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Ragno R, Minarini A, Proia E, Lorenzo A, Milelli A, Tumiatti V, Fiore M, Fino P, Rutigliano L, Fioravanti R, Tahara T, Pacella E, Greco A, Canettieri G, Di Paolo ML, Agostinelli E. Bovine Serum Amine Oxidase and Polyamine Analogues: Chemical Synthesis and Biological Evaluation Integrated with Molecular Docking and 3-D QSAR Studies. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:3910-3927. [PMID: 35948439 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural polyamines (PAs) are key players in cellular homeostasis by regulating cell growth and proliferation. Several observations highlight that PAs are also implicated in pathways regulating cell death. Indeed, the PA accumulation cytotoxic effect, maximized with the use of bovine serum amine oxidase (BSAO) enzyme, represents a valuable strategy against tumor progression. In the present study, along with the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a series of new spermine (Spm) analogues (1-23), a mixed structure-based (SB) and ligand-based (LB) protocol was applied. Binding modes of BSAO-PA modeled complexes led to clarify electrostatic and steric features likely affecting the BSAO-PA biochemical kinetics. LB and SB three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (Py-CoMFA and Py-ComBinE) models were developed by means of the 3d-qsar.com portal, and their analysis represents a strong basis for future design and synthesis of PA BSAO substrates for potential application in oxidative stress-induced chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rino Ragno
- Rome Center for Molecular Design, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le A. Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - Anna Minarini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Eleonora Proia
- Rome Center for Molecular Design, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le A. Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - Antonini Lorenzo
- Rome Center for Molecular Design, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le A. Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - Andrea Milelli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto, 237, Rimini 47921, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Tumiatti
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto, 237, Rimini 47921, Italy
| | - Marco Fiore
- Department Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, IBBC-CNR, Via E. Ramarini, 32, Monterotondo Scalo Rome 00015, Italy
| | - Pasquale Fino
- UOC of Dermatology, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza Medical School of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, Rome I-00161, Italy
| | - Lavinia Rutigliano
- Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale del Policlinico155, Rome I-00161, Italy
| | - Rossella Fioravanti
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le A. Moro 5, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - Tomoaki Tahara
- Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale del Policlinico155, Rome I-00161, Italy
| | - Elena Pacella
- Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale del Policlinico155, Rome I-00161, Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale del Policlinico155, Rome I-00161, Italy
| | - Gianluca Canettieri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, Rome 00161, Italy.,Istituto Pasteur, Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Di Paolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University Padua, Via G. Colombo 3, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Enzo Agostinelli
- Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale del Policlinico155, Rome I-00161, Italy.,International Polyamines Foundation 'ETS-ONLUS', Via del Forte Tiburtino 98, Rome I-00159, Italy
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2
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Shoji M, Murakawa T, Nakanishi S, Boero M, Shigeta Y, Hayashi H, Okajima T. Molecular mechanism of a large conformational change of the quinone cofactor in the semiquinone intermediate of bacterial copper amine oxidase. Chem Sci 2022; 13:10923-10938. [PMID: 36320691 PMCID: PMC9491219 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01356h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper amine oxidase from Arthrobacter globiformis (AGAO) catalyses the oxidative deamination of primary amines via a large conformational change of a topaquinone (TPQ) cofactor during the semiquinone formation step. This conformational change of TPQ occurs in the presence of strong hydrogen bonds and neighboring bulky amino acids, especially the conserved Asn381, which restricts TPQ conformational changes over the catalytic cycle. Whether such a semiquinone intermediate is catalytically active or inert has been a matter of debate in copper amine oxidases. Here, we show that the reaction rate of the Asn381Ala mutant decreases 160-fold, and the X-ray crystal structures of the mutant reveals a TPQ-flipped conformation in both the oxidized and reduced states, preceding semiquinone formation. Our hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) simulations show that the TPQ conformational change is realized through the sequential steps of the TPQ ring-rotation and slide. We determine that the bulky side chain of Asn381 hinders the undesired TPQ ring-rotation in the oxidized form, favoring the TPQ ring-rotation in reduced TPQ by a further stabilization leading to the TPQ semiquinone form. The acquired conformational flexibility of TPQ semiquinone promotes a high reactivity of Cu(i) to O2, suggesting that the semiquinone form is catalytically active for the subsequent oxidative half-reaction in AGAO. The ingenious molecular mechanism exerted by TPQ to achieve the “state-specific” reaction sheds new light on a drastic environmental transformation around the catalytic center. The large conformational change of topaquinone in bacterial copper amine oxidase occurs through the TPQ ring rotation and slide, which are essential to stabilize the semiquinone form.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuo Shoji
