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Sulik M, Antoszczak M, Huczyński A, Steverding D. Antiparasitic activity of ivermectin: Four decades of research into a "wonder drug". Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115838. [PMID: 37793327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic diseases still pose a serious threat to human and animal health, particularly for millions of people and their livelihoods in low-income countries. Therefore, research into the development of effective antiparasitic drugs remains a priority. Ivermectin, a sixteen-membered macrocyclic lactone, exhibits a broad spectrum of antiparasitic activities, which, combined with its low toxicity, has allowed the drug to be widely used in the treatment of parasitic diseases affecting humans and animals. In addition to its licensed use against river blindness and strongyloidiasis in humans, and against roundworm and arthropod infestations in animals, ivermectin is also used "off-label" to treat many other worm-related parasitic diseases, particularly in domestic animals. In addition, several experimental studies indicate that ivermectin displays also potent activity against viruses, bacteria, protozoans, trematodes, and insects. This review article summarizes the last 40 years of research on the antiparasitic effects of ivermectin, and the use of the drug in the treatment of parasitic diseases in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Sulik
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61‒614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Michał Antoszczak
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61‒614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Adam Huczyński
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61‒614, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Dietmar Steverding
- Bob Champion Research & Education Building, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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Baghdadi HB, Omer EOM, Metwally DM, Abdel-Gaber R. Prevalence of head lice ( Pediculus humanus capitis) infestation among schools workers in the Eastern Region, Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:5662-5666. [PMID: 34588877 PMCID: PMC8459046 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In a cross-sectional survey in February-May 2019, the prevalence of Pediculosis capitis with demographic data and the behavioral practices were investigated among 750 participants in the Eastern region of Saudi Arabia. Female participation was highly remarked with a percentage of 94.08% compared to that of male one about 5.91%. A deficiency of knowledge about lice infestation was noted especially among illiterate participants raised from their socio-economic levels (p-value = 0.001). Lice infestation reached higher rates in children aged less than 20 years with itching of the hair scalp. The obtained results revealed that 59.33% of the respondents believed that frequency of personal hygiene and washing of hair were the best methods for preventing the lice infestation. However, the treatment of lice infestation using anti-lice agents (p-value = 0.020) was preferred by 14.26% of participants. Although knowledge about the preventive tools for lice infestation (p-value 0.089) was not significantly associated with the experience of infestation but knowledge about the appropriate treatment to kill lice (p-value 0.020) and the wrong practices in the treatment of a head lice infestation were (p-value 0.005) significantly associated with the experience of infestation. Health programs and campaigns preventions are highly advised to increase the awareness of Pediculosis capitis with an effective strategic plan to control, manage, and prevent this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanadi B Baghdadi
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.,Basic and Applied Scientific Research Center, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eltigani O M Omer
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dina M Metwally
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Rewaida Abdel-Gaber
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Norouzi R, Jafari S, Meshkati H, Bagheri Amiri F, Siyadatpanah A. Prevalence of Pediculus capitis Infestation among Primary School Students in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran (2018 – 2019). MEDICAL LABORATORY JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.29252/mlj.15.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Fox K, Larkin K, Sanchez A. Global Trends in Genetic Markers of Pediculus humanus capitis Resistance Mechanisms. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40475-020-00204-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Heukelbach J, Wolf D, Clark JM, Dautel H, Roeschmann K. High efficacy of a dimeticone-based pediculicide following a brief application: in vitro assays and randomized controlled investigator-blinded clinical trial. BMC DERMATOLOGY 2019; 19:14. [PMID: 31647007 PMCID: PMC6806501 DOI: 10.1186/s12895-019-0094-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Increasing resistance of head lice against neurotoxic agents and safety concerns have led to the search for treatment alternatives. Dimeticones with a physical mode of action are safe, and bear a reduced risk for the development of resistance. Methods We performed in vitro bioassays to assess pediculicidal and ovicidal activities of a new dimeticone-based product, and a randomized controlled clinical trial to assess efficacy, following 10 min application. Of 153 individuals screened, 100 participants with active head louse infestations were randomly assigned to treatment with either a dimeticone-based test product, or a 0.5% permethrin-based reference product (50 participants per group). Participants received two topical applications of either the test (10 min) or reference products (45 min) at days 0 and 7 or 8. Outcome measures included the efficacies of treatment and their safety, as well as global and local tolerability at baseline, and days 1, 7, and 10. Results After 10 min exposure, all lice treated with the dimeticone test product were classified as non-viable in the in vitro assay. Ovicidal activity after treatment of eggs with the dimeticone test product was 96.8%. In the clinical trial, 96 patients completed all study visits. In the full analysis set (FAS) population, on day 1 after one application, 98% of patients were cured in the test group, as compared to 84% cured in the reference group. All participants in both groups were free of head lice on day 10, following two applications (100% cure rate). In total, 42 adverse events (AEs) in 23 patients of both treatment groups were recorded, with the majority of AEs classified as mild. Conclusions We have shown a high level of pediculicidal and ovicidal activity, and clinical efficacy and safety, of a brief application of a new dimeticone-based product. The short application time and reduced risk for the development of resistance are key drivers for improved patients’ compliance. Trial registration EU Clinical Trials Register EudraCT 2016–004635-20. Registered 14 November 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorg Heukelbach
- Department of Community Health, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Professor Costa Mendes 1608, 5. andar, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-140, Brazil.
