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Saipinta D, Panyamongkol T, Chuammitri P, Suriyasathaporn W. Reduction in Mortality of Calves with Bovine Respiratory Disease in Detection with Influenza C and D Virus. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233252. [PMID: 36496773 PMCID: PMC9736086 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Both influenza C (ICV) and influenza D (IDV) viruses were recently included as bovine respiratory disease (BRD) causes, but their role in BRD has not been evaluated. Therefore, the mortality and reproductive performances of BRD calves with different isolated viruses were determined in this study. Data on 152 BRD calves with bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine coronavirus (BCoV), bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3), ICV, or IDV from nasal swab samples using real-time rt-PCR were used. The general data and respiratory signs were recorded immediately, and thereafter, the data on dead or culling calves due to BRD and reproductive performance were collected. The percentages of the BRD calves were 71.7%, 52.6%, 40.8%, 10.5%, 68.4%, and 65.8% for BVDV, BRSV, BCoV, BPIV-3, ICV, and IDV, respectively. Mucous secretion (OR = 4.27) and age ≤ 6 months (OR =14.97) had higher risks of mortality than those with serous secretion and older age. The calves with IDV had lower risks of culling than those without IDV (OR = 0.19). This study shows that most viral infections in BRD calves are a combination of viruses with BVDV, ICV, and IDV. In addition, IDV might have a role in reducing the severity of BRD calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duanghathai Saipinta
- Department of Food Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Tanittian Panyamongkol
- Chiangmai Artificial Insemination and Biotechnology Research Center, Muang, Chiang Mai 50300, Thailand
| | - Phongsakorn Chuammitri
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Witaya Suriyasathaporn
- Department of Food Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Asian Satellite Campuses Institute-Cambodian Campus, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-(0)-53-948-02-3
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Non-Bovine Species and the Risk to Effective Control of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) in Cattle. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10101263. [PMID: 34684212 PMCID: PMC8540666 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is an economically important and highly prevalent virus of domestic cattle. Infections with BVDV may lead to both, reproductive and immunological effects that can result in widespread calf losses and increased susceptibility to diseases, such as mastitis and respiratory disease. While BVDV is generally considered to be host specific, it and other Pestivirus species, such as Border disease virus (BDV) in sheep, have been shown to be infecting species other than those from which they were originally isolated from. Recently BVDV was placed on the OIE’s list of notifiable disease and control and eradication programmes for BVDV have been developed throughout much of Europe, the United States, and the United Kingdom. While some countries, including Sweden and Ireland have successfully implemented eradication programmes, other countries such as New Zealand and Australia are still in the early stages of BVDV control. Despite effective control methods, incursions of BVDV into previously cleared herds still occur. While the cause of these incursions is often due to lapses in control methods, the ability of ruminant pestiviruses to infect species other than cattle poses the question as to whether non-bovine species could be impeding the success of BVDV eradication and control. As such, the aim of this review is to make mention of what is known about the cross-species transmission of BVDV, BDV and other pestiviruses between cattle and non-bovine ungulate species and draw conclusions as to the risk non-bovine species pose to the successful control and eradication of BVDV from cattle.
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An Assessment of Secondary Clinical Disease, Milk Production and Quality, and the Impact on Reproduction in Holstein Heifers and Cows from a Single Large Commercial Herd Persistently Infected with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Type 2. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070760. [PMID: 32679648 PMCID: PMC7412390 DOI: 10.3390/v12070760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate secondary clinical disease, milk production efficiency and reproductive performance of heifers and cows persistently infected (PI) with bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 (BVDV type 2). PI animals (n = 25) were identified using an antigen capture ELISA of ear notch samples. They were distributed into three age groups: ≤ 12 (n = 8), 13 to 24 (n = 6) and 25 to 34 (n = 11) months old. A control group of BVDV antigen ELISA negative female cattle that were age matched to the PI animals was utilized from the same herd. The PI group had a 1.29 higher odds ratio for diarrhea than controls (p = 0.001, IC95% = 1.032–1.623) and 1.615 greater chance of developing bovine respiratory disease (BRD) (p = 0.012, IC95% = 1.155–2.259). The age at first insemination (p = 0.012) and number of insemination attempts required to establish the first pregnancy (p = 0.016) were both higher for PI than controls. Milk production was higher for control cows than PI cows during most of the sampling periods. Somatic cell counts (SCC) were higher in PI cows than the controls at all sampling points across lactation (p ≤ 0.042). PI cattle had a higher incidence of disease, produced less milk, a higher SCC, and poorer reproductive performance than control cattle in this study.