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba 305-8577 Ibaraki Japan
- JST-PRESTO 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi 332-0012 Saitama Japan
| | - Takeshi Murakawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University 2-7 Daigakumachi Takatsuki 569-8686 Osaka Japan
| | - Shota Nakanishi
- Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University 8-1 Mihogaoka Ibaraki 567-0047 Osaka Japan
| | - Mauro Boero
- University of Strasbourg, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR 7504 23 rue du Loess F-67034 France
| | - Yasuteru Shigeta
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba 305-8577 Ibaraki Japan
| | - Hideyuki Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University 2-7 Daigakumachi Takatsuki 569-8686 Osaka Japan
| | - Toshihide Okajima
- Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University 8-1 Mihogaoka Ibaraki 567-0047 Osaka Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University 2-7 Daigakumachi Takatsuki 569-8686 Osaka Japan
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3
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Neree AT, Pietrangeli P, Szabo PI, Mateescu MA, Marcocci L. Stability of Vegetal Diamine Oxidase in Simulated Intestinal Media: Protective Role of Cholic Acids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:12657-12665. [PMID: 30398054 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Food biogenic amines, in particular, histamine, are often responsible for various enteric and vascular dysfunctions. Several years ago, the oral administration of copper-containing diamine oxidase (DAO), also called histaminase, able to oxidatively deaminate biogenic amines, had been suggested as a food supplement to control food allergy and enteric dysfunctions. This report is aimed to generate a global image on the behavior of orally administrated DAO dosage forms in the intestinal tract. The catalytic stability of DAO from Lathyrus sativus seedlings in various simulated intestinal media with different pH and containing different association of cholic acids, pancreatic proteases, bicarbonate, lipids, or alcohol was investigated. Cholic acids and lipids protected the enzyme in the simulated intestinal fluids. However, they were not able to protect against the inhibitory effect of 24-36% (v/v) ethanol. These observations may be relevant for oral administration of enzymes as food supplements or therapeutic bioactive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armelle Tchoumi Neree
- Department of Chemistry, Research Chair on Enteric Dysfunctions "Allerdys" and Centre Pharmaqam , Université du Québec à Montréal , Montréal , Québec H3C 3P8 , Canada
| | - Paola Pietrangeli
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli" , Sapienza University of Rome , 00185 Rome , Italy
| | - Pompilia Ispas Szabo
- Department of Chemistry, Research Chair on Enteric Dysfunctions "Allerdys" and Centre Pharmaqam , Université du Québec à Montréal , Montréal , Québec H3C 3P8 , Canada
| | - Mircea Alexandru Mateescu
- Department of Chemistry, Research Chair on Enteric Dysfunctions "Allerdys" and Centre Pharmaqam , Université du Québec à Montréal , Montréal , Québec H3C 3P8 , Canada
| | - Lucia Marcocci
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli" , Sapienza University of Rome , 00185 Rome , Italy
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4
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Bonaiuto E, Magro M, Baratella D, Jakubec P, Sconcerle E, Terzo M, Miotto G, Macone A, Agostinelli E, Fasolato S, Venerando R, Salviulo G, Malina O, Zboril R, Vianello F. Ternary Hybrid γ-Fe2O3/CrVI/Amine Oxidase Nanostructure for Electrochemical Sensing: Application for Polyamine Detection in Tumor Tissue. Chemistry 2016; 22:6846-52. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Bonaiuto
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science; University of Padua; Agripolis-Viale dell'Università 16 Legnaro 35020 (PD) Italy
| | - Massimiliano Magro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science; University of Padua; Agripolis-Viale dell'Università 16 Legnaro 35020 (PD) Italy
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials; Palacky University; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Davide Baratella
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science; University of Padua; Agripolis-Viale dell'Università 16 Legnaro 35020 (PD) Italy
| | - Petr Jakubec
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials; Palacky University; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Elisabetta Sconcerle
