1
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Patra A, Kandasamy T, Ghosh SS, Saini GK. In vitro anticancer effects of recombinant anisoplin through activation of SAPK/JNK and downregulation of NFκB. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 94:105737. [PMID: 37984481 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Emerging chemotherapeutic resistance is considered as one of the major obstacles in breast cancer therapy. Fungal ribotoxins possess promising therapeutic potential against cancer owing to their ribosome-targeted protein synthesis inhibitory action. Though the entomopathogenic ribotoxin anisoplin was characterized in the earlier study, its therapeutic efficacy against cancer cells remained unexplored. In the current study, recombinant anisoplin has been successfully produced in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) expression system and further purified and validated by in silico, biophysical and functional characterizations. Recombinant anisoplin significantly reduced the viability of MCF-7 breast cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. It exhibited an IC50 value of 4 μM with concurrent 3.5 fold elevation in the intracellular reactive oxygen species. Anisoplin also resulted in depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane and subsequently induced apoptosis, as evident from flow cytometric analyses. In addition, MCF-7 cells significantly lost their self-renewal capability for clonal expansion and regeneration upon treatment. Immunoblotting experiments further confirmed activation of downstream JNK-dependent MAP kinase signaling pathway due to ribotoxic stress response generated by anisoplin through upregulation of phospho-SAPK/JNK expression. This upregulation was further correlated with the NFκB expression profile, leading to cell death, highlighting therapeutic potential of the recombinant anisoplin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arupam Patra
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, North Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Thirukumaran Kandasamy
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, North Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Siddhartha Sankar Ghosh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, North Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Gurvinder Kaur Saini
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, North Guwahati, Assam, India.
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2
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García-Montoya C, García-Linares S, Heras-Márquez D, Majnik M, Laxalde-Fernández D, Amigot-Sánchez R, Martínez-Del-Pozo Á, Palacios-Ortega J. The interaction of the ribotoxin α-sarcin with complex model lipid vesicles. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 751:109836. [PMID: 38000493 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Fungal ribotoxins are extracellular RNases that inactivate ribosomes by cleaving a single phosphodiester bond at the universally conserved sarcin-ricin loop of the large rRNA. However, to reach the ribosomes, they need to cross the plasma membrane. It is there where these toxins show their cellular specificity, being especially active against tumoral or virus-infected cells. Previous studies have shown that fungal ribotoxins interact with negatively charged membranes, typically containing phosphatidylserine or phosphatidylglycerol. This ability is rooted on their long, non-structured, positively charged loops, and its N-terminal β-hairpin. However, its effect on complex lipid mixtures, including sphingophospholipids or cholesterol, remains poorly studied. Here, wild-type α-sarcin was used to evaluate its interaction with a variety of membranes not assayed before, which resemble much more closely mammalian cell membranes. The results confirm that α-sarcin is particularly sensitive to charge density on the vesicle surface. Its ability to induce vesicle aggregation is strongly influenced by both the lipid headgroup and the degree of saturation of the fatty acid chains. Acyl chain length is indeed particularly important for lipid mixing. Finally, cholesterol plays an important role in diluting the concentration of available negative charges and modulates the ability of α-sarcin to cross the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen García-Montoya
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara García-Linares
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Heras-Márquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manca Majnik
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rafael Amigot-Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juan Palacios-Ortega
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.
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3
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Arreguin-Perez CA, Miranda-Miranda E, Folch-Mallol JL, Cossío-Bayúgar R. Identification of Virulence Factors in Entomopathogenic Aspergillus flavus Isolated from Naturally Infected Rhipicephalus microplus. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2107. [PMID: 37630667 PMCID: PMC10457961 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus has been found to be an effective entomopathogenic fungus for various arthropods, including ticks. In particular, natural fungal infections in cattle ticks show promise for biocontrol of the Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus tick, which is a major ectoparasite affecting cattle worldwide. Our study aimed to elucidate the specific entomopathogenic virulence factors encoded in the genome of an A. flavus strain isolated from naturally infected cattle ticks. We performed morphological and biochemical phenotyping alongside complete genome sequencing, which revealed that the isolated fungus was A. flavus related to the L morphotype, capable of producing a range of gene-coded entomopathogenic virulence factors, including ribotoxin, aflatoxin, kojic acid, chitinases, killer toxin, and satratoxin. To evaluate the efficacy of this A. flavus strain against ticks, we conducted experimental bioassays using healthy engorged female ticks. A morbidity rate of 90% was observed, starting at a concentration of 105 conidia/mL. At a concentration of 107 conidia/mL, we observed a 50% mortality rate and a 21.5% inhibition of oviposition. The highest levels of hatch inhibition (30.8%) and estimated reproduction inhibition (34.64%) were achieved at a concentration of 108 conidia/mL. Furthermore, the tick larval progeny that hatched from the infected tick egg masses showed evident symptoms of Aspergillus infection after incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A. Arreguin-Perez
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias INIFAP, Boulevard Cuauhnahuac 8534, Jiutepec 62574, Morelos, Mexico; (C.A.A.-P.); (E.M.-M.)
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico;
| | - Estefan Miranda-Miranda
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias INIFAP, Boulevard Cuauhnahuac 8534, Jiutepec 62574, Morelos, Mexico; (C.A.A.-P.); (E.M.-M.)
| | - Jorge Luis Folch-Mallol
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico;
| | - Raquel Cossío-Bayúgar
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias INIFAP, Boulevard Cuauhnahuac 8534, Jiutepec 62574, Morelos, Mexico; (C.A.A.-P.); (E.M.-M.)
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4
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Chen S, Gistelinck K, Verbeke I, Van Damme EJM. Differential effects of the recombinant type 1 ribosome-inactivating protein, OsRIP1, on growth of PSB-D and BY-2 cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1019591. [PMID: 36247583 PMCID: PMC9557087 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1019591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant suspension cells were treated with recombinant OsRIP1, a type 1 ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) from rice (Oryza sativa L.). OsRIP1 triggered cell death in tobacco BY-2 cells but not in Arabidopsis PSB-D cells. Phenotypic changes in BY-2 cells exposed to OsRIP1, included loss of growth capacity, loss of integrity of the plasma membrane and vacuolar collapse. These effects were also accompanied by RNA degradation and DNA fragmentation. Targeting of exogenous OsRIP1 to plant vacuoles and OsRIP1-induced accumulation of transcripts for vacuolar processing enzymes (VPEs) indicated that OsRIP1 provoked plant cell death in tobacco BY-2 cells through the activation of VPEs and subsequent vacuolar disruption, which was probably independent of its N-glycosylase activity on cytosolic ribosomes. Necrosis with limited production of H2O2 was observed after infiltration of high concentrations of OsRIP1 in epidermal cells of Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun NN plants. Our study provides the first evidence that OsRIP1 exerts differential effects on the growth of PSB-D and BY-2 cells. The vacuole-dependent cell death pathway is associated with the lethal effect of the exogenously applied OsRIP1 on BY-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Gistelinck
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Isabel Verbeke
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Els J. M. Van Damme
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Advanced Light Microscopy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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He S, Huang Y, Sun Y, Liu B, Wang S, Xuan Y, Gao Z. The Secreted Ribonuclease SRE1 Contributes to Setosphaeria turcica Virulence and Activates Plant Immunity. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:941991. [PMID: 35875548 PMCID: PMC9304870 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.941991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the plant infection process, pathogens can secrete several effectors. Some of the effectors are well-known for their roles in regulating plant immunity and promoting successful pathogen colonization. However, there are few studies on the ribonuclease (RNase) effectors secreted by fungi. In the present study, we discovered a secretable RNase (SRE1) in the secretome of Setosphaeria turcica that was significantly upregulated during the early stages of S. turcica infection in maize. Knockdown of SRE1 significantly reduced the virulence of S. turcica. SRE1 can induce cell death in maize and Nicotiana benthamiana. However, unlike the conventional hypersensitive response (HR) caused by other effectors, SRE1 is not dependent on its signal peptide (SP) or plant receptor kinases (such as BAK1 and SOBIR1). SRE1-induced cell death depends upon its enzymatic activity and the N-terminal β-hairpin structure. SRE1 relies on its N-terminal β-hairpin structure to enter cells, and then degrades plant's RNA through its catalytic activity causing cytotoxic effects. Additionally, SRE1 enhances N. benthamiana's resistance to pathogenic fungi and oomycetes. In summary, SRE1 promotes the virulence of S. turcica, inducing plant cell death and activating plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shidao He
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yufei Huang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanqiu Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bo Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Suna Wang
- College of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Yuanhu Xuan
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zenggui Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Zenggui Gao
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6