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Ring SC, Graham DA, Kelleher MM, Doherty ML, Berry DP. Genetic parameters for variability in the birth of persistently infected cattle following likely in utero exposure to bovine viral diarrhea virus. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:559-568. [PMID: 30412254 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic selection is an inexpensive and complementary strategy to traditional methods of improving animal health and welfare. Nonetheless, endeavors to incorporate animal health and welfare traits in international breeding programs have been hampered by the availability of informative phenotypes. The recent eradication program for bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) in the Republic of Ireland has provided an opportunity to quantify the potential benefits that genetic selection could offer BVD eradication programs elsewhere, as well as inform possible eradication programs for other diseases in the Republic of Ireland. Using a dataset of 188,085 Irish calves, the estimated direct and maternal heritability estimates for the birth of persistently infected calves following likely in utero exposure to BVD virus ranged from not different from zero (linear model) to 0.29 (SE = 0.075; threshold model) and from essentially zero (linear model) to 0.04 (SE = 0.033; threshold model), respectively. The corresponding genetic SD for the direct and maternal effect of the binary trait (0, 1) ranged from 0.005 (linear model) to 0.56 (threshold model) units and ranged from 0.00008 (linear model) to 0.20 (threshold model) units, respectively. The coefficient of direct genetic variation based on the linear model was 2.56% indicating considerable genetic variation could be exploited. Based on results from the linear model in the present study, there is the potential to reduce the incidence of persistent infection in cattle by on average 0.11 percentage units per year which is cumulative and permanent. Therefore, genetic selection can contribute to reducing the incidence of persistent infection in cattle. Moreover, where populations are free from persistent infection, inclusion of the estimated genetic merit for BVD in national breeding indexes could contribute to a preservation of a BVD-free status. Results from the present study can be used to inform breeding programs of the potential genetic gains achievable. Moreover, the approaches used in the present study can be applied to other diseases when data become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhán C Ring
- Teagasc, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork Ireland.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David A Graham
- Animal Health Ireland, 4-5 The Archways, Carrick on Shannon, Co. Leitrim, Ireland
| | - Margaret M Kelleher
- Irish Cattle Breeding Federation, Highfield House, Bandon, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Michael L Doherty
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Donagh P Berry
- Teagasc, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork Ireland
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Reczyńska D, Zalewska M, Czopowicz M, Kaba J, Zwierzchowski L, Bagnicka E. Acute Phase Protein Levels as An Auxiliary Tool in Diagnosing Viral Diseases in Ruminants-A Review. Viruses 2018; 10:E502. [PMID: 30223561 PMCID: PMC6165172 DOI: 10.3390/v10090502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined acute phase protein (APP) concentrations in viral infections of dairy ruminants and assessed the potential role of characteristic patterns of APP changes in auxiliary diagnosing viral diseases. All viruses reviewed are common causes of farm animal diseases. APPs are among the first agents of immunity, and their concentrations could be diagnostically relevant. In the most common ruminant viral diseases, elevated serum amyloid A (SAA) and haptoglobin (Hp) levels in blood serum have been observed. However, since these proteins are the main APPs in many viral infections, it is impossible to use their levels for diagnosing particular infections. Decreased Cp and albumin expression could help differentiate the bluetongue virus infection from other diseases. Lastly, analysis of SAA levels in blood serum and milk could be helpful in diagnosing small ruminant lentivirus infection. While promising, APP levels can only be considered as an auxiliary tool in diagnosing viral diseases in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Reczyńska
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postepu 36A str., 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Zalewska
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postepu 36A str., 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland.
| | - Michał Czopowicz
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska str. 159c., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Kaba
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska str. 159c., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Lech Zwierzchowski
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postepu 36A str., 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland.
| | - Emilia Bagnicka
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postepu 36A str., 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland.