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science; University of Padua; Agripolis-Viale dell'Università 16 Legnaro 35020 (PD) Italy
| | - Milo Terzo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science; University of Padua; Agripolis-Viale dell'Università 16 Legnaro 35020 (PD) Italy
| | - Giovanni Miotto
- Department of Molecular Medicine; University of Padua; Italy
- Proteomic Center of Padova University; VIMM and Padova University Hospital; Padua Italy
| | - Alberto Macone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”; University of Rome “La Sapienza”; Rome Italy
| | - Enzo Agostinelli
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”; University of Rome “La Sapienza”; Rome Italy
- CNR, Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology; Rome Italy
| | - Silvano Fasolato
- Unit of Hepatic Emergencies and Liver Transplantation; Department of Medicine; University of Padua; Padua Italy
| | - Rina Venerando
- Department of Molecular Medicine; University of Padua; Italy
| | | | - Ondrej Malina
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials; Palacky University; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Radek Zboril
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials; Palacky University; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Fabio Vianello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science; University of Padua; Agripolis-Viale dell'Università 16 Legnaro 35020 (PD) Italy
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials; Palacky University; Olomouc Czech Republic
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5
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Johnson BJ, Yukl ET, Klema VJ, Klinman JP, Wilmot CM. Structural snapshots from the oxidative half-reaction of a copper amine oxidase: implications for O2 activation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:28409-17. [PMID: 23940035 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.501791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of molecular oxygen activation is the subject of controversy in the copper amine oxidase family. At their active sites, copper amine oxidases contain both a mononuclear copper ion and a protein-derived quinone cofactor. Proposals have been made for the activation of molecular oxygen via both a Cu(II)-aminoquinol catalytic intermediate and a Cu(I)-semiquinone intermediate. Using protein crystallographic freeze-trapping methods under low oxygen conditions combined with single-crystal microspectrophotometry, we have determined structures corresponding to the iminoquinone and semiquinone forms of the enzyme. Methylamine reduction at acidic or neutral pH has revealed protonated and deprotonated forms of the iminoquinone that are accompanied by a bound oxygen species that is likely hydrogen peroxide. However, methylamine reduction at pH 8.5 has revealed a copper-ligated cofactor proposed to be the semiquinone form. A copper-ligated orientation, be it the sole identity of the semiquinone or not, blocks the oxygen-binding site, suggesting that accessibility of Cu(I) may be the basis of partitioning O2 activation between the aminoquinol and Cu(I).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan J Johnson
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 and
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6
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Sun J, Morita H, Chen G, Noguchi H, Abe I. Molecular cloning and characterization of copper amine oxidase from Huperzia serrata. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:5784-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.07.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Sinigaglia G, Magro M, Miotto G, Cardillo S, Agostinelli E, Zboril R, Bidollari E, Vianello F. Catalytically active bovine serum amine oxidase bound to fluorescent and magnetically drivable nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:2249-59. [PMID: 22619559 PMCID: PMC3356201 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s28237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel superparamagnetic surface-active maghemite nanoparticles (SAMNs) characterized by a diameter of 10 ± 2 nm were modified with bovine serum amine oxidase, which used rhodamine B isothiocyanate (RITC) adduct as a fluorescent spacer-arm. A fluorescent and magnetically drivable adduct comprised of bovine serum copper-containing amine oxidase (SAMN-RITC-BSAO) that immobilized on the surface of specifically functionalized magnetic nanoparticles was developed. The multifunctional nanomaterial was characterized using transmission electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and activity measurements. The results of this study demonstrated that bare magnetic nanoparticles form stable colloidal suspensions in aqueous solutions. The maximum binding capacity of bovine serum amine oxidase was approximately 6.4 mg g(-1) nanoparticles. The immobilization procedure reduced the catalytic activity of the native enzyme to 30% ± 10% and the Michaelis constant was increased by a factor of 2. We suggest that the SAMN-RITC-BSAO complex, characterized by a specific activity of 0.81 IU g(-1,) could be used in the presence of polyamines to create a fluorescent magnetically drivable H(2)O(2) and aldehydes-producing system. Selective tumor cell destruction is suggested as a potential future application of this system.