| | - Doerte Wolf
- CardioSec Clinical Research GmbH, Dalbergsweg 21, 99084, Erfurt, Germany
| | - John Marshall Clark
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Massachusetts Pesticide Analysis Lab, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Hans Dautel
- IS Insect Services GmbH, Motzener Straße 6, 12277, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristina Roeschmann
- G. Pohl-Boskamp GmbH & Co. KG, Kieler Straße 11, 25551, Hohenlockstedt, Germany
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Abstract
The head louse is an obligate human parasite. Evidence points to the growing resistance of head lice to nonprescription pesticides (eg, synergized pyrethrins, permethrin). To gather data, recent pharmacy graduates were surveyed about treatment failures and resistant lice. The response rate was 28.4%, with 173 of 609 surveys returned. One hundred and thirty-one pharmacists provided information that they had gathered during counseling sessions or other contacts with patients. Patients who remained infested after using either synergized pyrethrins or permethrin were encountered by 81.7% and 78.6% of pharmacists, respectively; these treatment failures occurred once or twice weekly in 58.1% of pharmacists' practices. Patients treating themselves more frequently or in higher doses with pesticides in an attempt to rid themselves of lice were reported by 62.6% of pharmacists. Patients reported the use of gasoline, kerosene, or other dangerous treatments once weekly or more in the experience of 42% of pharmacists. Resistant head lice had been a problem in their areas for 1 or 2 years for 42.8% of pharmacists. A smaller percentage (5.3%) of pharmacists had received official confirmation that resistant head lice were present in their areas. Pharmacists recommended nontoxic options (eg, combing and vacuuming) 19.8% of the time with positive results. Resistance seems to be a widespread, growing phenomenon and is not entirely related to patients' inability to use pesticides correctly. Pharmacists should consider recommending nontoxic alternatives that do not pose a threat to the patient or environment and do not contribute to resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Steven Pray
- Nonprescription Products and Devices, School of Pharmacy, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Weatherford, OK
- Scientific Advisory Board, National Pediculosis Association (unpaid position), 1990 to present
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Abstract
An endeavour to delineate the salient details of the treatment of head lice infestation has been made in the present article. Treatment modalities including over the counter permethrin and pyrethrin, and prescription medicines, including malathion, lindane, benzyl alcohol, spinosad are discussed. Salient features of alternative medicine and physical treatment modalities are outlined. The problem of resistance to treatment has also been taken cognizance of.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Verma
- Department of Dermatology and STD, North DMC Medical College, Hindu Rao Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Chaitanya Namdeo
- Department of Dermatology and STD, S.S Medical College, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Feldmeier H. Treatment of pediculosis capitis: a critical appraisal of the current literature. Am J Clin Dermatol 2014; 15:401-12. [PMID: 25223568 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-014-0094-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pediculosis capitis is the most common ectoparasitic disease in children in industrialized countries and extremely common in resource-poor communities of the developing world. The extensive use of pediculicides with a neurotoxic mode of action has led to the development and spread of resistant head lice populations all over the world. This triggered the