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Montgomery DL. Distribution and Cellular Heterogeneity of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Viral Antigen Expression in the Brain of Persistently Infected Calves: A New Perspective. Vet Pathol 2016; 44:643-54. [PMID: 17846236 DOI: 10.1354/vp.44-5-643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Persistent infection following in utero exposure to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) early in gestation is a serious cause of morbidity and mortality in cattle industries worldwide. The brain is a primary target of persistent infection. In the current study, the types of cells infected and topography of viral antigen expression were examined in brain sections from 9 BVDV persistently infected crossbred calves, all less than 1 year of age, by immunohistochemical staining using the 15C5 primary monoclonal antibody. BVDV antigen was detected in the brains of all persistently infected calves. A variety of cell types was infected, including neurons, astrocytes, oligodendroglia, blood vessel-associated cells (pericytes, perivascular macrophages, smooth muscle cells), and cells in the leptomeninges (blood vessel-associated cells). Conclusive demonstration of viral antigen in vascular endothelial cells was elusive. The intensity and distribution of viral antigen staining in neurons were highly variable. Viral antigen staining was most consistent and intense in thalamic nuclei, most notably in dorsal and medial nuclear groups, followed by the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, basal nuclei, and piriform cortex. Staining in other brain areas was often less intense and inconsistent. The variability in the intensity and topography of viral antigen in the brain may explain the heterogeneity in the clinical manifestations of BVDV-induced disease. Additionally, infection of the brain in persistently infected calves may underlie or at least contribute to endocrine disturbances and immunologic deficits that are protean manifestations of BVDV-induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Montgomery
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82070, USA.
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7
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Innate and adaptive immune responses to in utero infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Anim Health Res Rev 2016; 16:15-26. [PMID: 26050568 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252315000122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Infection of pregnant cows with noncytopathic (ncp) bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) induces rapid innate and adaptive immune responses, resulting in clearance of the virus in less than 3 weeks. Seven to 14 days after inoculation of the cow, ncpBVDV crosses the placenta and induces a fetal viremia. Establishment of persistent infection with ncpBVDV in the fetus has been attributed to the inability to mount an immune response before 90-150 days of gestational age. The result is 'immune tolerance', persistent viral replication and shedding of ncpBVDV. In contrast, we describe the chronic upregulation of fetal Type I interferon (IFN) pathway genes and the induction of IFN-γ pathways in fetuses of cows infected on day 75 of gestation. Persistently infected (PI) fetal IFN-γ concentrations also increased at day 97 at the peak of fetal viremia and IFN-γ mRNA was significantly elevated in fetal thymus, liver and spleen 14-22 days post maternal inoculation. PI fetuses respond to ncpBVDV infection through induction of Type I IFN and IFN-γ activated genes leading to a reduction in ncpBVDV titer. We hypothesize that fetal infection with BVDV persists because of impaired induction of IFN-γ in the face of activated Type I IFN responses. Clarification of the mechanisms involved in the IFN-associated pathways during BVDV fetal infection may lead to better detection methods, antiviral compounds and selection of genetically resistant breeding animals.
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8
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Smith RL, Sanderson MW, Jones R, N'Guessan Y, Renter D, Larson R, White BJ. Economic risk analysis model for bovine viral diarrhea virus biosecurity in cow-calf herds. Prev Vet Med 2013; 113:492-503. [PMID: 24360189 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A stochastic model was designed to calculate the cost-effectiveness of biosecurity strategies for bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in cow-calf herds. Possible sources of BVDV introduction considered were imported animals, including the calves of pregnant imports, and fenceline contact with infected herds, including stocker cattle raised in adjacent pastures. Spread of BVDV through the herd was modeled with a stochastic SIR model. Financial consequences of BVDV, including lost income, treatment costs, and the cost of biosecurity strategies, were calculated for 10 years, based on the risks of a herd with a user-defined import profile. Results indicate that importing pregnant animals and stockers increased the financial risk of BVDV. Strategic testing in combination with vaccination most decreased the risk of high-cost outbreaks in most herds. The choice of a biosecurity strategy was specific to the risks of a particular herd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Smith
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, United States
| | - Michael W Sanderson
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, United States.