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8
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Pietrangeli P, Bellelli A, Fattibene P, Mondovì B, Morpurgo L. Lathyrus cicera copper amine oxidase reactions with tryptamine. J Inorg Biochem 2012; 109:33-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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9
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Murakawa T, Hayashi H, Taki M, Yamamoto Y, Kawano Y, Tanizawa K, Okajima T. Structural insights into the substrate specificity of bacterial copper amine oxidase obtained by using irreversible inhibitors. J Biochem 2011; 151:167-78. [PMID: 21984603 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvr125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper amine oxidases (CAOs) catalyse the oxidation of various aliphatic amines to the corresponding aldehydes, ammonia and hydrogen peroxide. Although CAOs from various organisms share a highly conserved active-site structure including a protein-derived cofactor, topa quinone (TPQ), their substrate specificities differ considerably. To obtain structural insights into the substrate specificity of a CAO from Arthrobacter globiformis (AGAO), we have determined the X-ray crystal structures of AGAO complexed with irreversible inhibitors that form covalent adducts with TPQ. Three hydrazine derivatives, benzylhydrazine (BHZ), 4-hydroxybenzylhydrazine (4-OH-BHZ) and phenylhydrazine (PHZ) formed predominantly a hydrazone adduct, which is structurally analogous to the substrate Schiff base of TPQ formed during the catalytic reaction. With BHZ and 4-OH-BHZ, but not with PHZ, the inhibitor aromatic ring is bound to a hydrophobic cavity near the active site in a well-defined conformation. Furthermore, the hydrogen atom on the hydrazone nitrogen is located closer to the catalytic base in the BHZ and 4-OH-BHZ adducts than in the PHZ adduct. These results correlate well with the reactivity of 2-phenylethylamine and tyramine as preferred substrates for AGAO and also explain why benzylamine is a poor substrate with markedly decreased rate constants for the steps of proton abstraction and the following hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Murakawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka Medical College, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
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10
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Di Paolo ML, Lunelli M, Fuxreiter M, Rigo A, Simon I, Scarpa M. Active site residue involvement in monoamine or diamine oxidation catalysed by pea seedling amine oxidase. FEBS J 2011; 278:1232-43. [PMID: 21294844 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08044.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The structures of copper amine oxidases from various sources show good similarity, suggesting similar catalytic mechanisms for all members of this enzyme family. However, the optimal substrates for each member differ, depending on the source of the enzyme and its location. The structural factors underlying substrate selectivity still remain to be discovered. With this in view, we examined the kinetic behaviour of pea seedling amine oxidase with cadaverine and hexylamine, the first bearing two, and the second only one, positively charged amino group. The dependence of K(m) and catalytic constant (k(c)) values on pH, ionic strength and temperature indicates that binding of the monoamine is driven by hydrophobic interactions. Instead, binding of the diamine is strongly facilitated by electrostatic factors, controlled by polar side-chains and two titratable residues present in the active site. The position of the docked substrate is also essential for the participation of titratable amino acid residues in the following catalytic steps. A new mechanistic model explaining the substrate-dependent kinetics of the reaction is discussed.
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11
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Preliminary kinetic characterization of a copper amine oxidase from rat liver mitochondria matrix. Amino Acids 2010; 40:713-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0708-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Olivieri A, O'Sullivan J, Fortuny LRA, Vives IL, Tipton KF. Interaction of l-lysine and soluble elastin with the semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase in the context of its vascular-adhesion and tissue maturation functions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2010; 1804:941-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2009] [Revised: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Potential anticancer application of polyamine oxidation products formed by amine oxidase: a new therapeutic approach. Amino Acids 2009; 38:353-68. [PMID: 20012114 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-009-0431-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The polyamines spermine, spermidine and putrescine are ubiquitous cell components. These molecules are substrates of a class of enzymes that includes monoamine oxidases, diamine oxidases, polyamine oxidases and copper-containing amine oxidases. Amine oxidases are important because they contribute to regulate levels of mono- and polyamines. In tumors, polyamines and amine oxidases are increased as compared to normal tissues. Cytotoxicity induced by bovine serum amine oxidase (BSAO) and spermine is attributed to H(2)O(2) and aldehydes produced by the reaction. This study demonstrated that multidrug-resistant (MDR) cancer cells (colon adenocarcinoma and melanoma) are significantly more sensitive than the corresponding wild-type (WT) ones to H(2)O(2) and aldehydes, the products of BSAO-catalyzed oxidation of spermine. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations showed major ultrastructural alterations of the mitochondria. These were more pronounced in MDR than in WT cells. Increasing the incubation temperature from 37 to 42 degrees Celsius enhances cytotoxicity in cells exposed to spermine metabolites. The combination BSAO/spermine prevents tumor growth, particularly well if the enzyme has been conjugated to a biocompatible hydrogel polymers. Since both wild-type and MDR cancer cells after pre-treatment with MDL 72527, a lysosomotropic compound, are sensitized to subsequent exposure to BSAO/spermine, it is conceivable that combined treatment with a lysosomotropic compound and BSAO/spermine would be effective against tumor cells. It is of interest to search for such novel compounds, which might be promising for application in a therapeutic setting.
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14
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Di Paolo ML, Pesce C, Lunelli M, Scarpa M, Rigo A. N-alkanamines as substrates to probe the hydrophobic region of bovine serum amine oxidase active site: A kinetic and spectroscopic study. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 465:50-60. [PMID: 17548046 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2007] [Revised: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Kinetic and spectroscopic studies were carried out to study the role of hydrophobic effect on the activity of bovine serum amine oxidase (BSAO). Increasing the chain length of the substrates (linear aliphatic primary monoamines), the affinity for the active site increases while the catalytic constant decreases in accordance with a relative low value of dielectric constant (about 10) estimated for the microenvironment of BSAO active site using a fluorescent probe sensitive to solvent polarity. The aliphatic chain of 1-aminononane induces a shift in the pK(a) of the product Schiff base, the hydrolysis of which appears to be a rate-determining step of the reaction. Furthermore, circular dichroism studies highlighted the "flexibility" of BSAO secondary structure that can explain the wide substrate specificity of this enzyme. These results should be useful to elucidate the substrate/inhibitor preferences of CuAOs, in particular of the human enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Di Paolo
- Dipartimento di Chimica Biologica, Università di Padova, Via G. Colombo, 3-35121-Padova, Italy.
