic susceptibility to its etiology. The review focuses on epidemiologic evidence. Increasing prevalence of hypospadias has been observed, but such increases tend to be localized to specific regions or time periods. Thus, generalized statements that hypospadias is increasing are unsupported. Owing to the limitations of study designs and inconsistent results, firm conclusions cannot be made regarding the association of endocrine-disrupting exposures with hypospadias. Studies with more rigorous study designs (e.g., larger and more detailed phenotypes) and exposure assessment that encompasses more breadth and depth (e.g., specific endocrine-related chemicals) will be critical to make better inferences about these important environmental exposures. Many candidate genes for hypospadias have been identified, but few of them have been examined to an extent that enables solid conclusions. Further study is needed that includes larger sample sizes, comparison groups that are more representative of the populations from which the cases were derived, phenotype-specific analyses, and more extensive exploration of variants. In conclusion, examining the associations of environmental and genetic factors with hypospadias remain important areas of inquiry, although our actual understanding of their contribution to hypospadias risk in humans is currently limited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzan L Carmichael
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Qiao L, Rodriguez E, Weiss DA, Ferretti M, Risbridger G, Cunha GR, Baskin LS. Expression of estrogen receptor alpha and beta is decreased in hypospadias. J Urol 2012; 187:1427-33. [PMID: 22341273 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Estrogenic endocrine disruptors acting via estrogen receptors α and β have been implicated in the etiology of hypospadias. However, the expression and distribution of estrogen receptors α and β in normal and hypospadiac human foreskins is unknown. We characterized the location and expression of estrogen receptors α and β in normal and hypospadiac foreskins. MATERIALS AND METHODS We prospectively collected excess foreskin from 35 patients undergoing hypospadias repair and 15 patients undergoing elective circumcision. Hypospadias was classified as severe in 18 patients and mild in 17 based on the ectopic position of the meatus. mRNA expression levels in estrogen receptors α and β were quantified using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Receptor location was characterized by immunohistochemical analysis. Additionally immunohistochemical analysis was performed in 4 archived human fetal penises. RESULTS Mean ± SD ages were similar for the circumcision (9.5±3 months) and hypospadias repair groups (9±3 months, p=0.75). mRNA expression levels in estrogen receptors α and β were significantly decreased in hypospadiac foreskin cases compared to controls (p<0.001), while no statistically significant differences were seen between foreskins with severe and mild hypospadias. Estrogen receptor β immunostaining was strong in normal foreskin but weak in hypospadiac foreskin. Estrogen receptor β immunoreactivity was most intense in the stratum basale and stratum spinosum. Estrogen receptor α immunostaining was weak in normal and mild hypospadias foreskin, and undetectable in severe hypospadias. Fetal penises expressed strong estrogen receptor β immunopositivity in the urethral plate epithelium, corpus spongiosum, corpora cavernosa and penile skin, while estrogen receptor α immunostaining was not detected. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate a difference in estrogen receptor α and β expression and location in the foreskin of patients with hypospadias compared to controls. These findings are consistent with aberrant estrogenic effects having a role in the etiology of hypospadias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Qiao
- Division of Pediatric Urology, University of California, San Francisco Children's Hospital, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ross AE, Marchionni L, Phillips TM, Miller RM, Hurley PJ, Simons BW, Salmasi AH, Schaeffer AJ, Gearhart JP, Schaeffer EM. Molecular effects of genistein on male urethral development. J Urol 2011; 185:1894-8. [PMID: 21421236 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2010.12.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The increasing incidence of hypospadias is partly attributed to increased gestational exposure to endocrine disruptors. We investigated the effects of genistein, the primary phytoestrogen in soy, on the molecular program of male urethral development. MATERIALS AND METHODS Female mice were fed diets supplemented with genistein (500 mg/kg diet) or control diets before breeding and throughout gestation. Urethras from embryonic day 17.5 male fetuses were harvested, and RNA was prepared, amplified, labeled and hybridized on whole genome microarrays. Data were analyzed using packages from the R/Bioconductor project. Immunohistochemical analysis and immunoblotting were used to confirm the activity of MAPK and the presence of