development of compounds with other modes of action. The current literature on treatment approaches of head lice infestation was searched, and published randomized controlled trials were critically analyzed. The following compounds/family of compounds were identified: spinosad, a novel compound with a new neurotoxic mode of action, isopropyl myristate, 1,2-octanediol, ivermectin, plant-based products, and dimeticones. The efficacy and safety of these compounds are reviewed and recommendations for the treatment of pediculosis capitis in individuals as well as the interruption of ongoing epidemics are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Feldmeier
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité University Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203, Berlin, Germany,
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Fancelli C, Prato M, Montagnani C, Pierattelli M, Becherucci P, Chiappini E, de Martino M, Galli L. Survey assessment on pediatricians' attitudes on head lice management. Ital J Pediatr 2013; 39:62. [PMID: 24090319 PMCID: PMC3853107 DOI: 10.1186/1824-7288-39-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pediculosis capitis is a worldwide health problem. One of the most important factor in effective head lice eradication is to ensure that infestation is adequately recognized and treated. Our survey investigated the knowledge and practice among primary care Italian pediatricians regarding to the prevention and treatment of head lice. Methods The questionnaire was distributed to all the pediatricians registered at the Annual Congress of Practice in Pediatrics held in Florence, Italy, November 11–12, 2011. It includes 10 questions in a multiple choice format, and one answer for each question was provided. The questionnaire was conceived by pediatricians at the Infectious Disease Unit of the Department of Science for the Health of Woman and Child, University of Florence. Questions were designed according to the guidelines by the Italian Pediatric Society (SIP), and international guidelines, such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). Results Overall, 364/600 pediatricians (60.7% of physicians registered to the Congress) returned the questionnaire. The majority of them (232/364; 63,7%) believe that parents consult their primary care pediatrician only after the failure of other “remedies”. Mostly, they prescribe Malathion (116/364, 31,8%) as first line treatment. Two-hundred-fourty-three (66.7%) of participants consider creams, foams and gels the most effective formulations. Two-hundred-sixty-two of pediatricians interviewed (72.0%) suggest to repeat the treatment after one week, 37/364 (10.2%) after two weeks. The majority of the pediatricians interviewed reported that recurrences occur in less than 30% of cases (279/364; 76,6%). In their own opinion, most of recurrences are the consequence of a reinfestation in the community (259/264; 77%). Three-hundred-thirty-four (91.7%) of them have never prescribed oral therapy for the treatment of head lice. Finally, 289/364 (79.4%) pediatricians believe that no product is effective for prevention. Conclusions This is the first study that investigates the clinical practice of family pediatricians about the management and treatment of head lice globally, the Italian pediatricians surveyed proved to be quite informed on the head lice management. However, even in a country where pediatric assistance is free for everybody, a considerable proportion of parents do not seek advice to their own family pediatrician. Therefore, educations of parents, other than continuous updating of pediatricians, may contribute to a better management of head lice in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Fancelli
- Department of Health Sciences, Unit of Paediatrics, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Viale Pieraccini, 24 I-50129 Florence, Italy.
