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Bostanabad SY, Noyan S, Dedeoglu BG, Gurdal H. Overexpression of β-Arrestins inhibits proliferation and motility in triple negative breast cancer cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1539. [PMID: 33452359 PMCID: PMC7810837 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-80974-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Arrestins (βArrs) are intracellular signal regulating proteins. Their expression level varies in some cancers and they have a significant impact on cancer cell function. In general, the significance of βArrs in cancer research comes from studies examining GPCR signalling. Given the diversity of different GPCR signals in cancer cell regulation, contradictory results are inevitable regarding the role of βArrs. Our approach examines the direct influence of βArrs on cellular function and gene expression profiles by changing their expression levels in breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468. Reducing expression of βArr1 or βArr2 tended to increase cell proliferation and invasion whereas increasing their expression levels inhibited them. The overexpression of βArrs caused cell cycle S-phase arrest and differential expression of cell cycle genes, CDC45, BUB1, CCNB1, CCNB2, CDKN2C and reduced HER3, IGF-1R, and Snail. Regarding to the clinical relevance of our results, low expression levels of βArr1 were inversely correlated with CDC45, BUB1, CCNB1, and CCNB2 genes compared to normal tissue samples while positively correlated with poorer prognosis in breast tumours. These results indicate that βArr1 and βArr2 are significantly involved in cell cycle and anticancer signalling pathways through their influence on cell cycle genes and HER3, IGF-1R, and Snail in TNBC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Senem Noyan
- Biotechnology Institute of Ankara University, 06135, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Hakan Gurdal
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ankara, 06230, Ankara, Turkey.
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Ahmadzai MM, Broadbent D, Occhiuto C, Yang C, Das R, Subramanian H. Canonical and Noncanonical Signaling Roles of β-Arrestins in Inflammation and Immunity. Adv Immunol 2017; 136:279-313. [PMID: 28950948 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
β-Arrestins are a highly conserved family of cytosolic adaptor proteins that contribute to many immune functions by orchestrating the desensitization and internalization of cell-surface G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) via well-studied canonical interactions. In cells of the innate and adaptive immune system, β-arrestins also subserve a parallel but less understood role in which they propagate, rather than terminate, intracellular signal transduction cascades. Because β-arrestins are promiscuous in their binding, they are capable of interacting with several different GPCRs and downstream effectors; in doing so, they vastly expand the repertoire of cellular responses evoked by agonist binding and the scope of responses that may contribute to inflammation during infectious and sterile insults. In this chapter, we attempt to provide an overview of the canonical and noncanonical roles of β-arrestins in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Canchai Yang
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Rupali Das
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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Thangaraju A, Sawyer GW. Comparison of the kinetics and extent of muscarinic M1-M5 receptor internalization, recycling and downregulation in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 650:534-43. [PMID: 21044619 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We characterized agonist-induced internalization, recycling and downregulation of each muscarinic receptor subtype (M(1)-M(5)) stably expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The radioligands [(3)H]QNB and [(3)H]NMS were used to measure the total and plasma membrane populations of muscarinic receptors, respectively. Following carbachol treatment (1 mM), the rank orders for the rate of carbachol-induced internalization of the muscarinic subtypes were M(2)>M(4)=M(5)>M(3)=M(1), respectively. Unlike the M(2) receptor, M(1), M(3), M(4) and M(5) receptors recycled back to the plasma membrane after 1 h carbachol treatment. The receptor downregulation elicited to 24h carbachol treatment was similar for M(2), M(3), M(4) and M(5) receptors, whereas that for the M(1) receptor was greater. Our results indicate that there are subtype-specific differences in the rate and extent of agonist-induced muscarinic receptor internalization, recycling and downregulation in CHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunkumar Thangaraju
- Oklahoma State University, Center for Health Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, 1111 W. 17th Street, Tulsa, OK 74107-1898, USA
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Vayttaden SJ, Friedman J, Tran TM, Rich TC, Dessauer CW, Clark RB. Quantitative modeling of GRK-mediated beta2AR regulation. PLoS Comput Biol 2010; 6:e1000647. [PMID: 20098494 PMCID: PMC2798957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a unified model of the GRK-mediated β2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR) regulation that simultaneously accounts for six different biochemical measurements of the system obtained over a wide range of agonist concentrations. Using a single deterministic model we accounted for (1) GRK phosphorylation in response to various full and partial agonists; (2) dephosphorylation of the GRK site on the β2AR; (3) β2AR internalization; (4) recycling of the β2AR post isoproterenol treatment; (5) β2AR desensitization; and (6) β2AR resensitization. Simulations of our model show that plasma membrane dephosphorylation and recycling of the phosphorylated receptor are necessary to adequately account for the measured dephosphorylation kinetics. We further used the model to predict the consequences of (1) modifying rates such as GRK phosphorylation of the receptor, arrestin binding and dissociation from the receptor, and receptor dephosphorylation that should reflect effects of knockdowns and overexpressions of these components; and (2) varying concentration and frequency of agonist stimulation “seen” by the β2AR to better mimic hormonal, neurophysiological and pharmacological stimulations of the β2AR. Exploring the consequences of rapid pulsatile agonist stimulation, we found that although resensitization was rapid, the β2AR system retained the memory of the previous stimuli and desensitized faster and much more strongly in response to subsequent stimuli. The latent memory that we predict is due to slower membrane dephosphorylation, which allows for progressive accumulation of phosphorylated receptor on the surface. This primes the receptor for faster arrestin binding on subsequent agonist activation leading to a greater extent of desensitization. In summary, the model is unique in accounting for the behavior of the β2AR system across multiple types of biochemical measurements using a single set of experimentally constrained parameters. It also provides insight into how the signaling machinery can retain memory of prior stimulation long after near complete resensitization has been achieved. The β2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR) is involved in regulating many cellular processes such as smooth muscle relaxation in the airways and the vasculature. Drugs that activate the β2AR are used in treating asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), and prolonged use of these drugs leads to the loss of their effects. Thus, a dynamic model of how the β2AR responds to different drugs is fundamental to their rational use. In this study a consensus model of G protein coupled receptor kinase (GRK)-mediated receptor regulation was formulated based on quantitative measures of six processes involved in β2AR regulation. This model was then used to simulate the consequences of manipulating key rates associated with the GRK-mediated β2AR regulation, leading to predictions which will provide a useful framework for further tests and elaborations of the model in basic and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharat J Vayttaden