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15
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Pietrangeli P, Federico R, Mondovì B, Morpurgo L. Substrate specificity of copper-containing plant amine oxidases. J Inorg Biochem 2007; 101:997-1004. [PMID: 17521737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2007.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Revised: 03/22/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The steady-state kinetic parameters of the amine oxidases purified from Lathyrus cicera (LCAO) and Pisum sativum (PSAO) seedling were measured on a series of common substrates, previously tested on bovine serum amine oxidase (BSAO). LCAO, as PSAO, was substantially more reactive than BSAO with aliphatic diamines and histamine. The k(cat) and k(cat)/Km for putrescine were four and six order of magnitude higher, respectively. Differences were smaller with some aromatic monoamines. The plot of k(cat) versus hydrogen ions concentration produced bell-shaped curves, the maximum of which was substrate dependent, shifting from neutral pH with putrescine to alkaline pH with phenylethylamine and benzylamine. The latter substrates made the site more hydrophobic and increased the pK(a) of both enzyme-substrate and enzyme-product adducts. The plot of k(cat)/Km versus hydrogen ion concentration produced approximately parallel bell-shaped curves. Similar pK(a) couples were obtained from the latter curves, in agreement with the assignment as free enzyme and free substrate pK(a). The limited pH dependence of kinetic parameters suggests a predominance of hydrophobic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pietrangeli
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, A. Rossi Fanelli, University of Rome La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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16
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Agostinelli E, Palmigiani P, Vedova LD, Tempera G, Belli F, Seiler N. Interaction of bovine serum amine oxidase with the polyamine oxidase inactivator MDL 72527. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 340:840-4. [PMID: 16380084 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2005] [Accepted: 12/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
MDL 72527 was considered a selective inhibitor of FAD-dependent polyamine oxidases. In the present communication, we demonstrate that MDL 72527 inactivates bovine serum amine oxidase, a copper-containing, TPQ-enzyme, time-dependently at 25 degrees C. In striking contrast, the enzyme remained active after incubation with excessive MDL 72527 at 37 degrees C, even after 70 h of incubation. Inactivation of BSAO with MDL 72527 at 25 degrees C did not involve the cofactor, as was shown by spectroscopy and by reaction with phenylhydrazine. Docking of MDL 72527 is difficult, owing to its size and two lipophilic moieties, and it has been shown that minor changes in reaction rate of substrates cause major changes in K(m) and k(cat)/K(m). We hypothesise that subtle conformational changes between 25 and 37 degrees C impair MDL 72527 from productive binding and prevent the nucleophilic group from reacting with the double bond system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Agostinelli
- Department of Biochemical Sciences A. Rossi Fanelli, University of Rome La Sapienza and CNR, Biology Institute, Rome, Italy.