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ALBashtawy M. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of parents/guardians regarding pediculosis in the Umm el-Jimal district of Jordan. J Res Nurs 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/1744987112465882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of pediculosis capitis in one district in Jordan, and to determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices of parents/guardians regarding head lice. The study was performed in Jordan’s Umm el-Jimal district from February 2010 to May 2010, and involved the surveying of 105 randomly selected households containing a total of 213 children. The households’ parents were interviewed for their knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding pediculosis, and afterward their children’s hair was checked for head lice via a 5-min visual scalp examination. Chi-square testing was used to analyse the data, with statistical significance assumed at p < 0.05. The prevalence rate of pediculosis among the 213 children was found to be 14.6%. Parental knowledge of head lice was found to be very limited; only 35.2% of the parents/guardians correctly answered 10 of the 20 questions (50%), and only 17.1% correctly answered 14 questions (70%). More than 94% of the parents reported feeling shame upon learning that their children were infested with pediculosis, and nearly 90% felt too ashamed to ask for help from a healthcare provider. Many parents used traditional/local techniques that they believed to be effective in managing pediculosis; 61% of the parents applied kerosene to the scalps of infested individuals, 39.9% used medical shampoo and 37.6% used special combs. There is a clear deficiency in Jordanian parents’ knowledge of, and practices concerning, pediculosis capitis. It is recommended that the Jordanian Ministry of Health and local health departments work together to ensure the dissemination of accurate and consistent head lice information to families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed ALBashtawy
- Chair of Community and Mental Health Department, Princess Salma Faculty of Nursing, AL al-Bayt University, Jordan
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Pediculosis capitis: new insights into epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 31:2105-10. [PMID: 22382818 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-012-1575-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Pediculosis capitis is a ubiquitous parasitic skin disease caused by Pediculus humanus capitis. Head lice are highly specialised parasites which can propagate only on human scalp and hair. Transmission occurs by direct head-to-head contact. Head lice are vectors of important bacterial pathogens. Pediculosis capitis usually occurs in small epidemics in play groups, kindergartens and schools. Population-based studies in European countries show highly diverging prevalences, ranging from 1% to 20%. The diagnosis of head lice infestation is made through the visual inspection of hair and scalp or dry/wet combing. The optimal method for the diagnosis of active head lice infestation is dry/wet combing. Topical application of a pediculicide is the most common treatment. Compounds with a neurotoxic mode of action are widely used but are becoming less effective due to resistant parasite populations. Besides, their use is restricted by safety concerns. Dimeticones, silicone oils with a low surface tension and the propensity to perfectly coat surfaces, have a purely physical mode of action. This group of compounds is highly effective and safe, and there is no risk that head lice become resistant. The control of epidemics requires active contact tracing and synchronised treatment with an effective and safe pediculicide.
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Motovali-Emami M, Aflatoonian MR, Fekri A, Yazdi M. Epidemiological aspects of Pediculosis capitis and treatment evaluation in primary-school children in Iran. Pak J Biol Sci 2008; 11:260-4. [PMID: 18817200 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2008.260.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of and epidemiological factors associated with, head lice infections in Iranian primary schools in 2006 and evaluate data on the therapeutic efficacy of lindane shampoo. A total of 40586 children (19774 boys (48.72%) and 20812 girls (51.28%)] from 198 Governmentprimary schools in Kerman, were screened for head lice between March and June 2006. The diagnosis of head lice infestation was confirmed by clinical inspection of scalp and hair for the presence of adult lice nymphal stage, or eggs (nit) by line-toothed head lice comb. All children infested with lice were treated with lindane shampoo (1% gamma benzene hexachloride). The overall prevalence of head lice infestation was 1.8%. The prevalence of infestation was significantly higher in girls (2.9%) than in boys (0.6%) (p = 0.000). The infestation rate was greater among pupils who were living in rural areas (4.6%) than in urban areas (1.5%). Of the 721 children with a positive examination result, 424 pupils (58.8%) were reported as having been infested with head lice in the previous 6 months. Mother's education level was a significant risk factor in this model (p < 0.05). At 2 weeks after the primary treatment, the success rates of treatment were 49%. Comprehensive survey in our work showed the better future of the disease and related factors. Education campaigns by health care officials, physicians and teachers are expected to be helpful for head lice control. It is essential that governments should be supported form cooperation between the school authorities and public health centers to successful control head lice infestation in primary school. Also there is an urgent need to identify safe, novel insecticides for proved efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Motovali-Emami