| | - Rodney Jones
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, United States
| | - Yapo N'Guessan
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, United States
| | - David Renter
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, United States
| | - Robert Larson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, United States
| | - Brad J White
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, United States
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9
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Kelling CL, Topliff CL. Bovine maternal, fetal and neonatal responses to bovine viral diarrhea virus infections. Biologicals 2013; 41:20-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Two doses of bovine viral diarrhea virus DNA vaccine delivered by electroporation induce long-term protective immune responses. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 20:166-73. [PMID: 23220999 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00565-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a pathogen of major importance in cattle, so there is a need for new effective vaccines. DNA vaccines induce balanced immune responses and are relatively inexpensive and thus promising for both human and veterinary applications. In this study, newborn calves with maternal antibodies were vaccinated intramuscularly (i.m.) with a BVDV E2 DNA vaccine with the TriGrid Delivery System for i.m. delivery (TDS-IM). Two doses of this vaccine spaced 6 or 12 weeks apart were sufficient to induce significant virus-neutralizing antibody titers, numbers of activated T cells, and reduction in viral shedding and clinical presentations after BVDV-2 challenge. In contrast to the placebo-treated animals, the vaccinated calves did not lose any weight, which is an excellent indicator of the well-being of an animal and has a significant economic impact. Furthermore, the interval between the two vaccinations did not influence the magnitude of the immune responses or degree of clinical protection, and a third immunization was not necessary or beneficial. Since electroporation may enhance not only the magnitude but also the duration of immunity after DNA immunization, the interval between vaccination and challenge was extended in a second trial, which showed that two doses of this E2 DNA vaccine again significantly reduced clinical disease against BVDV for several months. These results are promising and support this technology for use against infectious diseases in cattle and large species, including humans, in general.
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Weiner C, Smirnova N, Webb B, Van Campen H, Hansen T. Interferon stimulated genes, CXCR4 and immune cell responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:1081-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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12
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Townsend WM. Examination techniques and therapeutic regimens for the ruminant and camelid eye. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2010; 26:437-58. [PMID: 21056794 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A step-wise procedure and necessary equipment for examination of the ruminant and camelid eye are detailed. Restraint techniques and usage of local anesthetics to facilitate examination are described. Common examination findings and their significance are discussed. Finally, therapeutic options for keratoconjunctivitis and uveitis are explored. A complete ocular examination of ruminants is often not performed in the field because of lack of time, lack of appropriate facilities, and/or lack of equipment. Although individual ophthalmic examinations are not frequently performed as part of a herd health program, they can be of value in select cases. Ocular manifestations of systemic diseases may assist the clinician in establishing a diagnosis on the farm and for little additional cost. For patients with a specific ocular complaint, a complete ophthalmic examination is critical. After completion of the examination and arrival at a diagnosis, one must also be cognizant of the therapeutic regimens that are appropriate for use in ruminants, particularly animals that may be used for meat or milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy M Townsend
- Comparative Ophthalmology, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, D208 Veterinary Medical Center, East Lansing, MI 48824-1314, USA.
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13
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Dias FC, Médici KC, Alexandrino B, Medeiros AS, Alfieri AA, Samara SI. Ocorrência de animais persistentemente infectados pelo vírus da diarréia viral bovina em rebanhos bovinos nos Estados de Minas Gerais e São Paulo. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2010001100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A pesquisa de animais persistentemente infectados (PI) pelo vírus da diarréia viral bovina (BVDV) foi realizada em 26 rebanhos bovinos, não vacinados contra o BVDV, localizados nos Estados de Minas Gerais e São Paulo, Brasil. Utilizando uma estratégia de amostragem, de cada rebanho foram obtidas cinco amostras de sangue de bezerros, entre 6 e 12 meses de idade, e os soros sanguíneos foram submetidos ao teste de virusneutralização (VN) para o BVDV-1 e o BVDV-2. Os rebanhos que apresentaram pelo menos três das cinco amostras reagentes a um dos genótipos do BVDV, e com títulos de anticorpos superiores a 128, foram selecionados para a pesquisa de animais PI. Em três rebanhos que apresentaram tal condição, foram colhidas amostras pareadas de sangue de todos os bovinos do rebanho, com intervalo de 30 dias entre as colheitas, e o soro sanguíneo foi submetido ao teste de VN para o BVDV-1 e o BVDV-2. Nas amostras não reagentes a pelo menos um dos genótipos do BVDV e naquelas provenientes de bovinos com menos de seis meses de idade, realizou-se a pesquisa do BVDV pela reação em cadeia da polimerase precedida pela transcrição reversa (RT-PCR). Dos rebanhos analisados, foram detectados dois animais PI a partir de amostras obtidas nas colheitas pareadas provenientes de um rebanho localizado no Estado de Minas Gerais.