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17
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Agostinelli E, Belli F, Dalla Vedova L, Longu S, Mura A, Floris G. Catalytic Properties and the Role of Copper in Bovine and Lentil Seedling Copper/Quinone‐Containing Amine Oxidases: Controversial Opinions. Eur J Inorg Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200401020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Agostinelli
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy, Fax: +39‐064‐440‐062
- IBPM, Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari – CNR, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome
| | - Francesca Belli
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy, Fax: +39‐064‐440‐062
| | - Laura Dalla Vedova
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy, Fax: +39‐064‐440‐062
| | - Silvia Longu
- Department of Applied Sciences in Biosystems, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Anna Mura
- Department of Applied Sciences in Biosystems, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Floris
- Department of Applied Sciences in Biosystems, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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18
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Lunelli M, Di Paolo ML, Biadene M, Calderone V, Battistutta R, Scarpa M, Rigo A, Zanotti G. Crystal Structure of Amine Oxidase from Bovine Serum. J Mol Biol 2005; 346:991-1004. [PMID: 15701511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2004] [Revised: 12/13/2004] [Accepted: 12/16/2004] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Copper-containing amine oxidase extracted from bovine serum (BSAO) was crystallized and its three-dimensional structure at 2.37A resolution is described. The biological unit of BSAO is a homodimer, formed by two monomers related to each other by a non-crystallographic 2-fold axis. Each monomer is composed of three domains, similar to those of other amine oxidases from lower species. The two monomers are structurally equivalent, despite some minor differences at the two active sites. A large funnel allows access of substrates to the active-site; another cavity, accessible to the solvent, is also present between the two monomers; this second cavity could allow the entrance of molecular oxygen necessary for the oxidative reaction. Some sugar residues, bound to Asn, were still present and visible in the electron density map, in spite of the exhaustive deglycosylation necessary to grow the crystals. The comparison of the BSAO structure with those of other resolved AO structures shows strong dissimilarities in the architecture and charge distribution of the cavities leading to the active-site, possibly explaining the differences in substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Lunelli
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Padua, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padua, Italy
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19
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Masini E, Vannacci A, Giannini L, Befani O, Nistri S, Mateescu MA, Mannaioni PF, Mondovì B, Federico R. Effect of a plant histaminase on asthmalike reaction induced by inhaled antigen in sensitized guinea pig. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 502:253-64. [PMID: 15476752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2004] [Revised: 08/20/2004] [Accepted: 09/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates the effects of a copper amine oxidase (histaminase) purified from the pea seedling as a free or immobilized enzyme on asthmalike reactions to inhaled antigen in actively sensitized guinea pig in vivo. Male albino guinea pigs, sensitized with ovalbumin, were challenged with the antigen given by aerosol; free histaminase or CNBr-Sepharose immobilized histaminase was given intraperitoneally (20 microg, 3 or 24 h before antigen challenge) or by aerosol (4 microg, 30 min before or during ovalbumin aerosol). The following parameters were examined: latency time for the onset of respiratory abnormalities, cough severity score, and occurrence and duration of dyspnea. We also evaluated lung histopathology, mast cell degranulation, and lung myeloperoxidase and malonydialdehyde levels. Histaminase significantly reduced the severity of cough and the occurrence of dyspnea and delayed the onset of respiratory abnormalities. Both enzymes prevented bronchial constriction, pulmonary air space inflation, leukocyte infiltration (evaluated as myeloperoxidase activity), and lipoperoxidation of cell membranes (evaluated as malonyldialdehyde production). No relevant differences in pharmacological potency were noted between free or immobilized enzyme. This study provides evidence that histaminase counteracts acute allergic asthmalike reaction in actively sensitized guinea pigs, raising the possibility of new therapeutic strategies for allergic asthma in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Masini
- Department of Preclinical and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Florence, Viale G. Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy.
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20
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Bellelli A, Cavallo S, Nicolini L, Cervelli M, Bianchi M, Mariottini P, Zelli M, Federico R. Mouse spermine oxidase: a model of the catalytic cycle and its inhibition by N,N1-bis(2,3-butadienyl)-1,4-butanediamine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 322:1-8. [PMID: 15313165 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Spermine oxidase (SMO) is a recently described flavoenzyme belonging to the class of polyamine oxidases (PAOs) and participating in the polyamine metabolism in animal cells. In this paper we describe the expression, purification, and characterization of the catalytic properties of a recombinant mouse SMO (mSMO). The purified enzyme has absorbance peaks at 457nm (epsilon=11mM(-1)cm(-1)) and 378nm, shows a molecular mass of approximately 63kDa, and has K(m) and k(cat) values of 170microM and 4.8s(-1), using spermine as substrate; it is unable to oxidize other free or acetylated polyamines. The mechanism-based PAO inhibitor N,N(1)-bis(2,3-butadienyl)-1,4-butanediamine (MDL72,527) acts as a competitive inhibitor of mSMO, with an apparent dissociation constant K(i)=63microM. If incubated for longer times, MDL72,527 yields irreversible inhibition of the enzyme with a half-life of 15min at 100microM MDL72,527. The mMSO catalytic mechanism, investigated by stopped flow, is consistent with a simple four-step kinetic scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bellelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche Alessandro Rossi Fanelli, Università di Roma La Sapienza and Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
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21
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Mondovì B, Pietrangeli P, Morpurgo L, Masini E, Federico R, Mateescu MA, Befani O, Agostinelli E. Some new functions of amine oxidases. Inflammopharmacology 2003; 11:155-63. [PMID: 15035817 DOI: 10.1163/156856003765764326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two contrasting topics are examined in this account: the protective actions of amine oxidases (AOs) resulting from the elimination and/or modulation of the levels of polyamines and some biogenic amines, such as histamine, in anaphylactic shock and the cell damaging effect of AOs catabolic products. Other functions of the plasma copper-containing amine oxidase are considered; namely the modification of some proteins by oxidation of their free amino groups, the auto-regulation of the catalytic activity of AOs, the protective effect against free radicals, and the regulation of K(+)-channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mondovì
- Dip. di Scienze Biochimiche A. Rossi Fanelli and Centro di Biologia Molecolare del C.N.R., Università La Sapienza, Roma, Italy.