Ntrk1 and Ntrk2 during urethral development. RESULTS Gestational exposure to genistein altered the urethral expression of 277 genes (p <0.008). Among the most affected were hormonally regulated genes, including IGFBP-1, Kap and Rhox5. Differentially expressed genes were grouped into functional pathways of cell proliferation, adhesion, apoptosis and tube morphogenesis (p <0.0001), and were enriched for members of the MAPK (p <0.00001) and TGF-β (p <0.01) signaling cascades. Differentially expressed genes preferentially contained ELK1, Myc/Max, FOXO, HOX and ER control elements. The MAPK pathway was active, and its upstream genistein affected tyrosine kinase receptors Ntrk1 and Ntrk2 were present in the developing male urethra. CONCLUSIONS Gestational exposure to genistein contributes to hypospadias by altering pathways of tissue morphogenesis, cell proliferation and cell survival. In particular, genes in the MAPK and TGF-β signaling pathways and those controlled by FOXO, HOX and ER transcription factors are disrupted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Ross
- Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Pradidarcheep W, Wallner C, Dabhoiwala NF, Lamers WH. Anatomy and histology of the lower urinary tract. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2011:117-148. [PMID: 21290225 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-16499-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The function of the lower urinary tract is basically storage of urine in the bladder and the at-will periodic evacuation of the stored urine. Urinary incontinence is one of the most common lower urinary tract disorders in adults, but especially in the elderly female. The urethra, its sphincters, and the pelvic floor are key structures in the achievement of continence, but their basic anatomy is little known and, to some extent, still incompletely understood. Because questions with respect to continence arise from human morbidity, but are often investigated in rodent animal models, we present findings in human and rodent anatomy and histology. Differences between males and females in the role that the pelvic floor plays in the maintenance of continence are described. Furthermore, we briefly describe the embryologic origin of ureters, bladder, and urethra, because the developmental origin of structures such as the vesicoureteral junction, the bladder trigone, and the penile urethra are often invoked to explain (clinical) observations. As the human pelvic floor has acquired features in evolution that are typical for a species with bipedal movement, we also compare the pelvic floor of humans with that of rodents to better understand the rodent (or any other quadruped, for that matter) as an experimental model species. The general conclusion is that the "Bauplan" is well conserved, even though its common features are sometimes difficult to discern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wisuit Pradidarcheep
- AMC Liver Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105 BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Prostatic development is a dynamic process in which basic mechanisms of epithelial outgrowth and epithelial-mesenchymal interaction are initiated by androgens and androgen receptor signaling. Even in adulthood, the prostate's function remains tightly regulated by androgens--without them, pathologic diseases, including hyperplastic and malignant growth that together plague nearly 50% of aging males, do not occur. Unraveling the etiology of these pathologic processes is a complex and important goal. In fact, many insights into these processes have come from an intimate understanding of the complex signaling networks that regulate physiologic prostatic growth in development. This review aims to highlight important key molecules such as Nkx3.1, sonic hedgehog, and Sry box 9, as well as key signaling pathways including the fibroblast growth factor and wingless pathways. These molecules and pathways are critical for prostate development with both known and postulated roles in prostatic pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Meeks
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Chiu HS, Szucsik JC, Georgas KM, Jones JL, Rumballe BA, Tang D, Grimmond SM, Lewis AG, Aronow BJ, Lessard JL, Little MH. Comparative gene expression analysis of genital tubercle development reveals a putative appendicular Wnt7 network for the epidermal differentiation. Dev Biol 2010; 344:1071-87. [PMID: 20510229 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.05.