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Nassiri M, Gopalan V, Vakili-Azghandi M. Modifications of Ribonucleases in Order to Enhance Cytotoxicity in Anticancer Therapy. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2022; 22:373-387. [PMID: 35240973 DOI: 10.2174/1568009622666220303101005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ribonucleases (RNases) are a superfamily of enzymes that have been extensively studied since the 1960s. For a long time, this group of secretory enzymes was studied as an important model for protein chemistry such as folding, stability and enzymatic catalysis. Since it was discovered that RNases displayed cytotoxic activity against several types of malignant cells, recent investigation has focused mainly on the biological functions and medical applications of engineered RNases. In this review, we describe structures, functions and mechanisms of antitumor activity of RNases. They operate at the crossroads of transcription and translation, preferentially degrading tRNA. As a result, this inhibits protein synthesis, induces apoptosis and causes death of cancer cells. This effect can be enhanced thousands of times when RNases are conjugated with monoclonal antibodies. Such combinations, called immunoRNases, have demonstrated selective antitumor activity against cancer cells both in vitro and in animal models. This review summarizes the current status of engineered RNases and immunoRNases as promising novel therapeutic agents for different types of cancer. Also, we describe our experimental results from published or previously unpublished research and compare with other scientific information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Nassiri
- Recombinant Proteins Research Group, The Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - Vinod Gopalan
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
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7
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Discovery of antitumor effects of leczymes. Glycoconj J 2022; 39:157-165. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-021-10033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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8
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Ragucci S, Landi N, Russo R, Valletta M, Pedone PV, Chambery A, Di Maro A. Ageritin from Pioppino Mushroom: The Prototype of Ribotoxin-Like Proteins, a Novel Family of Specific Ribonucleases in Edible Mushrooms. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:263. [PMID: 33917246 PMCID: PMC8068006 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageritin is a specific ribonuclease, extracted from the edible mushroom Cyclocybe aegerita (synonym Agrocybe aegerita), which cleaves a single phosphodiester bond located within the universally conserved alpha-sarcin loop (SRL) of 23-28S rRNAs. This cleavage leads to the inhibition of protein biosynthesis, followed by cellular death through apoptosis. The structural and enzymatic properties show that Ageritin is the prototype of a novel specific ribonucleases family named 'ribotoxin-like proteins', recently found in fruiting bodies of other edible basidiomycetes mushrooms (e.g., Ostreatin from Pleurotus ostreatus, Edulitins from Boletus edulis, and Gambositin from Calocybe gambosa). Although the putative role of this toxin, present in high amount in fruiting body (>2.5 mg per 100 g) of C. aegerita, is unknown, its antifungal and insecticidal actions strongly support a role in defense mechanisms. Thus, in this review, we focus on structural, biological, antipathogenic, and enzymatic characteristics of this ribotoxin-like protein. We also highlight its biological relevance and potential biotechnological applications in agriculture as a bio-pesticide and in biomedicine as a therapeutic and diagnostic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Antimo Di Maro
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100-Caserta, Italy; (S.R.); (N.L.); (R.R.); (M.V.); (P.V.P.); (A.C.)
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9
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Gao G, Liu F, Xu Z, Wan D, Han Y, Kuang Y, Wang Q, Zhi Q. Evidence of nigericin as a potential therapeutic candidate for cancers: A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111262. [PMID: 33508621 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging studies have shown that nigericin, an H+, K+ and Pb2+ ionophore, has exhibited a promising anti-cancer activity in various cancers. However, its anti-cancer mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. In this review, the recent progresses on the use of nigericin in human cancers have been summarized. By exchanging H+ and K+ across cell membranes, nigericin shows promising anti-cancer activities in in vitro and in vivo as a single agent or in combination with other anti-cancer drugs through decreasing intracellular pH (pHi). The underlying mechanisms of nigericin also include the inactivation of Wnt/β-catenin signals, blockade of Androgen Receptor (AR) signaling, and activation of Stress-Activated Protein Kinase/c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (SAPK/JNK) signaling pathways. In many cancers, nigericin is proved to specifically target putative Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs), and its synergistic effects on photodynamic therapy are also reported. Other mechanisms of nigericin including influencing the mitochondrial membrane potentials, inducing an increase in drug accumulation and autophagy, controlling insulin accumulation in nuclei, and increasing the cytotoxic activity of liposome-entrapped drugs, are also discussed. Notably, the potential adverse effects such as teratogenic effects, insulin resistance and eryptosis shall not be ignored. Taken together, these reports suggest that treatment of cancer cells with nigericin may offer a novel therapeutic strategy and future potential of translation to clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanzhuang Gao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Zhihua Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Daiwei Wan
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Ye Han
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Yuting Kuang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Shengze Hospital, Wujiang, Jiangsu, 215228, China.
| | - Qiaoming Zhi
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.
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Lázaro-Gorines R, López-Rodríguez JC, Benedé S, González M, Mayorga C, Vogel L, Martínez-Del-Pozo Á, Lacadena J, Villalba M. Der p 1-based immunotoxin as potential tool for the treatment of dust mite respiratory allergy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12255. [PMID: 32703972 PMCID: PMC7378242 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69166-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotoxins appear as promising therapeutic molecules, alternative to allergen-specific-immunotherapy. In this work, we achieved the development of a protein chimera able to promote specific cell death on effector cells involved in the allergic reaction. Der p 1 allergen was chosen as cell-targeting domain and the powerful ribotoxin α-sarcin as the toxic moiety. The resultant construction, named proDerp1αS, was produced and purified from the yeast Pichia pastoris. Der p 1-protease activity and α-sarcin ribonucleolytic action were effectively conserved in proDerp1αS. Immunotoxin impact was assayed by using effector cells sensitized with house dust mite-allergic sera. Cell degranulation and death, triggered by proDerp1αS, was exclusively observed on Der p 1 sera sensitized-humRBL-2H3 cells, but not when treated with non-allergic sera. Most notably, equivalent IgE-binding and degranulation were observed with both proDerp1αS construct and native Der p 1 when using purified basophils from sensitized patients. However, proDerp1αS did not cause any cytotoxic effect on these cells, apparently due to its lack of internalization after their surface IgE-binding, showing the complex in vivo panorama governing allergic reactions. In conclusion, herein we present proDerp1αS as a proof of concept for a potential and alternative new designs of therapeutic tools for allergies. Development of new, and more specific, second-generation of immunotoxins following proDerp1αS, is further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Lázaro-Gorines
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Chemical Sciences Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Av. Complutense w/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos López-Rodríguez
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Chemical Sciences Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Av. Complutense w/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Benedé
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Chemical Sciences Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Av. Complutense w/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel González
- Allergy Research Laboratory, IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, UMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Cristobalina Mayorga
- Allergy Research Laboratory, IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, UMA, Málaga, Spain.,U.G.C. Allergy, IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, UMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Lothar Vogel
- Division of Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Álvaro Martínez-Del-Pozo
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Chemical Sciences Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Av. Complutense w/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Lacadena
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Chemical Sciences Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Av. Complutense w/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mayte Villalba
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Chemical Sciences Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Av. Complutense w/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Falach R, Sapoznikov A, Gal Y, Elhanany E, Evgy Y, Shifman O, Aftalion M, Ehrlich S, Lazar S, Sabo T, Kronman C, Mazor O. The low density receptor-related protein 1 plays a significant role in ricin-mediated intoxication of lung cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9007. [PMID: 32488096 PMCID: PMC7265403 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65982-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ricin, a highly lethal plant-derived toxin, is a potential biological threat agent due to its high availability, ease of production and the lack of approved medical countermeasures for post-exposure treatment. To date, no specific ricin receptors were identified. Here we show for the first time, that the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) is a major target molecule for binding of ricin. Pretreating HEK293 acetylcholinesterase-producer cells with either anti-LRP1 antibodies or with Receptor-Associated Protein (a natural LRP1 antagonist), or using siRNA to knock-down LRP1 expression resulted in a marked reduction in their sensitivity towards ricin. Binding assays further demonstrated that ricin bound exclusively to the cluster II binding domain of LRP1, via the ricin B subunit. Ricin binding to the cluster II binding domain of LRP1 was significantly reduced by an anti-ricin monoclonal antibody, which confers high-level protection to ricin pulmonary-exposed mice. Finally, we tested the contribution of LRP1 receptor to ricin intoxication of lung cells derived from mice. Treating these cells with anti-LRP1 antibody prior to ricin exposure, prevented their intoxication. Taken together, our findings clearly demonstrate that the LRP1 receptor plays an important role in ricin-induced pulmonary intoxications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reut Falach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 19 Reuven Lerer St., Ness-Ziona, 76100, Israel.