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22
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Di Paolo ML, Stevanato R, Corazza A, Vianello F, Lunelli L, Scarpa M, Rigo A. Electrostatic compared with hydrophobic interactions between bovine serum amine oxidase and its substrates. Biochem J 2003; 371:549-56. [PMID: 12529179 PMCID: PMC1223303 DOI: 10.1042/bj20021055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2002] [Revised: 11/06/2002] [Accepted: 01/15/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A steady-state kinetic study of bovine serum amine oxidase activity was performed, over a wide range of pH values (5.4-10.2) and ionic strength (10-200 mM), using various (physiological and analogue) substrates as specific probes of the active-site binding region. Relatively small changes in k (cat) values (approx. one order of magnitude) accompanied by marked changes in K(m) and k(cat)/K(m) values (approx. six orders of magnitude) were observed. This behaviour was correlated with the presence of positively charged groups or apolar chains in the substrates. In particular, it was found that the docking of the physiological polyamines, i.e. spermidine and spermine, appears to be modulated by three amino acid residues of the active site, which we have named L(-)H(+), G(-)H(+) and IH(+), characterized by p K (a) values of 6.2+/-0.2 [Di Paolo, Scarpa, Corazza, Stevanato and Rigo (2002) Biophys. J. 83, 2231-2239], 8.2+/-0.3 and 7.8+/-0.4 respectively. The electrostatic interaction between the protonated substrates and the enzyme containing the residues L(-)H(+), G(-)H(+) and IH(+) in the deprotonated form, the on/off role of the IH(+) residue and the role of hydrophobic interactions with substrates characterized by apolar chains are discussed.
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23
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Pietrangeli P, Nocera S, Mondovi B, Morpurgo L. Is the catalytic mechanism of bacteria, plant, and mammal copper-TPQ amine oxidases identical? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1647:152-6. [PMID: 12686125 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-9639(03)00083-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This short review is mostly concerned with the work carried out in Rome on the copper amine oxidase from bovine serum (BSAO). The first target was the copper oxidation state and its relationship with the organic cofactor. It was found that copper is not reduced on reaction with amines under anaerobic conditions or along the catalytic cycle and that it is not within bonding distance of the quinone cofactor. The copper stability in the oxidised state was supported by BSAO ability to oxidise benzylhydrazine, a slow substrate, in the presence of N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) and by the substantial catalytic activity of Co(2+)-substituted BSAO. Parallel work established that only one subunit of the dimeric enzyme readily binds reagents of the carbonyl group. Flexible hydrazides with a long aromatic tail were found to be highly specific inhibitors, suggesting the presence of an extended hydrophobic region at the catalytic site. A study by stopped-flow transient spectroscopy and steady state kinetics led to the formulation of a simplified, yet complete and consistent, catalytic mechanism for BSAO that was compared with that available for lentil seedling amine oxidase (LSAO). As in other copper amine oxidases, BSAO is inactivated by H(2)O(2) produced in the catalytic reaction, while the cofactor is stabilised in its reduced state. A conserved tyrosine hydrogen-bonded to the cofactor might be oxidised.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pietrangeli
- Department of Biochemical Sciences A. Rossi Fanelli and C.N.R. Centre of Molecular Biology, La Sapienza, University, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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24
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Dove JE, Klinman JP. Trihydroxyphenylalanine quinone (TPQ) from copper amine oxidases and lysyl tyrosylquinone (LTQ) from lysyl oxidase. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 2002; 58:141-74. [PMID: 11665487 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3233(01)58004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J E Dove
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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25
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Murray JM, Kurtis CR, Tambyrajah W, Saysell CG, Wilmot CM, Parsons MR, Phillips SE, Knowles PF, McPherson MJ. Conserved tyrosine-369 in the active site of Escherichia coli copper amine oxidase is not essential. Biochemistry 2001; 40:12808-18. [PMID: 11669617 DOI: 10.1021/bi011187p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Copper amine oxidases are homodimeric enzymes that catalyze two reactions: first, a self-processing reaction to generate the 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanine (TPQ) cofactor from an active site tyrosine by a single turnover mechanism; second, the oxidative deamination of primary amine substrates with the production of aldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and ammonia catalyzed by the mature enzyme. The importance of active site residues in both of these processes has been investigated by structural studies and site-directed mutagenesis in enzymes from various organisms. One conserved residue is a tyrosine, Tyr369 in the Escherichia coli enzyme, whose hydroxyl is hydrogen bonded to the O4 of TPQ. To