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14
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Fernández-Sirera L, Mentaberre G, López-Olvera JR, Cuenca R, Lavín S, Marco I. Haematology and serum chemistry of Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica) naturally infected with a border disease virus. Res Vet Sci 2010; 90:463-7. [PMID: 20656309 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In 2005 and 2006 an outbreak of disease associated with border disease virus (BDV) infection caused high mortality in the Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica) in the Catalan Pyrenees (NE Spain). The aim of this study was to determine values for different haematological and serum biochemical analytes in 32 free-ranging Pyrenean chamois affected by the disease and to compare them with those obtained from healthy chamois. In the affected chamois red blood cell counts, haemoglobin concentrations, packed cell volumes, mean corpuscular volumes and lymphocyte counts were all lower, while the neutrophil and platelet counts were higher. Glucose, lactate, triglycerides, creatinine, total protein concentrations and alkaline phosphatase activity were also lower, in contrast to the concentrations of total bilirubin, urea and aspartate aminotransferase activity, which were higher. Most of the observed changes could be associated with cachexia and inflammation in the affected chamois. Lymphopenia could be directly related to the BDV, which would lead to immunosuppression and explain the high rate of secondary infection observed in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fernández-Sirera
- Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge, Facultat de Veterinaria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
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15
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A stochastic risk-analysis model for the spread of bovine viral diarrhea virus after introduction to naïve cow–calf herds. Prev Vet Med 2010; 95:86-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Revised: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Smith RL, Sanderson MW, Renter DG, Larson RL, White BJ. A stochastic model to assess the risk of introduction of bovine viral diarrhea virus to beef cow–calf herds. Prev Vet Med 2009; 88:101-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2008.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Revised: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Arenhart S, Silva LFD, Henzel A, Ferreira R, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Proteção fetal contra o vírus da diarréia viral bovina (BVDV) em vacas prenhes previamente imunizadas com uma vacina experimental atenuada. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2008001000004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Esse artigo relata a avaliação da resposta sorológica e proteção fetal conferida por uma vacina experimental contendo duas amostras atenuadas do vírus da diarréia viral bovina tipos 1 (BVDV-1) e 2 (BVDV-2). Vacas foram imunizadas com a vacina experimental (n=19) e juntamente com controles não-vacinadas (n=18) foram colocadas em cobertura e desafiadas, entre os dias 60 e 90 de gestação, pela inoculação intranasal de quatro amostras heterólogas de BVDV-1 e BVDV-2. A resposta sorológica foi avaliada por testes de soro-neutralização realizados a diferentes intervalos após a vacinação (dias 34, 78 e 138 pós-vacinação [pv]). A proteção fetal foi monitorada por exames ultra-sonográficos e clínicos realizados durante o restante da gestação; e pela pesquisa de vírus e anticorpos no sangue pré-colostral coletado dos fetos abortados e/ou dos bezerros recém nascidos. No dia do desafio (dia 138 pv), todas as vacas vacinadas apresentavam anticorpos neutralizantes em títulos altos contra o BVDV-1 (1.280- >10.240) e, com exceção de uma vaca (título 20), todas apresentavam títulos médios a altos contra o BVDV-2 (80-1.280). O monitoramento da gestação revelou que, dentre as 18 vacas não-vacinadas, apenas três (16,6%) pariram bezerros saudáveis e livres de vírus. As 15 restantes (83,3%) apresentaram indicativos de infecção fetal e/ou falhas reprodutivas. Sete dessas vacas (38,8%) pariram bezerros positivos para o vírus, sendo que cinco eram saudáveis e sobreviveram (27,7%); e dois apresentavam sinais de prematuridade ou fraqueza e morreram três e 15 dias após o nascimento, respectivamente. As oito vacas controle restantes (44,4%) abortaram entre o dia 30 pós-desafio e às proximidades do parto, ou deram à luz bezerros prematuros, inviáveis ou natimortos. Por outro lado, 17 de 19 (89,4%) vacas vacinadas deram à luz bezerros saudáveis e livres de vírus. Uma vaca vacinada abortou 130 dias pós-desafio, mas o produto não pôde ser examinado para a presença de vírus. Outra vaca vacinada pariu um bezerro positivo para o vírus (5,2%). Em resumo, a vacina experimental induziu títulos adequados de anticorpos na maioria dos animais; e a resposta imunológica induzida pela vacinação foi capaz de conferir proteção fetal e prevenir as perdas reprodutivas frente ao desafio com um pool de amostras heterólogas de BVDV. Assim, essa vacina experimental pode representar uma boa alternativa para a redução das perdas reprodutivas associadas com a infecção pelo BVDV.