| | - Anita Sapoznikov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 19 Reuven Lerer St., Ness-Ziona, 76100, Israel
| | - Yoav Gal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 19 Reuven Lerer St., Ness-Ziona, 76100, Israel
| | - Eytan Elhanany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 19 Reuven Lerer St., Ness-Ziona, 76100, Israel
| | - Yentl Evgy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 19 Reuven Lerer St., Ness-Ziona, 76100, Israel
| | - Ohad Shifman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 19 Reuven Lerer St., Ness-Ziona, 76100, Israel
| | - Moshe Aftalion
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 19 Reuven Lerer St., Ness-Ziona, 76100, Israel
| | - Sharon Ehrlich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 19 Reuven Lerer St., Ness-Ziona, 76100, Israel
| | - Shlomi Lazar
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 19 Reuven Lerer St., Ness-Ziona, 76100, Israel
| | - Tamar Sabo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 19 Reuven Lerer St., Ness-Ziona, 76100, Israel
| | - Chanoch Kronman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 19 Reuven Lerer St., Ness-Ziona, 76100, Israel
| | - Ohad Mazor
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 19 Reuven Lerer St., Ness-Ziona, 76100, Israel
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12
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Yuan Y, Huang W, Chen K, Ling E. Beauveria bassiana ribotoxin inhibits insect immunity responses to facilitate infection via host translational blockage. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:103605. [PMID: 31904434 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi are promising bio-pesticides. To facilitate infection, fungi recruit multiple virulence factors and deploy different molecular strategies to evade host immunity. Fungal ribotoxins are extracellular secreted ribonucleases (RNases) with ribotoxic cytotoxicity and insecticidal activity. However, it remains unclear whether they have further biological functions. Here we show that the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana ribotoxin (Rib) contributes to fungal virulence by inhibiting insect host immunity. Gene deletion of Rib (ΔRib) resulted in attenuated fungal virulence during infection. Pathogenesis analysis demonstrated that Rib mainly inhibits insect immunity through modulating the reactive oxygen species (ROS) response, suppressing antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) production and retarding hyphae penetration from insect cuticles. To further confirm this immunosuppressive function, recombinant ribotoxin (rRib) protein was purified and co-injected with living or heat-killed bacteria, bacteria-derived peptidoglycan (PGN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) separately, which also significantly inhibited the AMPs production in Drosophila fat bodies. Furthermore, co-injection of rRib with Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus significantly enhanced bacterial pathogenicity and facilitated infection. In addition, rRib injection resulted in a global inhibition of protein expression in different tissues of Drosophila adults. This work identified B. bassiana ribotoxin as a key virulence factor that inhibits insect immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yuan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wuren Huang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Keping Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Erjun Ling
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200032, China; Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
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Jurėnas D, Van Melderen L. The Variety in the Common Theme of Translation Inhibition by Type II Toxin-Antitoxin Systems. Front Genet 2020; 11:262. [PMID: 32362907 PMCID: PMC7180214 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type II Toxin–antitoxin (TA) modules are bacterial operons that encode a toxic protein and its antidote, which form a self-regulating genetic system. Antitoxins put a halter on toxins in many ways that distinguish different types of TA modules. In type II TA modules, toxin and antitoxin are proteins that form a complex which physically sequesters the toxin, thereby preventing its toxic activity. Type II toxins inhibit various cellular processes, however, the translation process appears to be their favorite target and nearly every step of this complex process is inhibited by type II toxins. The structural features, enzymatic activities and target specificities of the different toxin families are discussed. Finally, this review emphasizes that the structural folds presented by these toxins are not restricted to type II TA toxins or to one particular cellular target, and discusses why so many of them evolved to target translation as well as the recent developments regarding the role(s) of these systems in bacterial physiology and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dukas Jurėnas
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Laurence Van Melderen
- Cellular and Molecular Microbiology, Faculté des Sciences, Université libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
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14
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Heterologous Production and Functional Characterization of Ageritin, a Novel Type of Ribotoxin Highly Expressed during Fruiting of the Edible Mushroom Agrocybe aegerita. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.01549-19. [PMID: 31444206 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01549-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi produce various defense proteins against antagonists, including ribotoxins. These toxins cleave a single phosphodiester bond within the universally conserved sarcin-ricin loop of ribosomes and inhibit protein biosynthesis. Here, we report on the structure and function of ageritin, a previously reported ribotoxin from the edible mushroom Agrocybe aegerita The amino acid sequence of ageritin was derived from cDNA isolated from the dikaryon A. aegerita AAE-3 and lacks, according to in silico prediction, a signal peptide for classical secretion, predicting a cytoplasmic localization of the protein. The calculated molecular weight of the protein is slightly higher than the one reported for native ageritin. The A. aegerita ageritin-encoding gene, AaeAGT1, is highly induced during fruiting, and toxicity assays with AaeAGT1 heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli showed a strong toxicity against Aedes aegypti larvae yet not against nematodes. The activity of recombinant A. aegerita ageritin toward rabbit ribosomes was confirmed in vitro Mutagenesis studies revealed a correlation between in vivo and in vitro activities, indicating that entomotoxicity is mediated by ribonucleolytic cleavage. The strong larvicidal activity of ageritin makes this protein a promising candidate for novel biopesticide development.IMPORTANCE Our results suggest a pronounced organismal specificity of a protein toxin with a very conserved intracellular molecular target. The molecular details of the toxin-target interaction will provide important insight into the mechanism of action of protein toxins and the ribosome. This insight might be exploited to develop novel bioinsecticides.
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15
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Inclusion of a Furin Cleavage Site Enhances Antitumor Efficacy against Colorectal Cancer Cells of Ribotoxin α-Sarcin- or RNase T1-Based Immunotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11100593. [PMID: 31614771 PMCID: PMC6832446 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotoxins are chimeric molecules that combine the specificity of an antibody to recognize and bind tumor antigens with the potency of the enzymatic activity of a toxin, thus, promoting the death of target cells. Among them, RNases-based immunotoxins have arisen as promising antitumor therapeutic agents. In this work, we describe the production and purification of two new immunoconjugates, based on RNase T1 and the fungal ribotoxin α-sarcin, with optimized properties for tumor treatment due to the inclusion of a furin cleavage site. Circular dichroism spectroscopy, ribonucleolytic activity studies, flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, and cell viability assays were carried out for structural and in vitro functional characterization. Our results confirm the enhanced antitumor efficiency showed by these furin-immunotoxin variants as a result of an improved release of their toxic domain to the cytosol, favoring the accessibility of both ribonucleases to their substrates. Overall, these results represent a step forward in the design of immunotoxins with optimized properties for potential therapeutic application in vivo.