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Here we describe the first detailed catalog of gene expression in the developing lower urinary tract (LUT), including epithelial and mesenchymal portions of the developing bladder, urogenital sinus, urethra, and genital tubercle (GT) at E13 and E14. Top compartment-specific genes implicated by the microarray data were validated using whole-mount in situ hybridization (ISH) over the entire LUT. To demonstrate the potential of this resource to implicate developmentally critical features, we focused on gene expression patterns and pathways in the sexually indeterminate, androgen-independent GT. GT expression patterns reinforced the proposed similarities between development of GT, limb, and craniofacial prominences. Comparison of spatial expression patterns predicted a network of Wnt7a-associated GT-enriched epithelial genes, including Gjb2, Dsc3, Krt5, and Sostdc1. Known from other contexts, these genes are associated with normal epidermal differentiation, with disruptions in Dsc3 and Gjb2 showing palmo-plantar keratoderma in the limb. We propose that this gene network contributes to normal foreskin, scrotum, and labial development. As several of these genes are known to be regulated by, or contain cis elements responsive to retinoic acid, estrogen, or androgen, this implicates this pathway in the later androgen-dependent development of the GT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Sheng Chiu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Tanaka ST, Ishii K, Demarco RT, Pope JC, Brock JW, Hayward SW. Endodermal origin of bladder trigone inferred from mesenchymal-epithelial interaction. J Urol 2010; 183:386-91. [PMID: 19914648 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2009.08.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In the classic view of bladder development the trigone originates from the mesoderm derived wolffian ducts while the remainder of the bladder originates from the endoderm derived urogenital sinus. Recent molecular developmental studies have questioned the veracity of this received wisdom, suggesting an endodermal origin for the trigone. To shed further light on this issue we observed mesenchymal-epithelial interactions between trigone epithelium and fetal urogenital sinus mesenchyma to infer the trigonal germ layer of origin. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mouse trigone epithelium was recombined with fetal rat urogenital sinus mesenchyma in tissue recombinant grafts that were placed beneath the renal capsule of athymic mouse hosts. Grafts were harvested at 4 weeks. Control grafts with bladder dome and ureteral epithelium were also examined. Tissues were evaluated with hematoxylin and eosin, and Hoechst dye 33258 to confirm cell species origin. Immunohistochemistry was done with androgen receptor, broad spectrum uroplakin, dorsolateral prostate secretions and seminal vesicle secretions to differentiate prostatic and seminal vesicle differentiation. RESULTS Grafts of mouse trigone epithelium with fetal rat urogenital sinus mesenchyma yielded epithelial tissue that stained for dorsolateral prostate secretions but not for seminal vesicle secretions. Control grafts of bladder dome epithelium yielded the expected endodermal prostate differentiation. Control grafts of ureteral epithelium yielded the expected mesodermal seminal vesicle differentiation. CONCLUSIONS The consistent finding of prostatic epithelium in tissue recombinants of trigone epithelium and fetal urogenital sinus mesenchyma reinforces the hypothesis that the trigone is derived from the endoderm and not from the mesoderm, as commonly accepted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stacy T Tanaka
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Monroe Carell, Jr Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-9820, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Lin C, Yin Y, Veith GM, Fisher AV, Long F, Ma L. Temporal and spatial dissection of Shh signaling in genital tubercle development. Development 2009; 136:3959-67. [PMID: 19906863 DOI: 10.1242/dev.039768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Genital tubercle (GT) initiation and outgrowth involve coordinated morphogenesis of surface ectoderm, cloacal mesoderm and hindgut endoderm. GT development appears to mirror that of the limb. Although Shh is essential for the development of both appendages, its role in GT development is much less clear than in the limb. Here, by removing Shh at different stages during GT development in mice, we demonstrate a continuous requirement for Shh in GT initiation and subsequent androgen-independent GT growth. Moreover, we investigated the Hh responsiveness of different tissue layers by removing or activating its signal transducer Smo with tissue-specific Cre lines, and established GT mesenchyme as the primary target tissue of Shh signaling. Lastly, we showed that Shh is required for the maintenance of the GT signaling center distal urethral epithelium (dUE). By restoring Wnt-Fgf8 signaling in Shh(-/-) cloacal endoderm genetically, we revealed that Shh relays its signal partly through the dUE, but regulates Hoxa13 and Hoxd13 expression independently of dUE signaling. Altogether, we propose that Shh plays a central role in GT development by simultaneously regulating patterning of the cloacal field and supporting an outgrowth signal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Congxing Lin