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Montgomery DL, Van Olphen A, Van Campen H, Hansen TR. The Fetal Brain in Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus-infected Calves: Lesions, Distribution, and Cellular Heterogeneity of Viral Antigen at 190 Days Gestation. Vet Pathol 2008; 45:288-96. [DOI: 10.1354/vp.45-3-288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the brain is a target of persistent infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and have demonstrated viral tropism for neurons as well as other endogenous cell types in diverse brain areas. Apart from foci of mild residual inflammation in some postnatal calves, consistent brain lesions, per se, have not been reported. No similar comprehensive studies of the brain have been reported in bovine fetuses. In the current study, 12 BVDV-seronegative heifers were inoculated intranasally with a 2-ml 4.4 log10 TCID50/ml dose of noncytopathic type 2 BVDV at 75 and 175 days of gestation to create persistently and transiently infected fetuses, respectively. In only persistently infected fetuses, encephaloclastic lesions resulting in pseudocysts were observed in the subependymal zone in the region of the median eminence and adjacent corona radiata as well as in the region of the external capsule associated with lenticulostriate arteries. Additionally, areas of rarefaction in white matter were observed at the tips of cerebrocortical gyri and in the external capsule. The distribution of viral antigen was examined by immunohistochemical labeling using the 15C5 anti-BVDV monoclonal antibody. Viral antigen was detected only in calves inoculated at 75 days of gestation, i.e., persistently infected. The pattern of BVDV immunolabeling revealed both similarities and differences compared with previous studies in postnatal calves, suggesting that viral infection in the brain is a dynamic and progressive rather than static process.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. L. Montgomery
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
| | - A. Van Olphen
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - H. Van Campen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - T. R. Hansen
- Department and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
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Smirnova NP, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Van Campen H, Austin KJ, Han H, Montgomery DL, Shoemaker ML, van Olphen AL, Hansen TR. Acute non-cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus infection induces pronounced type I interferon response in pregnant cows and fetuses. Virus Res 2007; 132:49-58. [PMID: 18053605 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Revised: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection occurs in the cattle population worldwide. Non-cytopathic (ncp) BVDV strains cause transient infection (TI) or persistent infection (PI) depending on the host's immune status. Immunocompetent adult animals and fetuses in late gestation resolve the infection. Fetal infection in early gestation results in PI with chronic viremia and life-long viral shedding, ensuring virus perpetuation in the population. Eighteen pregnant heifers, divided into three groups, were intranasally inoculated with ncp BVDV2 virus early (day 75) and late (day 175) in gestation, or kept BVDV-naïve. Fetuses were retrieved on day 190. Antiviral activity in blood of dams and fetuses, maternal expression of interferon (IFN) stimulated gene 15kDa (ISG15), virological and serological status of heifers and fetuses, and fetal growth were studied. A pronounced antiviral activity in blood of heifers and TI fetuses during acute BVDV infection was accompanied by drastic up-regulation of ISG15 mRNA in maternal blood. Only one PI fetus expressed low IFN response 115 days post inoculation despite high BVDV antigen and RNA levels. PI fetuses presented with growth retardation. Infection of pregnant heifers with ncp BVDV2 early in gestation adversely affects fetal development and antiviral responses, despite protective immune responses in the dam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia P Smirnova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1683, USA.