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16
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Mironova N, Vlassov V. Surveillance of Tumour Development: The Relationship Between Tumour-Associated RNAs and Ribonucleases. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1019. [PMID: 31572192 PMCID: PMC6753386 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour progression is accompanied by rapid cell proliferation, loss of differentiation, the reprogramming of energy metabolism, loss of adhesion, escape of immune surveillance, induction of angiogenesis, and metastasis. Both coding and regulatory RNAs expressed by tumour cells and circulating in the blood are involved in all stages of tumour progression. Among the important tumour-associated RNAs are intracellular coding RNAs that determine the routes of metabolic pathways, cell cycle control, angiogenesis, adhesion, apoptosis and pathways responsible for transformation, and intracellular and extracellular non-coding RNAs involved in regulation of the expression of their proto-oncogenic and oncosuppressing mRNAs. Considering the diversity/variability of biological functions of RNAs, it becomes evident that extracellular RNAs represent important regulators of cell-to-cell communication and intracellular cascades that maintain cell proliferation and differentiation. In connection with the elucidation of such an important role for RNA, a surge in interest in RNA-degrading enzymes has increased. Natural ribonucleases (RNases) participate in various cellular processes including miRNA biogenesis, RNA decay and degradation that has determined their principal role in the sustention of RNA homeostasis in cells. Findings were obtained on the contribution of some endogenous ribonucleases in the maintenance of normal cell RNA homeostasis, which thus prevents cell transformation. These findings directed attention to exogenous ribonucleases as tools to compensate for the malfunction of endogenous ones. Recently a number of proteins with ribonuclease activity were discovered whose intracellular function remains unknown. Thus, the comprehensive investigation of physiological roles of RNases is still required. In this review we focused on the control mechanisms of cell transformation by endogenous ribonucleases, and the possibility of replacing malfunctioning enzymes with exogenous ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda Mironova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valentin Vlassov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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17
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Souza JAM, Baltazar LDM, Carregal VM, Gouveia-Eufrasio L, de Oliveira AG, Dias WG, Campos Rocha M, Rocha de Miranda K, Malavazi I, Santos DDA, Frézard FJG, de Souza DDG, Teixeira MM, Soriani FM. Characterization of Aspergillus fumigatus Extracellular Vesicles and Their Effects on Macrophages and Neutrophils Functions. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2008. [PMID: 31551957 PMCID: PMC6738167 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) has been considered an alternative process for intercellular communication. EVs release by filamentous fungi and the role of vesicular secretion during fungus-host cells interaction remain unknown. Here, we identified the secretion of EVs from the pathogenic filamentous fungus, Aspergillus fumigatus. Analysis of the structure of EVs demonstrated that A. fumigatus produces round shaped bilayer structures ranging from 100 to 200 nm size, containing ergosterol and a myriad of proteins involved in REDOX, cell wall remodeling and metabolic functions of the fungus. We demonstrated that macrophages can phagocytose A. fumigatus EVs. Phagocytic cells, stimulated with EVs, increased fungal clearance after A. fumigatus conidia challenge. EVs were also able to induce the production of TNF-α and CCL2 by macrophages and a synergistic effect was observed in the production of these mediators when the cells were challenged with the conidia. In bone marrow-derived neutrophils (BMDN) treated with EVs, there was enhancement of the production of TNF-α and IL-1β in response to conidia. Together, our results demonstrate, for the first time, that A. fumigatus produces EVs containing a diverse set of proteins involved in fungal physiology and virulence. Moreover, EVs are biologically active and stimulate production of inflammatory mediators and fungal clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Amanda Marques Souza
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ludmila de Matos Baltazar
- Laboratório de Interação Microrganismo-Hospedeiro, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Virgínia Mendes Carregal
- Laboratório de Biofísica e Sistemas Nanoestruturados, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ludmila Gouveia-Eufrasio
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - André Gustavo de Oliveira
- Lab Circuitos Fisiológicos, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Wendell Girard Dias
- Plataforma de Microscopia Eletrônica Rudolf Barth, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marina Campos Rocha
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Kildare Rocha de Miranda
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Programa de Biologia Celular e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Iran Malavazi
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Daniel de Assis Santos
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Frédéric Jean Georges Frézard
- Laboratório de Biofísica e Sistemas Nanoestruturados, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Daniele da Glória de Souza
- Laboratório de Interação Microrganismo-Hospedeiro, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Frederico Marianetti Soriani
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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18
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Mitkevich VA, Petrushanko IY, Makarov AA. RNases Disrupt the Adaptive Potential of Malignant Cells: Perspectives for Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:922. [PMID: 31474868 PMCID: PMC6707412 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Exogenous RNases are selectively toxic to tumor cells. The reasons for this selectivity are not quite clear and should be searched for in the properties that distinguish malignant from normal cells. During onco-transformation, cells acquire properties allowing them to adapt to the altered microenvironment, such as resistance to hypoxia, changes in intracellular pH, disruption of ion transport, reduced adhesion and increased mobility, and production of specific exosomes. These adaptation mechanisms distinguish malignant cells from normal ones and give them a competitive advantage, ensuring survival and spread in the organism. Here, we analyze if the directed cytotoxic effect of exogenous RNases is linked to the disruption of the adaptive potential of tumor cells and how it can be used in anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irina Yu Petrushanko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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19
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A novel Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)-Targeted Trimeric Immunotoxin shows significantly enhanced Antitumor Activity in Human Colorectal Cancer Xenografts. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11680. [PMID: 31406218 PMCID: PMC6690998 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48285-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotoxins are chimeric molecules, which combine antibody specificity to recognize and bind with high-affinity tumor-associated antigens (TAA) with the potency of the enzymatic activity of a toxin, in order to induce the death of target cells. Current immunotoxins present some limitations for cancer therapy, driving the need to develop new prototypes with optimized properties. Herein we describe the production, purification and characterization of two new immunotoxins based on the gene fusion of the anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody MFE23 to α-sarcin, a potent fungal ribotoxin. One construct corresponds to a conventional monomeric single-chain immunotoxin design (IMTXCEAαS), while the other one takes advantage of the trimerbody technology and exhibits a novel trimeric format (IMTXTRICEAαS) with enhanced properties compared with their monomeric counterparts, including size, functional affinity and biodistribution, which endow them with an improved tumor targeting capacity. Our results show the highly specific cytotoxic activity of both immunotoxins in vitro, which was enhanced in the trimeric format compared to the monomeric version. Moreover, the trimeric immunotoxin also exhibited superior antitumor activity in vivo in mice bearing human colorectal cancer xenografts. Therefore, trimeric immunotoxins represent a further step in the development of next-generation therapeutic immunotoxins.
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Citores L, Ragucci S, Ferreras JM, Di Maro A, Iglesias R. Ageritin, a Ribotoxin from Poplar Mushroom ( Agrocybe aegerita) with Defensive and Antiproliferative Activities. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:1319-1327. [PMID: 31136705 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ribotoxins make up a group of extracellular rRNA endoribonucleases produced by ascomycetes that display cytotoxicity toward animal cells, having been proposed as insecticidal agents. Recently, the ribotoxin Ageritin has been isolated from the basidiomycetes Agrocybe aegerita (poplar mushroom), suggesting that ribotoxins are widely distributed among fungi. To gain insights into the protective properties of Ageritin against pathogens and its putative biotechnological applications, we have tested several biological activities of Ageritin, comparing them with those of the well-known ribotoxin α-sarcin, and we found that Ageritin displayed, in addition to the already reported activities, (i) antibacterial activity against Micrococcus lysodeikticus, (ii) activity against the tobacco mosaic virus RNA, (iii) endonuclease activity against a supercoiled plasmid, (iv) nuclease activity against genomic DNA, (v) cytotoxicity to COLO 320, HeLa, and Raji cells by promoting apoptosis, and (vi) antifungal activity against the green mold Penicillium digitatum. Therefore, Ageritin and α-sarcin can induce resistance not only to insects but also to viruses, bacteria, and fungi. The multiple biological activities of Ageritin could be exploited to improve resistance to different pathogens by engineering transgenic plants. Furthermore, the induction of cell death by different mechanisms turns these ribotoxins into useful tools for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Citores
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E−47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Sara Ragucci
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, I-81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - José M. Ferreras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E−47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Antimo Di Maro
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, I-81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Rosario Iglesias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E−47011 Valladolid, Spain
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The fungal ribonuclease-like effector protein CSEP0064/BEC1054 represses plant immunity and interferes with degradation of host ribosomal RNA. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007620. [PMID: 30856238 PMCID: PMC6464244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The biotrophic fungal pathogen Blumeria graminis causes the powdery mildew disease of cereals and grasses. We present the first crystal structure of a B. graminis effector of pathogenicity (CSEP0064/BEC1054), demonstrating it has a ribonuclease (RNase)-like fold. This effector is part of a group of RNase-like proteins (termed RALPHs) which comprise the largest set of secreted effector candidates within the B. graminis genomes. Their exceptional abundance suggests they play crucial functions during pathogenesis. We show that transgenic expression of RALPH CSEP0064/BEC1054 increases susceptibility to infection in both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. CSEP0064/BEC1054 interacts in planta with the pathogenesis-related protein PR10. The effector protein associates with total RNA and weakly with DNA. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) levels modulate susceptibility to aniline-induced host RNA fragmentation. In planta expression of CSEP0064/BEC1054 reduces the formation of this RNA fragment. We propose CSEP0064/BEC1054 is a pseudoenzyme that binds to host ribosomes, thereby inhibiting the action of plant ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) that would otherwise lead to host cell death, an unviable interaction and demise of the fungus. Powdery mildews are common plant diseases which affect important crop plants including cereals such as wheat and barley. The fungi that cause this disease are obligate biotrophs: they have an absolute requirement for living host cells which they penetrate with feeding structures called haustoria. These fungi must be highly effective at avoiding immune recognition which would lead to death of the host cell and the pathogen. We assume they do this by delivering effector proteins to the host. While several hundred secreted effectors have been described in cereal powdery mildews, it is unknown how they work. Here, we use X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to determine the structure and interactions of the effector CSEP0064/BEC1054, representative of the largest class of effectors resembling fungal RNases. We find that this effector binds nucleic acids. Expression of the effector in plants increases susceptibility to infection. Moreover, transgenic CSEP0064/BEC1054 expression in wheat inhibits the degradation of host ribosomal RNA induced by ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs). We propose a novel mechanism of action for the RNase-like effectors in powdery mildews: they may act as pseudoenzymes to inhibit the host RIPs, known components of plant immune responses that lead to host cell death.