- Department of Vector Control, Sepahan Green-Thou Plant Pathology and Medical Entomology Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Heukelbach J, Canyon DV, Oliveira FA, Muller R, Speare R. In vitro efficacy of over-the-counter botanical pediculicides against the head louse Pediculus humanus var capitis based on a stringent standard for mortality assessment. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2008; 22:264-272. [PMID: 18816275 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2008.00738.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Infestation of the head louse Pediculus humanus var capitis DeGeer (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) is an important public health problem in Australia, with up to a third of children infested in some primary schools. Insecticide resistance and inadequate attention to the application instructions of topical pediculicides are common reasons for treatment failure. This study evaluated six popular Australian over-the-counter products against head lice, primarily comprised of different botanical extracts, and compared them with permethrin 1% (Quellada) and a non-treatment control in order to assess their in vitro efficacy. We also assessed commonly used criteria for evaluating pediculicide efficacy in vitro. All tested products failed to demonstrate high levels of efficacy with the exception of Tea Tree Gel((R)), which outperformed 1% permethrin. Permethrin had a high level of efficacy, but using stringent criteria 18% of lice were not dead at 3 h, indicating some resistance to Quellada. Commonly used less stringent criteria were shown to overestimate mortality of head lice as a result of the protective phenomenon of stasis or sham death observed in exposed lice that may recover after some time. Using two different levels of stringency resulted in different rankings of efficacy for most products, with the exception of the first ranked product, Tea Tree Gel. Rankings of efficacy also varied over time, even within the different assessment criteria. Government regulatory agencies should require standard in vitro tests using stringent mortality criteria, with an observation period of >or= 6 h, to determine the efficacy of new pediculicides, and only products that cause a minimum mortality rate (e.g. 80%) in head lice collected from the target population should be licensed for sale.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Heukelbach
- Department of Community Health, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin Ross
- Department of Environmental Health
School of Medicine
Flinders University
Adelaide 5001, South Australia
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Soleimani M, Zare S, Hanafi-Boj A, Amir-Haida M. The Epidemiological Aspect of Pediculusis in Primary School of Qeshm, South of Iran. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2007. [DOI: 10.3923/jms.2007.299.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Abdel-Ghaffar F, Semmler M. Efficacy of neem seed extract shampoo on head lice of naturally infected humans in Egypt. Parasitol Res 2006; 100:329-32. [PMID: 16900389 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-006-0264-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2006] [Accepted: 06/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sixty heavily lice-infested male and female children (4-15 years) were selected and subjected to the treatment with a neem seed extract shampoo. Twenty to thirty milliliter of the shampoo were thoroughly mixed with completely wet hair and rubbed in to reach the skin of the scalp. After 5, 10, 15 and 30 min, the shampoo was washed out and the hair basically combed. Head lice were collected and examined. The neem seed extract shampoo proved to be highly effective against all stages of head lice. No obvious differences regarding the efficacy of the shampoo were observed between an exposure time of 10, 15 or 30 min. No side effects, such as skin irritation, burning sensations, or red spots on the scalp, forehead or neck, respectively, were observed.
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Akisu C, Delibas SB, Aksoy U. Albendazole: single or combination therapy with permethrin against pediculosis capitis. Pediatr Dermatol 2006; 23:179-82. [PMID: 16650232 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1470.2006.00209.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Pediculosis capitis is a worldwide problem and a growing concern because of resistance to pediculicides. In the present study, we investigated whether albendazole could be used in the treatment of pediculosis capitis in combination with 1% permethrin or alone. A total of 150 children were randomly divided to five groups of 30 each. Group 1 got albendazole in a single dose (400 mg), group 2 got albendazole at 400 mg for 3 days, group 3 was given 1% permethrin, group 4 took 1% permethrin and albendazole in a single dose (400 mg), and group 5 got 1% permethrin and albendazole in a dose of 400 mg for 3 days. Groups given albendazole were also given another 400 mg dose of albendazole after 1 week. The success rate of treatment at the 2-week follow-up for all groups was 61.5%, 66.6%, 80.0%, 84.6%, and 82.1%, respectively. No statistically significant difference was found between the groups. The results of this study suggest that albendazole is effective against pediculosis capitis and there is no synergistic effect between albendazole and 1% permethrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciler Akisu
- Dokuz Eylul University, Medical Faculty, Department of Parasitology, Izmir, Turkey.