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Piccinini R, Luzzago C, Frigerio M, Frigerio V, Daprà V, Liandris E, Zecconi A. Comparison of Blood Non-Specific Immune Parameters in Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) Persistently Infected and in Immune Heifers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 53:62-7. [PMID: 16626401 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.2006.00914.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Several data from different authors show that Bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) could be a key component in multiple-etiology diseases, indeed a lower leukocytes number and their impaired functions decrease the resistance to infections. However, most of the information on the impairment of immune function during BVDV infections arise from circumstantial evidence and from experimental infection studies, and few from field data. To assess the effects of BVDV on blood cells parameters, cellular and humoral functions under field conditions, we designed a controlled study in commercial dairy herds, comparing persistent infected (PI) and healthy heifers. A total of 45 heifers were considered, the PI animals were nine, the control animals were 34, while two controls were considered as acute infected animals. The comparison of the mean values in PI calves showed a significant decrease for leukocytes and granulocytes, while platelets showed a significant increase, when compared with control animals. The total number of lymphocytes decreased not significantly in PI animals, while the proportion significantly increased. The number and proportion of monocytes was significantly reduced in PI animals, when compared with controls. The data collected on markers of cellular immunity during our study cannot be compared with the literature because there are no reference values. The presence of a persistent infection affected the cellular enzymes: NAGase, lysozyme and respiratory burst showed a large statistically significant decrease in PI animals when compared with controls. The presence of a persistent infection with BVD virus influenced blood cells number and impaired some blood cell functions. Such impairment confirms that PI animals represent a threat to the herd not only because they could spread BVDV, but also because they are more susceptible to other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Piccinini
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Igiene e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Sezione di Malattie Infettive, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy
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21
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Stokstad M, Brownlie J, Collins ME. Analysis of variation of bovine viral diarrhoea virus E2 sequence following transplacental infection of cattle. Vet Microbiol 2005; 102:141-5. [PMID: 15327790 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2003] [Revised: 05/14/2004] [Accepted: 06/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The genetic and antigenic diversity observed in field isolates of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is thought to occur during acute infection because of the genetic stability observed in BVDV throughout the lifetime of persistently infected (PI) cattle. In this study, 15 cows in early pregnancy were inoculated with identical challenge doses obtained from a single infectious inoculum of the virologically cloned isolate Pe515nc. In order to examine the diversity that may develop in utero in the PI foetus, the variable E2 sequence of the virus isolated directly from the serum of each PI calf was compared. A high degree of sequence similarity was demonstrated, with 0-4 nucleotide differences out of 608 bases compared. Thus, the virus showed relatively few genomic changes in any of the PI calves, although we observed that the in utero environment did provide some opportunity for genetic variation to become established.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stokstad
- Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, P.O.Box 8146 Dep, Oslo, Norway
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22
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Lindberg A, Stokstad M, Løken T, Alenius S, Niskanen R. Indirect transmission of bovine viral diarrhoea virus at calving and during the postparturient period. Vet Rec 2004; 154:463-7. [PMID: 15119730 DOI: 10.1136/vr.154.15.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Two trials were designed to investigate whether bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) could be transmitted after the birth of persistently infected calves, even if they were removed immediately after birth. In trial 1, 11 calves were actively exposed to fetal fluids and uterine lochia collected from cows that had delivered calves persistently infected with type 1 BVDV. One calf that was exposed to a sample taken on the day of calving seroconverted. In trial 2, six calves were housed in stables where persistently infected calves were being born and then removed immediately from their dams and from the stable unit within two to three hours. One of four calves in close contact with the cows after delivery seroconverted and one of two calves housed within the same stable unit became infected.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lindberg
- Swedish Dairy Association, Research and Development, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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Walz PH, Baker JC, Mullaney TP, Maes RK. Experimental Inoculation of Pregnant Swine with Type 1 Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 51:191-3. [PMID: 15228555 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.2004.00750.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ability of bovine viral diarrhoea virus type 1 (BVDV-1) to induce transplacental infection in pigs was evaluated. Control pigs (n = 4) were sham-inoculated while infected pigs (n = 4) were intranasally inoculated with BVDV-1 on day 65 of gestation. Blood samples were tested throughout the study for BVDV and antibody to BVDV. On day 110 of gestation, a Caesarean section was performed. Serum was obtained for virus isolation and antibody determination from all piglets, and all experimental animals were killed. Tissues were collected for virus isolation and histopathology. Bovine viral diarrhoea virus was isolated on days 5 and 7 after infection and seroconversion was demonstrated in all infected gilts; however, BVDV was only isolated from one fetus from an infected pig. Viraemia and seroconversion were demonstrated in the pregnant gilts; however, transplacental infection at day 65 of gestation in the pig was not consistently demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Walz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-5606, USA.