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22
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Retana Moreira L, Rodríguez Serrano F, Osuna A. Extracellular vesicles of Trypanosoma cruzi tissue-culture cell-derived trypomastigotes: Induction of physiological changes in non-parasitized culture cells. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007163. [PMID: 30789912 PMCID: PMC6383987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosoma cruzi is the obligate intracellular parasite that causes Chagas disease. The pathogenesis of this disease is a multifactorial complex process that involves a large number of molecules and particles, including the extracellular vesicles. The presence of EVs of T. cruzi was first described in 1979 and, since then, research regarding these particles has been increasing. Some of the functions described for these EVs include the increase in heart parasitism and the immunomodulation and evasion of the host immune response. Also, EVs may be involved in parasite adhesion to host cells and host cell invasion. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS EVs (exosomes) of the Pan4 strain of T. cruzi were isolated by differential centrifugation, and measured and quantified by TEM, NTA and DLS. The effect of EVs in increasing the parasitization of Vero cells was evaluated and the ED50 was calculated. Changes in cell permeability induced by EVs were evaluated in Vero and HL-1 cardiomyocyte cells using cell viability techniques such as trypan blue and MTT assays, and by confocal microscopy. The intracellular mobilization of Ca2+ and the disruption of the actin cytoskeleton induced by EVs over Vero cells were followed-up in time using confocal microscopy. To evaluate the effect of EVs over the cell cycle, cell cycle analyses using flow cytometry and Western blotting of the phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated protein of Retinoblastoma were performed. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE The incubation of cells with EVs of trypomastigotes of the Pan4 strain of T. cruzi induce a number of changes in the host cells that include a change in cell permeability and higher intracellular levels of Ca2+ that can alter the dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton and arrest the cell cycle at G0/G1 prior to the DNA synthesis necessary to complete mitosis. These changes aid the invasion of host cells and augment the percentage of cell parasitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lissette Retana Moreira
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Grupo de Bioquímica y Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Parasitología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Osuna
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Grupo de Bioquímica y Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Parasitología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- * E-mail:
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23
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Landi N, Ragucci S, Russo R, Pedone PV, Chambery A, Di Maro A. Structural insights into nucleotide and protein sequence of Ageritin: a novel prototype of fungal ribotoxin. J Biochem 2018; 165:415-422. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvy113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Landi
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DISTABIF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, I Caserta, Italy
| | - Sara Ragucci
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DISTABIF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, I Caserta, Italy
| | - Rosita Russo
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DISTABIF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, I Caserta, Italy
| | - Paolo V Pedone
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DISTABIF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, I Caserta, Italy
| | - Angela Chambery
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DISTABIF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, I Caserta, Italy
| | - Antimo Di Maro
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DISTABIF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, I Caserta, Italy
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24
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Citores L, Iglesias R, Ragucci S, Di Maro A, Ferreras JM. Antifungal Activity of α-Sarcin against Penicillium digitatum: Proposal of a New Role for Fungal Ribotoxins. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:1978-1982. [PMID: 29952541 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Among the putative defense proteins that occur in fungi, one of the best studied is α-sarcin, produced by the mold Aspergillus giganteus. This protein is the most significant member of the ribotoxin family, which consists of extracellular rRNA ribonucleases that display cytotoxic activity toward animal cells. Ribotoxins are rRNA endonucleases that catalyze the hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bond between G4325 and A4326 from the rat 28S rRNA. The results of several experimental approaches have led to propose ribotoxins as insecticidal agents. In this work, we report that α-sarcin displays a strong antifungal activity against Penicillium digitatum, being able to enter into the cytosol where it inactivates the ribosomes, thus killing the cells and arresting the growth of the fungus. This is the first time that a ribotoxin has been found to display antifungal activity. Therefore, this protein could play, besides the already proposed insecticidal function, a role in nature as an antifungal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Citores
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Rosario Iglesias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Sara Ragucci
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, I-81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Antimo Di Maro
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, I-81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - José M. Ferreras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain
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25
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Liu F, Li W, Hua S, Han Y, Xu Z, Wan D, Wang Y, Chen W, Kuang Y, Shi J, Zhi Q. Nigericin Exerts Anticancer Effects on Human Colorectal Cancer Cells by Inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin Signaling Pathway. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:952-965. [PMID: 29483216 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nigericin, an antibiotic derived from Streptomyces hygroscopicus, which works by acting as an H+, K+, and Pb2+ ionophore, has exhibited promising anticancer activity. The main purpose of this study is to investigate its inhibitory effects on Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in colorectal cancer cells and clarify the underlying mechanism. We exposed two colorectal cancer lines (SW620 and KM12) to increasing concentrations of nigericin for different time periods and the 50% inhibiting concentration (IC50) values were evaluated. Our data showed that nigericin treatment significantly reduced tumor cell proliferation in dose- and time-dependent manners in colorectal cancer cells. The subsequent experiments in vitro and in vivo implied that nigericin could significantly suppress the tumor growth, migration, and invasion, and induce the apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells. Our results of Western blot and immunofluorescence assay showed that nigericin could suppress the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in colorectal cancer cells with dose-dependent increased expressions of downstream effectors and target proteins. To further elucidate the inhibitory effects of nigericin via a β-catenin-dependent signaling mechanism, we established the stably β-catenin overexpression colorectal cancer cells. Western blot, SuperTOPFlash luciferase reporter, and immunoprecipitation assays all confirmed β-catenin as a critical intermediary and player in Wnt/β-catenin pathway, and nigericin exerted anticancer effects on colorectal cancer cells by directly targeting the β-catenin destruction complex. These results suggested that Wnt/β-catenin signaling might have an essential role in colorectal cancer progression. Nigericin targeting Wnt/β-catenin signaling might provide new insight into the molecular mechanism of nigericin toward cancer cells, and suggest possible clinical application in colorectal cancer. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(5); 952-65. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shangbo Hua
- Department of General Surgery, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, China
| | - Ye Han
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhihua Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Daiwei Wan
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yilin Wang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weichang Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuting Kuang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianming Shi
- Department of Oncology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou, China.
| | - Qiaoming Zhi
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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26
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Gal Y, Sapoznikov A, Falach R, Ehrlich S, Aftalion M, Kronman C, Sabo T. Total Body Irradiation Mitigates Inflammation and Extends the Therapeutic Time Window for Anti-Ricin Antibody Treatment against Pulmonary Ricinosis in Mice. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9090278. [PMID: 28891987 PMCID: PMC5618211 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9090278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ricin, a highly toxic plant-derived toxin, is considered a potential weapon in biowarfare and bioterrorism due to its pronounced toxicity, high availability, and ease of preparation. Pulmonary exposure to ricin results in the generation of an acute edematous inflammation followed by respiratory insufficiency and death. Massive neutrophil recruitment to the lungs may contribute significantly to ricin-mediated morbidity. In this study, total body irradiation (TBI) served as a non-pharmacological tool to decrease the potential neutrophil-induced lung injury. TBI significantly postponed the time to death of intranasally ricin-intoxicated mice, given that leukopenia remained stable following intoxication. This increase in time to death coincided with a significant reduction in pro-inflammatory marker levels, and led to marked extension of the therapeutic time window for anti-ricin antibody treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Gal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel.
| | - Anita Sapoznikov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel.
| | - Reut Falach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel.
| | - Sharon Ehrlich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel.
| | - Moshe Aftalion
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel.
| | - Chanoch Kronman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel.
| | - Tamar Sabo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel.
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27
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Mironova N, Patutina O, Brenner E, Kurilshikov A, Vlassov V, Zenkova M. The systemic tumor response to RNase A treatment affects the expression of genes involved in maintaining cell malignancy. Oncotarget 2017; 8:78796-78810. [PMID: 29108266 PMCID: PMC5667999 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, pancreatic RNase A was shown to inhibit tumor and metastasis growth that accompanied by global alteration of miRNA profiles in the blood and tumor tissue (Mironova et al., 2013). Here, we performed a whole transcriptome analysis of murine Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) after treatment of tumor-bearing mice with RNase A. We identified 966 differentially expressed transcripts in LLC tumors, of which 322 were upregulated and 644 were downregulated after RNase A treatment. Many of these genes are involved in signaling pathways that regulate energy metabolism, cell-growth promoting and transforming activity, modulation of the cancer microenvironment and extracellular matrix components, and cellular proliferation and differentiation. Following RNase A treatment, we detected an upregulation of carbohydrate metabolism, inositol phosphate cascade and oxidative phosphorylation, re-arrangement of cell adhesion, cell cycle control, apoptosis, and transcription. Whereas cancer-related signaling pathways (e.g., TGF-beta, JAK/STAT, and Wnt) were downregulated following RNase A treatment, as in the case of the PI3K/AKT pathway, which is involved in the progression of non-small lung cancer. RNase A therapy resulted in the downregulation of genes that inhibit the biogenesis of some miRNAs, particularly the let-7 miRNA family. Taken together, our data suggest that the antitumor activity and decreased invasion potential of tumor cells caused by RNase A are associated with enhanced energy cascade functioning, rearrangement of cancer-related events regulating cell growth and dissemination, and attenuation of signaling pathways having tumor-promoting activity. Thus, RNase A can be proposed as a potential component of anticancer therapy with multiple modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda Mironova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga Patutina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Evgenyi Brenner
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Kurilshikov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Valentin Vlassov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Marina Zenkova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
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28
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Minimized natural versions of fungal ribotoxins show improved active site plasticity. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 619:45-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Fungal Ribotoxins: A Review of Potential Biotechnological Applications. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9020071. [PMID: 28230789 PMCID: PMC5331450 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9020071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi establish a complex network of biological interactions with other organisms in nature. In many cases, these involve the production of toxins for survival or colonization purposes. Among these toxins, ribotoxins stand out as promising candidates for their use in biotechnological applications. They constitute a group of highly specific extracellular ribonucleases that target a universally conserved sequence of RNA in the ribosome, the sarcin-ricin loop. The detailed molecular study of this family of toxic proteins over the past decades has highlighted their potential in applied research. Remarkable examples would be the recent studies in the field of cancer research with promising results involving ribotoxin-based immunotoxins. On the other hand, some ribotoxin-producer fungi have already been studied in the control of insect pests. The recent role of ribotoxins as insecticides could allow their employment in formulas and even as baculovirus-based biopesticides. Moreover, considering the important role of their target in the ribosome, they can be used as tools to study how ribosome biogenesis is regulated and, eventually, may contribute to a better understanding of some ribosomopathies.