explore the importance of this site, we have studied a mutant enzyme in which Tyr369 has been mutated to a phenylalanine. We have determined the X-ray crystal structure of this variant enzyme to 2.1 A resolution, which reveals that TPQ adopts a predominant nonproductive conformation in the resting enzyme. Reaction of the enzyme with the irreversible inhibitor 2-hydrazinopyridine (2-HP) reveals differences in the reactivity of Y369F compared with wild type with more efficient formation of an adduct (lambda(max) = 525 nm) perhaps reflecting increased mobility of the TPQ adduct within the active site of Y369F. Titration with 2-HP also reveals that both wild type and Y369F contain one TPQ per monomer, indicating that Tyr369 is not essential for TPQ formation, although we have not measured the rate of TPQ biogenesis. The UV-vis spectrum of the Y369F protein shows a broader peak and red-shifted lambda(max) at 496 nm compared with wild type (480 nm), consistent with an altered electronic structure of TPQ. Steady-state kinetic measurements reveal that Y369F has decreased catalytic activity particularly below pH 6.5 while the K(M) for substrate beta-phenethylamine increases significantly, apparently due to an elevated pK(a) (5.75-6.5) for the catalytic base, Asp383, that should be deprotonated for efficient binding of protonated substrate. At pH 7.0, the K(M) for wild type and Y369F are similar at 1.2 and 1.5 microM, respectively, while k(cat) is decreased from 15 s(-1) in wild type to 0.38 s(-1), resulting in a 50-fold decrease in k(cat)/K(M) for Y369F. Transient kinetics experiments indicate that while the initial stages of enzyme reduction are slower in the variant, these do not represent the rate-limiting step. Previous structural and solution studies have implicated Tyr369 as a component of a proton shuttle from TPQ to dioxygen. The moderate changes in kinetic parameters observed for the Y369F variant indicate that if this is the case, then the absence of the Tyr369 hydroxyl can be compensated for efficiently within the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Murray
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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26
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Padiglia A, Medda R, Lorrai A, Paci M, Pedersen JZ, Boffi A, Bellelli A, Agrò AF, Floris G. Irreversible inhibition of pig kidney copper-containing amine oxidase by sodium and lithium ions. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:4686-97. [PMID: 11532005 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Copper amine oxidase was found to be inhibited in a complex way by small alkali metal ions. Classic enzyme kinetic studies showed that Li+ and Na+ were weak noncompetitive inhibitors, whereas the larger alkali metals K+, Rb+ and Cs+ were not inhibitors. However, freezing in the presence of Na+ or Li+ surprisingly resulted in complete and irreversible inactivation. In the case of Li+, it was possible to show that one ion per subunit was retained permanently in the inactivated enzyme, suggesting a structural rearrangement. The mechanism of inhibition was studied using a wide range of spectroscopic and analytic techniques. Only minor changes in the protein structure could be detected, except for a significant change in the geometry of the copper site. The unique topaquinone cofactor was apparently functional and able to proceed through the reductive half of the catalytic cycle, but the enzyme no longer reacted with oxygen. The effect of Na+ and Li+ was source-specific for pig kidney and bovine kidney amine oxidases, while the enzymes from bovine serum or plants were not inactivated, consistent with a mechanism dependent on small structural differences. A model for irreversible inactivation is proposed in which the cofactor is co-ordinated directly to copper, in analogy with the inactivation reported for Escherichia coli amine oxidase under crystal growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Padiglia
- Department of Sciences Applied to Biosystems, University of Cagliari, Italy
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27
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Padiglia A, Medda R, Bellelli A, Agostinelli E, Morpurgo L, Mondovi’ B, Agrò A, Floris G. The Reductive and Oxidative Half‐Reactions and the Role of Copper Ions in Plant and Mammalian Copper−Amine Oxidases. Eur J Inorg Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-0682(20011)2001:1<35::aid-ejic35>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Padiglia
- Department of Sciences Applied to Biosystems, University of Cagliari, 09100 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Rosaria Medda
- Department of Sciences Applied to Biosystems, University of Cagliari, 09100 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Andrea Bellelli
- CNR Center of Molecular Biology University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 00100 Rome, Italy
| | - Enzo Agostinelli
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 00100 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Morpurgo
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 00100 Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Mondovi’
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 00100 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Floris
- Correspondence address: Dipartimento di Scienze Applicate ai Biosistemi Università di Cagliari, Città Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy Fax: (internat.) + 39‐070/675‐4523
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