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Abstract
Control of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection is economically important to the cattle industry because the virus causes a variety of clinical diseases that adversely affect essentially all stages of the production cycle. Production losses primarily stem from reproductive failure and from immunosuppression during acute BVDV infection, which predisposes calves to respiratory or enteric diseases. Control is achieved by implementing herd health pro-grams focused on limiting exposure by avoiding persistently infected (PI) carrier cattle and by optimizing protective immunity through immunization. Vaccination cannot be relied upon solely to protect against fetal infection and losses due to BVD. This is because no single BVDV vaccine has been shown to give complete fetal protection. In addition to strategic use of vaccines, herd management practices should also be implemented to identify and eliminate PI carrier cattle and to avoid exposure to BVDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton L Kelling
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, 124 Veterinary Diagnositc Center, Lincoln, NE 68583-0905, USA.
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Smith DR, Grotelueschen DM. Biosecurity and biocontainment of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2004; 20:131-49. [PMID: 15062479 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2003.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of cattle with BVDV results in a variety of clinical illnesses costly to the cattle industry worldwide. The reservoir and primary source of transmission is cattle born PI with BVDV after transplacental infection in early gestation. It is a challenge to determine with certainty whether or not BVDV is circulating among a herd of cattle. If the virus is present in a herd,then biocontainment strategies are used to eliminate the virus by testing to removing PI cattle, preventing exposure of pregnant cattle to the virus, and increasing resistance to infection using vaccination. If it is clear that the virus is not present in a herd then, biosecurity actions must be taken to prevent introducing the virus into the herd.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Smith
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, P.O. Box 830907, 124 VDC, Fair St. and E. Campus Loop, Lincoln, NE 68583-0907, USA.
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26
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Stokstad M, Niskanen R, Lindberg A, Thorén P, Belák S, Alenius S, Løken T. Experimental Infection of Cows with Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus in Early Pregnancy - Findings in Serum and Foetal Fluids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 50:424-9. [PMID: 14633195 DOI: 10.1046/j.0931-1793.2003.00699.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nineteen pregnant cows were experimentally infected with bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) between day 74 and 81 of pregnancy. All cows became infected and developed serum antibodies. Sixteen of the cows delivered persistently infected (PI) offspring, whereas the remaining three gave birth to calves with detectable serum antibodies and free from BVDV. The 16 cows with PI foetuses developed higher levels of antibodies in serum during pregnancy than did their three peers carrying non-PI calves. Multivariate analysis showed that the antibody levels in these two groups of cows were significantly different from day 135 of pregnancy. Foetal fluid was successfully collected from 18 of the 19 infected cows and from five uninfected control cows between 10 and 24 days before delivery by use of a percutaneous, blind puncture technique. No negative effects were observed in the cows or their offspring. BVDV was isolated and detected with an immunoperoxidase test in foetal fluid from 13 of the 16 cows carrying PI foetuses, and from 15 of the cows when a quantitative fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used. The negative sample in the PCR assay was positive for BVDV antibodies. The number of viral copies per microlitre in foetal fluids varied between 103 and 1080 in the positive samples. All samples taken from the cows carrying non-PI foetuses were negative for BVDV in both assays. In this experiment, examination of either serum or foetal fluids could identify the cows carrying a PI foetus. Examination of serum for BVDV antibodies was a reliable indicator of a PI foetus if the serum was collected during the last 2 months of pregnancy. For examination of foetal fluids, both viral and serological analyses should be performed. For viral analysis, PCR should be the test of choice. High levels of BVDV antibodies in conjunction with a negative result in the PCR may be indicative of a false-negative virus result. Further experience with the method of collection of foetal fluids is necessary for evaluation of its safety. Investigation of pregnant cows in order to discover a PI offspring before it is born could be a useful tool in control and eradication of BVDV.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/analysis
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease/diagnosis
- Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease/transmission
- Cattle
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- DNA, Viral/blood
- Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral/genetics
- Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral/immunology
- Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral/isolation & purification
- Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral/pathogenicity
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary
- Female
- Fetus/virology
- Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/veterinary
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/diagnosis
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/veterinary
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stokstad
- Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, PO Box 8146 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway.
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