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Ng TB, Cheung RCF, Wong JH, Chan YS, Dan X, Pan W, Wang H, Guan S, Chan K, Ye X, Liu F, Xia L, Chan WY. Fungal proteinaceous compounds with multiple biological activities. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:6601-6617. [PMID: 27338574 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7671-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fungi comprise organisms like molds, yeasts and mushrooms. They have been used as food or medicine for a long time. A large number of fungal proteins or peptides with diverse biological activities are considered as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and anticancer agents. They encompass proteases, ribosome inactivating proteins, defensins, hemolysins, lectins, laccases, ribonucleases, immunomodulatory proteins, and polysaccharopeptides. The target of the present review is to update the status of the various bioactivities of these fungal proteins and peptides and discuss their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Randy Chi Fai Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jack Ho Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yau Sang Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Ave 3688, 518060, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuli Dan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenliang Pan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hexiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Department of Microbiology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Suzhen Guan
- Department of Social Medicine, College of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Ki Chan
- Biomedical and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, 34 Hospital Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiuyun Ye
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lixin Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Ave 3688, 518060, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wai Yee Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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31
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Narendrula R, Mispel-Beyer K, Guo B, Parissenti AM, Pritzker LB, Pritzker K, Masilamani T, Wang X, Lannér C. RNA disruption is associated with response to multiple classes of chemotherapy drugs in tumor cell lines. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:146. [PMID: 26911141 PMCID: PMC4765116 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2197-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular stressors and apoptosis-inducing agents have been shown to induce ribosomal RNA (rRNA) degradation in eukaryotic cells. Recently, RNA degradation in vivo was observed in patients with locally advanced breast cancer, where mid-treatment tumor RNA degradation was associated with complete tumor destruction and enhanced patient survival. However, it is not clear how widespread chemotherapy induced "RNA disruption" is, the extent to which it is associated with drug response or what the underlying mechanisms are. METHODS Ovarian (A2780, CaOV3) and breast (MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, BT474, SKBR3) cancer cell lines were treated with several cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs and total RNA was isolated. RNA was also prepared from docetaxel resistant A2780DXL and carboplatin resistant A2780CBN cells following drug exposure. Disruption of RNA was analyzed by capillary electrophoresis. Northern blotting was performed using probes complementary to the 28S and 18S rRNA to determine the origins of degradation bands. Apoptosis activation was assessed by flow cytometric monitoring of annexin-V and propidium iodide (PI) binding to cells and by measuring caspase-3 activation. The link between apoptosis and RNA degradation (disruption) was investigated using a caspase-3 inhibitor. RESULTS All chemotherapy drugs tested were capable of inducing similar RNA disruption patterns. Docetaxel treatment of the resistant A2780DXL cells and carboplatin treatment of the A2780CBN cells did not result in RNA disruption. Northern blotting indicated that two RNA disruption bands were derived from the 3'-end of the 28S rRNA. Annexin-V and PI staining of docetaxel treated cells, along with assessment of caspase-3 activation, showed concurrent initiation of apoptosis and RNA disruption, while inhibition of caspase-3 activity significantly reduced RNA disruption. CONCLUSIONS Supporting the in vivo evidence, our results demonstrate that RNA disruption is induced by multiple chemotherapy agents in cell lines from different tissues and is associated with drug response. Although present, the link between apoptosis and RNA disruption is not completely understood. Evaluation of RNA disruption is thus proposed as a novel and effective biomarker to assess response to chemotherapy drugs in vitro and in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Carboplatin/pharmacology
- Caspase 3/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Docetaxel
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Female
- Humans
- MCF-7 Cells
- Ovarian Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
- RNA Stability/drug effects
- RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/chemistry
- RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 28S/chemistry
- RNA, Ribosomal, 28S/genetics
- Taxoids/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyle Mispel-Beyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Baoqing Guo
- Advanced Medical Research Institute of Canada, Sudbury, ON, Canada
- RNA Diagnostics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Amadeo M Parissenti
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada
- Advanced Medical Research Institute of Canada, Sudbury, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- RNA Diagnostics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Carita Lannér
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada.
- Division of Medical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada.
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32
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Hameş EE, Demir T. Microbial ribonucleases (RNases): production and application potential. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 31:1853-62. [PMID: 26433394 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-015-1945-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Ribonuclease (RNase) is hydrolytic enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of phosphodiester bonds in RNA. RNases play an important role in the metabolism of cellular RNAs, such as mRNA and rRNA or tRNA maturation. Besides their cellular roles, RNases possess biological activity, cell stimulating properties, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Cytotoxic effect of particular microbial RNases was comparable to that of animal derived counterparts. In this respect, microbial RNases have a therapeutic potential as anti-tumor drugs. The significant development of DNA vaccines and the progress of gene therapy trials increased the need for RNases in downstream processes. In addition, RNases are used in different fields, such as food industry for single cell protein preparations, and in some molecular biological studies for the synthesis of specific nucleotides, identifying RNA metabolism and the relationship between protein structure and function. In some cases, the use of bovine or other animal-derived RNases have increased the difficulties due to the safety and regulatory issues. Microbial RNases have promising potential mainly for pharmaceutical purposes as well as downstream processing. Therefore, an effort has been given to determination of optimum fermentation conditions to maximize RNase production from different bacterial and fungal producers. Also immobilization or strain development experiments have been carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Esin Hameş
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Tuğçe Demir
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kocaeli University, Umut Tepe Yerleşkesi, 41380, Kocaeli, Turkey
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33
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Zeng M, Zheng M, Lu D, Wang J, Jiang W, Sha O. Anti-tumor activities and apoptotic mechanism of ribosome-inactivating proteins. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2015; 34:325-34. [PMID: 26184404 PMCID: PMC4593346 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-015-0030-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) belong to a family of enzymes that attack eukaryotic ribosomes and potently inhibit cellular protein synthesis. RIPs possess several biomedical properties, including anti-viral and anti-tumor activities. Multiple RIPs are known to inhibit tumor cell proliferation through inducing apoptosis in a variety of cancers, such as breast cancer, leukemia/lymphoma, and hepatoma. This review focuses on the anti-tumor activities of RIPs and their apoptotic effects through three closely related pathways: mitochondrial, death receptor, and endoplasmic reticulum pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi Zeng
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Manyin Zheng
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Desheng Lu
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenqi Jiang
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ou Sha
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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34
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Ulyanova VV, Khodzhaeva VS, Dudkina EV, Laikov AV, Vershinina VI, Ilinskaya ON. Preparations of Bacillus pumilus secreted RNase: One enzyme or two? Microbiology (Reading) 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261715040177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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35
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Glinka EM. Killing of cancer cells through the use of eukaryotic expression vectors harbouring genes encoding nucleases and ribonuclease inhibitor. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:3147-57. [PMID: 25874497 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3360-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer gene therapy vectors are promising tools for killing cancer cells with the purpose of eradicating malignant tumours entirely. Different delivery methods of vectors into the cancer cells, including both non-viral and viral, as well as promoters for the targeted expression of genes encoding anticancer proteins were developed for effective and selective killing of cancer cells without harming healthy cells. Many vectors have been created to kill cancer cells, and some vectors suppress malignant tumours with high efficiency. This review is focused on vectors bearing genes for nucleases such as deoxyribonucleases (caspase-activated DNase, deoxyribonuclease I-like 3, endonuclease G) and ribonucleases (human polynucleotide phosphorylase, ribonuclease L, α-sarcin, barnase), as well as vectors harbouring gene encoding ribonuclease inhibitor. The data concerning the functionality and the efficacy of such vectors are presented.