- Division of Dermatology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Penislike clitorises with megalourethras in nonvirilized female fetuses and a newborn. A histopathologic study and its bearing on their pathogenesis. J Pediatr Surg 2009; 44:2223-9. [PMID: 19944238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2009.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to analyze the microstructure of penislike clitorises in female pseudohermaphroditism in relation to their pathogenesis. METHODS Penislike clitorises from 2 fetuses and 1 newborn with anorectal malformations and multiple other caudal anomalies and 1 fetus with phallic urethra duplication were histologically examined in toto. RESULTS The penislike clitorises revealed basically female features in the histogenesis of the corpora cavernosa and glans and in the absence of penile raphe, septum, fasciae, and periurethral glands. In 2 cases, the "phallic urethra" was completely surrounded by a single corpus cavernosum and in 3 cases by a circular glans. Labia minora and vestibular bulbs had not developed in 3 cases. The urethras had transformed into fusiform or scaphoid megalourethras with stenotic meatuses in 3 specimens and an extra orifice in the fourth specimen. CONCLUSIONS Penislike clitorises in female pseudohermaphroditism show a fundamental dysgenesis of major structural elements. The pattern favors the hypothesis of an early error in the formation of the cloacal membrane and adjacent cloaca in embryos between 26 and 29 days postovulation that may lead to dysregulation of molecular developmental interactions during the following formation of the genital tubercle.
Collapse
|
46
|
Carmichael SL, Ma C, Werler MM, Olney RS, Shaw GM. Maternal corticosteroid use and hypospadias. J Pediatr 2009; 155:39-44, 44.e1. [PMID: 19394038 PMCID: PMC2764545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Revised: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore whether women who reported corticosteroid use during pregnancy were more likely to deliver an infant with hypospadias than women who did not. STUDY DESIGN The analysis encompassed data on deliveries with an estimated due date between 1997 and 2004 from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a large population-based, case-control study conducted in the United States. Included were 1165 cases of moderate to severe hypospadias and 3000 nonmalformed male controls. RESULTS The mothers of 39 cases (3.3%) and 62 controls (2.1%) reported using a corticosteroid medication during the period extending from 4 weeks before conception to 14 weeks after conception. The odds ratio (OR) for any corticosteroid exposure versus no corticosteroid exposure was 1.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1 to 2.5); after adjustment for maternal race/ethnicity, education, age, and study site, it was 1.3 (95% CI = 0.8 to 2.0). Analyses by route of administration and specific component suggest that elevated ORs occurred only for nasal spray/inhaled corticosteroids (OR = 1.5; 95% CI = 0.9 to 2.6). CONCLUSIONS Maternal use of corticosteroid medications was weakly associated with risk of hypospadias, but the association was negligible after adjustment for potential confounders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzan L Carmichael
- California Research Division, March of Dimes Foundation, Oakland, CA 94609, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Guerra L, Dellambra E, Panacchia L, Paionni E. Tissue Engineering for Damaged Surface and Lining Epithelia: Stem Cells, Current Clinical Applications, and Available Engineered Tissues. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2009; 15:91-112. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2008.0418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Guerra
- Tissue Engineering and Cutaneous Physiopathology Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Dellambra
- Tissue Engineering and Cutaneous Physiopathology Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Panacchia
- Tissue Engineering and Cutaneous Physiopathology Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuel Paionni
- Tissue Engineering and Cutaneous Physiopathology Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Miyagawa S, Satoh Y, Haraguchi R, Suzuki K, Iguchi T, Taketo MM, Nakagata N, Matsumoto T, Takeyama KI, Kato S, Yamada G. Genetic interactions of the androgen and Wnt/beta-catenin pathways for the masculinization of external genitalia. Mol Endocrinol 2009; 23:871-80. [PMID: 19282366 PMCID: PMC2725765 DOI: 10.1210/me.2008-0478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In most mammals, the sexually dimorphic development of embryos is typically achieved by the differentiation of the external genitalia. Hence, the sexual distinction of mammalian newborns is based on the external genital structure. Although it was shown in the 1940s and 1950s that androgen from the testes establishes the male sexual characteristics, the involvement of nongonadal and locally produced masculine effectors remains totally unknown. It is noteworthy that the disorders of fetal masculinization, including hypospadias, one of the most frequent birth defects, occur at a high frequency. Furthermore, their causative factors remain unclear. In this study, the