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Jaenson TGT, Pålsson K, Borg-Karlson AK. Evaluation of extracts and oils of tick-repellent plants from Sweden. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2005; 19:345-52. [PMID: 16336298 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2005.00578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract. Leaves of Myrica gale Linnaeus (Myricaceae), Rhododendron tomentosum (Stokes) H. Harmaja (formerly Ledum palustre Linnaeus: Ericaceae) and Artemisia absinthium Linnaeus (Asteraceae) were extracted with organic solvents of different polarities and the essential oils of leaves were obtained by steam distillation. The extracts or oils were tested in the laboratory for repellency against host-seeking nymphs of Ixodes ricinus Linnaeus (Acari: Ixodidae). Rhododendron tomentosum oil, 10%, diluted in acetone, exhibited 95% repellency; R. tomentosum and A. absinthium extracts in ethyl acetate, > 70% repellency; A. absinthium extract in hexane, approximately 62% repellency; and M. gale oil, 10%, approximately 50% repellency on I. ricinus nymphs. Compounds in the leaf extracts or in the oils were collected by solid phase microextraction (SPME) and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and/or MS. Characteristic volatiles detected from oil or extract of M. gale were the monoterpenes 1,8-cineole, alpha-terpineol, 4-terpineol and thujenol; and of R. tomentosum myrcene and palustrol. Characteristic volatiles from leaf extracts of A. absinthium were sabinene, oxygenated monoterpenes, e.g. thujenol and linalool, and geranyl acetate. Each plant species synthesized numerous volatiles known to exhibit acaricidal, insecticidal, 'pesticidal' and/or arthropod repellent properties. These plants may be useful sources of chemicals for the control of arthropods of medical, veterinary or agricultural importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G T Jaenson
- Medical Entomology Unit, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Sweden.
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Walton SF, Holt DC, Currie BJ, Kemp DJ. Scabies: New Future for a Neglected Disease. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2004; 57:309-76. [PMID: 15504541 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(04)57005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Scabies is a disease of global proportions in both human and animal populations, resulting from infestation of the skin with the "itch" mite Sarcoptes scabiei. Despite the availability of effective chemotherapy the intensely itching lesions engender significant morbidity primarily due to secondary sepsis and post-infective complications. Some patients experience an extreme form of the disease, crusted scabies, in which many hundreds of mites may infest the skin causin severe crusting and hyperkeratosis. Overcrowded living conditions and poverty have been identified as significant confounding factors in transmission of the mite in humans. Control is hindered by difficulties with diagnosis, the cost of treatment, evidence for emerging resistance and lack of effective vaccines. Historically research on scabies has been extremely limited because of the difficulty in obtaining sufficient quantities of the organism. Recent molecular approaches have enabled considerable advances in the study of population genetics and transmission dynamics of S. scabiei. However, the most exciting and promising development is the potential exploitation of newly available data from S. scabiei cDNA libraries and EST projects. Ultimately this knowledge may aid early identification of disease, novel forms of chemotherapy, vaccine development and new treatment possibilities for this important but neglected parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley F Walton
- Menzies School of Health Research, Australia and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia. Shelley@
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Sim S, Lee IY, Lee KJ, Seo JH, Im KI, Shin MH, Yong TS. A survey on head lice infestation in Korea (2001) and the therapeutic efficacy of oral trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole adding to lindane shampoo. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2003; 41:57-61. [PMID: 12666731 PMCID: PMC2717483 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2003.41.1.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Total of 7,495 children including 3,908 boys and 3,587 girls from a kindergarten and 15 primary schools were examined for head lice infestation (HLI). The overall prevalence of HLI in this study was found to be 5.8%. Head lice were much more commonly detected in girls than in boys with prevalence of 11.2% and 0.9%, respectively. Sixty-nine children with HLI were treated with 1% lindane shampoo alone (group 1), and 45 children with HLI were treated with 1% lindane shampoo and oral trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (group 2), and follow-up visits were conducted 2 and 4 weeks later. The children who still had HLI 2 weeks after the primary treatment were treated again. At the 2-week follow-up visit, the treatment success rates of groups 1 and 2 were 76.8% and 86.7%, respectively, and at the 4-week follow-up visit, the rates were 91.3% and 97.8%, respectively. No statistically significant synergistic effect was observed for the combination of a 1% lindane shampoo and oral trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seobo Sim
- Department of Parasitology and Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College ofMedicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
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22
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Bailey AM. Persistent head lice following multiple treatments. Australas J Dermatol 2002; 43:154. [PMID: 11982579 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-0960.2002.00584.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Dermatologists are the nominal experts in the management of head lice in Australia, yet many dermatologists infrequently treat patients with this condition. Most people are managed in the community by school nurses, local council health officers, pharmacists, paediatricians or general practitioners. Only a small number will present to the dermatologist and commonly these patients will have tried a variety of treatments and failed to respond. Resistance is reported to all of the currently available insecticide treatments and this makes management of this common community-acquired infestation more involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- D de Berker
- Bristol Dermatology Centre, Bristol Royal Infirmary, United Kingdom
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