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36
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Tomé-Amat J, Olombrada M, Ruiz-de-la-Herrán J, Pérez-Gómez E, Andradas C, Sánchez C, Martínez L, Martínez-Del-Pozo Á, Gavilanes JG, Lacadena J. Efficient in vivo antitumor effect of an immunotoxin based on ribotoxin α-sarcin in nude mice bearing human colorectal cancer xenografts. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:168. [PMID: 25883890 PMCID: PMC4393403 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-0943-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tagging of RNases, such as the ribotoxin α-sarcin, with the variable domains of antibodies directed to surface antigens that are selectively expressed on tumor cells endows cellular specificity to their cytotoxic action. A recombinant single-chain immunotoxin based on the ribotoxin α-sarcin (IMTXA33αS), produced in the generally regarded as safe (GRAS) yeast Pichia pastoris, has been recently described as a promising candidate for the treatment of colorectal cancer cells expressing the glycoprotein A33 (GPA33) antigen, due to its high specific and effective cytotoxic effect on in vitro assays against targeted cells. Here we report the in vivo antitumor effectiveness of this immunotoxin on nude mice bearing GPA33-positive human colon cancer xenografts. Two sets of independent assays were performed, including three experimental groups: control (PBS) and treatment with two different doses of immunotoxin (50 or 100 μg/ injection) (n = 8). Intraperitoneal administration of IMTXA33αS resulted in significant dose-dependent tumor growth inhibition. In addition, the remaining tumors excised from immunotoxin-treated mice showed absence of the GPA33 antigen and a clear inhibition of angiogenesis and proliferative capacity. No signs of immunotoxin-induced pathological changes were observed from specimens tissues. Overall these results show efficient and selective cytotoxic action on tumor xenografts, combined with the lack of severe side effects, suggesting that IMTXA33αS is a potential therapeutic agent against colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Tomé-Amat
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, Madrid, 28040 Spain ; Present address: Department of Microbiology, Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Miriam Olombrada
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, Madrid, 28040 Spain
| | - Javier Ruiz-de-la-Herrán
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, Madrid, 28040 Spain
| | - Eduardo Pérez-Gómez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, Madrid, 28040 Spain ; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, 28041 Spain
| | - Clara Andradas
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, Madrid, 28040 Spain ; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, 28041 Spain
| | - Cristina Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, Madrid, 28040 Spain ; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, 28041 Spain
| | | | - Álvaro Martínez-Del-Pozo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, Madrid, 28040 Spain
| | - José G Gavilanes
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, Madrid, 28040 Spain
| | - Javier Lacadena
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, Madrid, 28040 Spain
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Tomé-Amat J, Herrero-Galán E, Oñaderra M, Martínez-Del-Pozo Á, Gavilanes JG, Lacadena J. Preparation of an engineered safer immunotoxin against colon carcinoma based on the ribotoxin hirsutellin A. FEBS J 2015; 282:2131-41. [PMID: 25752204 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Immunotoxins are chimeric proteins composed of an antibody domain that specifically directs the action of the toxic domain, resulting in the death of the targeted cells. Over recent years, immunotoxins have been widely studied and the number of different constructions has increased exponentially. Protein engineering has allowed the design of optimized versions of immunotoxins with an improved tumor binding affinity, stability or cytotoxic efficacy, although sometimes this has compromised the safety of the patient in terms of undesirable adverse secondary reactions. A triple mutant at three Trp residues (HtA3ΔW) of the ribotoxin hirsutellin A retains its specific ribonucleolytic activity, although cell internalization capacity is lacking. This toxin variant has been fused to the single chain variable fragment A33 (scFvA33). This immunoconjugate (IMTXA33HtA3ΔW) was produced in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris and purified using nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid affinity chromatography. Both target and toxic domains were characterized. The immunotoxin showed an exquisite specific binding against GPA33-positive culture cells, which results in the death of the targeted cells because of specific ribonucleolytic activity against ribosomes of the engineered hirsutellin A variant. IMTXA33HtA3ΔW represents a promising structure in the search for an improved immunotoxin without compromising the safety of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Tomé-Amat
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Elías Herrero-Galán
- Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Oñaderra
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José G Gavilanes
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Lacadena
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Tomé-Amat J, Ruiz-de-la-Herrán J, Martínez-del-Pozo Á, Gavilanes JG, Lacadena J. α-sarcin and RNase T1 based immunoconjugates: the role of intracellular trafficking in cytotoxic efficiency. FEBS J 2014; 282:673-84. [PMID: 25475209 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Toxins have been thoroughly studied for their use as therapeutic agents in search of an improvement in toxic efficiency together with a minimization of their undesired side effects. Different studies have shown how toxins can follow different intracellular pathways which are connected with their cytotoxic action inside the cells. The work herein presented describes the different pathways followed by the ribotoxin α-sarcin and the fungal RNase T1, as toxic domains of immunoconjugates with identical binding domain, the single chain variable fragment of a monoclonal antibody raised against the glycoprotein A33. According to the results obtained both immunoconjugates enter the cells via early endosomes and, while α-sarcin can translocate directly into the cytosol to exert its deathly action, RNase T1 follows a pathway that involves lysosomes and the Golgi apparatus. These facts contribute to explaining the different cytotoxicity observed against their targeted cells, and reveal how the innate properties of the toxic domain, apart from its catalytic features, can be a key factor to be considered for immunotoxin optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Tomé-Amat
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain; Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Crameri R. Structural aspects of fungal allergens. Semin Immunopathol 2014; 37:117-21. [PMID: 25413498 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-014-0458-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite the increasing number of solved crystal structures of allergens, the key question why some proteins are allergenic and the vast majority is not remains unanswered. The situation is not different for fungal allergens which cover a wide variety of proteins with different chemical properties and biological functions. They cover enzymes, cell wall, secreted, and intracellular proteins which, except cross-reactive allergens, does not show any evidence for structural similarities at least at the three-dimensional level. However, from a diagnostic point of view, pure allergens biotechnologically produced by recombinant technology can provide us, in contrast to fungal extracts which are hardly producible as standardized reagents, with highly pure perfectly standardized diagnostic reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto Crameri
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland,
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Abstract
Many ribonucleases (RNases) are able to inhibit the reproduction of viruses in infected cell cultures and laboratory animals, but the molecular mechanisms of their antiviral activity remain unclear. The review discusses the well-known RNases that possess established antiviral effects, including both intracellular RNases (RNase L, MCPIP1 protein, and eosinophil-associated RNases) and exogenous RNases (RNase A, BS-RNase, onconase, binase, and synthetic RNases). Attention is paid to two important, but not always obligatory, aspects of molecules of RNases that have antiviral properties, i.e., catalytic activity and ability to dimerize. The hypothetic scheme of virus elimination by exogenous RNases that reflects possible types of interaction of viruses and RNases with a cell is proposed. The evidence for RNases as classical components of immune defense and thus perspective agents for the development of new antiviral therapeutics is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. N. Ilinskaya
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, ul. Kremlevskaya 18, Kazan, 420008 Russia
| | - R. Shah Mahmud
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, ul. Kremlevskaya 18, Kazan, 420008 Russia
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41
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Sánchez-Salcedo S, Shruti S, Salinas AJ, Malavasi G, Menabue L, Vallet-Regí M. In vitro antibacterial capacity and cytocompatibility of SiO 2-CaO-P 2O 5 meso-macroporous glass scaffolds enriched with ZnO. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:4836-4847. [PMID: 32261775 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00403e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Zn2+ ions exhibit osteogenic, angiogenic and antimicrobial properties. For this reason, they are often added in small amounts to bioceramics being investigated for bone tissue engineering. In this paper, the cytocompatibility and antibacterial properties of 80% SiO2-15% CaO-5% P2O5 (mol%) mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG) scaffolds substituted with 4.0% and 7.0% of ZnO were studied and compared with the Zn-free scaffold. Cell proliferation, morphology, differentiation and cytotoxic effects of Zn2+ ions released from the samples were examined by culturing human osteoblast-like cells (HOS) osteoblasts both in the presence of sample extracts and on the scaffold surface. The bacterial inhibition capacity of the scaffolds was explored by using Gram-positive Stapylococcus aureus bacteria, responsible for numerous infections in orthopedic surgery, to simulate a severe infection. Our results show that the Zn-MBG scaffolds possess a hierarchical meso-macropore structure suitable for osteoblast growth. Furthermore, the amount of Zn2+ released from the scaffold with 4.0% ZnO was found to be more favorable for HOS cell development than that released from the scaffold including 7.0% ZnO. Zn2+ released to the medium from both scaffolds exhibited antibacterial properties against S. aureus. Thus, the cytocompatibility and the antibacterial ability exhibited by the MBG scaffold containing 4.0% ZnO make it a suitable candidate for bone regeneration applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Sánchez-Salcedo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Bioinorgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Hirsutellin A: A Paradigmatic Example of the Insecticidal Function of Fungal Ribotoxins. INSECTS 2013; 4:339-56. [PMID: 26462423 PMCID: PMC4553468 DOI: 10.3390/insects4030339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Hirsutella thompsonii produces an insecticidal protein named hirsutellin A (HtA), which has been described to be toxic to several species of mites, insect larvae, and cells. On the other hand, on the basis of an extensive biochemical and structural characterization, HtA has been considered to be a member of the ribotoxins family. Ribotoxins are fungal extracellular ribonucleases, which inactivate ribosomes by specifically cleaving a single phosphodiester bond located at the large rRNA. Although ribotoxins were brought to light in the 1960s as antitumor agents, their biological function has remained elusive. Thus, the consideration of hirsutellin A, an insecticidal protein, as a singular ribotoxin recalled the idea of the biological activity of these toxins as insecticidal agents. Further studies have demonstrated that the most representative member of the ribotoxin family, α-sarcin, also shows strong toxic action against insect cells. The determination of high resolution structures, the characterization of a large number of mutants, and the toxicity assays against different cell lines have been the tools used for the study of the mechanism of action of ribotoxins at the molecular level. The aim of this review is to serve as a compilation of the facts that allow identification of HtA as a paradigmatic example of the insecticidal function of fungal ribotoxins.