involvement of the coordinated actions of androgen and the growth factor systems was genetically analyzed for the first time on mammalian reproductive organ formation. The results demonstrated that the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway is indispensable masculine factor for the external genital development. The bilateral mesenchymal region adjacent to the urethral plate epithelium displayed a sexually dimorphic activity of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. Loss- and gain-of-function beta-catenin mutants displayed altered sexual development of the external genitalia. These results indicate the novel functions of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway as a locally expressed masculine effector. This could be the first genetic study analyzing the roles of the genetic interactions between androgen and locally expressed growth factor signaling during the development of reproductive organs. These results also shed new insight on the reproductive genetics and the causative factors of genital disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Miyagawa
- Center for Animal Resources and Development and Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Wu X, Ferrara C, Shapiro E, Grishina I. Bmp7 expression and null phenotype in the urogenital system suggest a role in re-organization of the urethral epithelium. Gene Expr Patterns 2008; 9:224-30. [PMID: 19159697 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2008.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Revised: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Signaling by Bone morphogenetic proteins (Bmps) has multiple and diverse roles in patterning and morphogenesis of the kidney, eye, limbs and the neural tube. Here, we employed the Bmp7(lacZ) strain to perform a detailed analysis of Bmp7 expression and the null phenotype during development of the mouse urogenital system. The urethral compartment originates in mid-embryogenesis from the ventral part of the cloaca, a transient cavity at the caudal end of the hindgut. At mid-gestation, Bmp7 expression was detected within several specific domains in the cloacal epithelium and mesenchyme. In late embryogenesis, Bmp7 expression was present in the urethra, rectum, the urethral glands, corpus cavernosum, and in the male and female genital ducts. Importantly, loss of Bmp7 resulted in arrest in cloacal septation, and severe defects in morphogenesis of the genital urethra and mesenchyme. Together, our analysis of Bmp7 expression and the null phenotype, indicates that Bmp7 may play an important role in re-organization of the epithelium during cloacal septation and morphogenesis of the genital tubercle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wu
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, 423 East 23rd Street 18064-South, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Djakovic N, Nyarangi-Dix J, Özturk A, Hohenfellner M. Hypospadias. Adv Urol 2008; 2008:650135. [PMID: 18989369 PMCID: PMC2577154 DOI: 10.1155/2008/650135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. The great possibility of variations in the clinical presentation of hypospadia, makes its therapy challenging. This has led to the development of a number of techniques for hypospadia repair. This article assesses past and present concepts and operative techniques with the aim of broadening our understanding of this malformation. Materials and Methods. The article not only reviews hypospadia in general with its development and clinical presentation as well as historical and current concepts in hypospadiologie on the basis of available literature, but it is also based on our own clinical experience in the repair of this malformation. Results and Conclusion. The fact that there are great variations in the presentation and extent of malformations existent makes every hypospadia individual and a proposal of a universal comprehensive algorithm for hypospadia repair difficult. The Snodgrass technique has found wide popularity for the repair of distal hypospadias. As far as proximal hypospadias are concerned, their repair is more challenging because it not only involves urethroplasty, but can also, in some cases, fulfil the dimensions of a complex genital reconstruction. Due to the development of modern operating materials and an improvement in current surgical techniques, there has been a significant decrease in the complication rates. Nonetheless, there still is room and, therefore, need for further improvement in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N. Djakovic
- Department of Urology, University of Heidelberg, Medical Center, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J. Nyarangi-Dix
- Department of Urology, University of Heidelberg, Medical Center, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A. Özturk
- Department of Urology, University of Heidelberg, Medical Center, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M. Hohenfellner
- Department of Urology, University of Heidelberg, Medical Center, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|