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Sánchez-Salcedo S, Colilla M, Izquierdo-Barba I, Vallet-Regí M. Design and preparation of biocompatible zwitterionic hydroxyapatite. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:1595-1606. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb00122a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Olombrada M, Herrero-Galán E, Tello D, Oñaderra M, Gavilanes JG, Martínez-del-Pozo Á, García-Ortega L. Fungal extracellular ribotoxins as insecticidal agents. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 43:39-46. [PMID: 23153726 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Fungal ribotoxins were discovered almost 50 years ago as extracellular ribonucleases (RNases) with antitumoral properties. However, the biological function of these toxic proteins has remained elusive. The discovery of the ribotoxin HtA, produced by the invertebrates pathogen Hirsutella thompsonii, revived the old proposal that insecticidal activity would be their long searched function. Unfortunately, HtA is rather singular among all ribotoxins known in terms of sequence and structure similarities. Thus, it was intriguing to answer the question of whether HtA is just an exception or, on the contrary, the paradigmatic example of the ribotoxins function. The work presented uses HtA and α-sarcin, the most representative member of the ribotoxins family, to show their strong toxic action against insect larvae and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Olombrada
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Barrasa JI, Santiago-Gómez A, Olmo N, Lizarbe MA, Turnay J. Resistance to butyrate impairs bile acid-induced apoptosis in human colon adenocarcinoma cells via up-regulation of Bcl-2 and inactivation of Bax. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1823:2201-9. [PMID: 22917577 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A critical risk factor in colorectal carcinogenesis and tumor therapy is the resistance to the apoptotic effects of different compounds from the intestinal lumen, among them butyrate (main regulator of colonic epithelium homeostasis). Insensitivity to butyrate-induced apoptosis yields resistance to other agents, as bile acids or chemotherapy drugs, allowing the selective growth of malignant cell subpopulations. Here we analyze bile acid-induced apoptosis in a butyrate-resistant human colon adenocarcinoma cell line (BCS-TC2.BR2) to determine the mechanisms that underlay the resistance to these agents in comparison with their parental butyrate-sensitive BCS-TC2 cells. This study demonstrates that DCA and CDCA still induce apoptosis in butyrate-resistant cells through increased ROS production by activation of membrane-associated enzymes and subsequent triggering of the intrinsic mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Although this mechanism is similar to that described in butyrate-sensitive cells, cell viability is significantly higher in resistant cells. Moreover, butyrate-resistant cells show higher Bcl-2 levels that confer resistance to bile acid-induced apoptosis sequestering Bax and avoiding Bax-dependent pore formation in the mitochondria. We have confirmed that this resistance is reverted using the Bcl-2 inhibitor ABT-263, thus demonstrating that the lower sensitivity of butyrate-resistant cells to the apoptotic effects of bile acids is mainly due to increased Bcl-2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan I Barrasa
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040-Madrid, Spain
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Tomé-Amat J, Menéndez-Méndez A, García-Ortega L, Batt CA, Oñaderra M, Martínez-del-Pozo A, Gavilanes JG, Lacadena J. Production and characterization of scFvA33T1, an immunoRNase targeting colon cancer cells. FEBS J 2012; 279:3022-32. [PMID: 22748038 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Within the last 10 years, the use of different RNases as therapeutic agents for various diseases has been pursued. Furthermore, the advancements of recombinant technology have allowed the assembly of proteins with different functions. In this regard, immunoribonucleases (immunoRNases) stand out as some of the most promising therapeutic candidates given their enzymatic and non-mutagenic character. Accordingly, the work reported here describes fusing RNase T1, one of the most studied members of the microbial RNase family, to the single-chain variable fragment (scFv) of a monoclonal antibody that targets the glycoprotein A33 antigen (GPA33) from human colon cancer cells. A heterologous production system, which employs the yeast Pichia pastoris, has been optimized to produce this immunoRNase (scFvA33T1) with yields of ∼ 5-10 mg · L(-1). The purified protein appears to be correctly folded as it retains its antigen specificity and ribonucleolytic activity. Finally, it also shows specific binding to, internalization into and toxicity against GPA33-positive cell lines compared with the control, GPA33-negative cells. Overall, it can be concluded that scFvA33T1 is a promising therapeutic fusion protein with the additional advantage that presumably it can be produced and purified in large amounts using an easily scalable yeast-based system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Tomé-Amat
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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48
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Carreras-Sangrà N, Tomé-Amat J, García-Ortega L, Batt CA, Oñaderra M, Martínez-del-Pozo A, Gavilanes JG, Lacadena J. Production and characterization of a colon cancer-specific immunotoxin based on the fungal ribotoxin α-sarcin. Protein Eng Des Sel 2012; 25:425-35. [PMID: 22718791 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzs032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A single-chain fusion protein that directed the cytolytic activity of α-sarcin to A33 tumor antigen expressing cells was constructed and shown to effectively kill targeted cells. Glycoprotein A33 (GPA33) is a well-known colon cancer marker and a humanized antibody against it was used to target the α-sarcin. The fungal ribotoxin α-sarcin is one of the most potent and specific toxins known. It is small, protease resistant, thermostable and highly efficient towards the inactivation of ribosomes. This work describes the production and characterization of an immunotoxin resulting from fusing the single-chain variable fragment (scFv) of the monoclonal antibody that targets GPA33 to fungal α-sarcin. This chimeric protein (scFvA33αsarcin), produced in Pichia pastoris and purified in high yield was proven to be properly folded, active, specific and stable. It showed high specific toxicity against GPA33-positive tumoral cell lines providing scientific evidence to sustain that scFvA33αsarcin is a good immunotherapeutic candidate against GPA33-positive colon carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Carreras-Sangrà
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Cimini A, Mei S, Benedetti E, Laurenti G, Koutris I, Cinque B, Cifone MG, Galzio R, Pitari G, Di Leandro L, Giansanti F, Lombardi A, Fabbrini MS, Ippoliti R. Distinct cellular responses induced by saporin and a transferrin-saporin conjugate in two different human glioblastoma cell lines. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:939-51. [PMID: 21503892 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumour in adults, with a median survival of ~12-18 months post-diagnosis. GBM usually recurs within 12 months post-resection, with poor prognosis. Thus, novel therapeutic strategies to target and kill GBM cells are urgently needed. The marked difference of tumour cells with respect to normal brain cells renders glioblastoma a good candidate for selective targeted therapies. Recent experimental strategies focus on over expressed cell surface receptors. Targeted toxins represent a new class of selective molecules composed by a potent protein toxin and a carrier ligand. Targeted toxins approaches against glioblastoma were under investigation in phase I and II clinical trials with several immunotoxins (IT)/ligand toxins such as IL4-Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (IL4-PE, NBI-3001), tumour growth factor fused to PE38, a shorter PE variant, (TGF)alpha-TP-38, IL13-PE38, and a transferrin-C diphtheriae toxin mutant (Tf-CRM107). In this work, we studied the effects of the plant ribosome-inactivating saporin and of its chimera transferrin-saporin against two different GBM cell lines. The data obtained here indicate that cell proliferation is affected by the toxin treatments but that different mechanisms are used, directly linked to the presence of an active or inactive p53. A model is proposed for these alternative intracellular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cimini
- Department of Basic and Applied Biology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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50
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Gutiérrez-Correa M, Ludeña Y, Ramage G, Villena GK. Recent Advances on Filamentous Fungal Biofilms for Industrial Uses. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 167:1235-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9555-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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