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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Ascano M, Robinson PR. Differential phosphorylation of the rhodopsin cytoplasmic tail mediates the binding of arrestin and its splice variant, p44. Biochemistry 2006; 45:2398-407. [PMID: 16475829 DOI: 10.1021/bi052021h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Deactivation of the vertebrate photopigment rhodopsin is achieved through a two-step process. Rhodopsin is first phosphorylated by rhodopsin kinase and subsequently deactivated by the binding of the regulatory protein arrestin or its splice variant, p44. Although much is known about the overall differences between arrestin and p44 binding to different rhodopsin species (photolyzed versus unphotolyzed and/or phosphorylated versus unphosphorylated), the exact role of p44 during phototransduction remains to be fully elucidated. Our current study addresses this question by identifying structural differences between arrestin and p44 and characterizing the interaction between the negatively charged rhodopsin tail and either p44 or arrestin. Our results demonstrate that arrestin and p44 bind differently to different phosphorylated rhodopsin species and that this may be due to a structural difference between p44's and arrestin's basal states. This difference offers a potential regulatory mechanism that could regulate p44 and arrestin binding and, as a result, regulate the kinetics of the rod's light response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ascano
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
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Komori N, Neal J, Cain SD, Logan J, Wirsig C, Miller KE. Presence of β-arrestin-1 immunoreactivity in the cutaneous nerve fibers of rat glabrous skin. Brain Res 2003; 988:121-9. [PMID: 14519533 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(03)03356-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
beta-Arrestin-1 (betaArr1) plays a major role in the desensitization and internalization of G protein-coupled receptors. We previously localized betaArr1 in the sensory neurons of rat lumbar 4 and 5 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and reported the predominant presence of betaArr1 in the small-diameter DRG neurons that are often implicated with nociception. Because of betaArr1's crucial role in regulating the initiation of cellular signaling, in the current study we evaluated the distribution of betaArr1 in the peripheral sensory terminals where various receptors are present. Western blotting confirmed the presence of betaArr1 immunoreactivity in the rat skin. Sciatic nerve ligation demonstrated that betaArr1 is transported peripherally from the DRG, and immunohistochemistry showed betaArr1 immunoreactivity in the glabrous skin of the rat hindpaw. In the glabrous skin, strong betaArr1 immunoreactivity was detected in nerve fibers in the dermal nerve plexus and dermal papillae. Fine varicose immunoreactive fibers were found in the epidermis. In addition, betaArr1 was observed in specialized sensory receptors such as Meissner corpuscles. Our observations thus indicate that betaArr1 may be involved in modulation of specific tactile stimulation from the skin in addition to nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoka Komori
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, P.O. Box 26901, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA.
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Abstract
beta-arrestins play significant roles in agonist-mediated desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors. Although the presence of beta-arrestin subtypes, beta-arrestin-1 and(- 2) in rat brain has been studied extensively, their existence in the spinal cord has not been described. In the current study, we performed immunohistochemical analyses of beta-arrestins at both light and electron microscopic levels using rat lumbar 1-2 spinal cord segments. Intense immunoreactivity for beta-arrestin-1 was found in the motoneurons in lamina IX of the ventral horn and elongated cells in the dorsal nucleus of Clarke. Modest immunoreactivity was detected among the neurons of laminae V and VII/VIII, and weaker immunoreactivity in laminae III, IV, and X. beta-arrestin-2 immunoreactivity was also distributed through laminae III-X in the order of IX > dorsal nucleus of Clarke > V > VII/VIII > IV > III > X. Laminae I and II did not show immunoreactivity. At the electron microscopic level, both beta-arrestin-immunoreactive and nonimmunoreactive dendrites were observed, whereas axons and terminal boutons were devoid of immunoreactivity. In immunoreactive dendrites most beta-arrestin immunoreactivity was distributed throughout the cytoplasm, demonstrating their association with microtubules. In addition, strong immunoreactivity was often found at postsynaptic densities. Our results thus suggest beta-arrestins' possible involvement in both motor and sensory mechanisms at the postsynaptic level in rat lumbar spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kittel
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, The Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
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Komori N, Matsumoto H, Cain SD, Kahn ES, Chung K. Predominant presence of beta-arrestin-1 in small sensory neurons of rat dorsal root ganglia. Neuroscience 1999; 93:1421-6. [PMID: 10501467 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(99)00277-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western immunoblot analyses were performed to demonstrate the presence of beta-arrestin-1 in rat dorsal root ganglion. beta-Arrestin-1 existed as two alternatively spliced variants, although predominantly in its untruncated form. Several factors affected the visualization of the truncated version on a sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel; however, the isoform was clearly detected on a two-dimensional gel. We further localized beta-arrestin-1 immunoreactivity in the sensory neurons of the 5th lumbar dorsal root ganglia. Beta-arrestin-1-immunoreactive neurons accounted for approximately 60% of the sensory neurons, and approximately 88% of the beta-Arrestin-1 immunoreactive neurons fell into a category of small neurons having a diameter of 10-30 microm. Members of the arrestin superfamily play crucial roles in the desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors. Our data demonstrating the presence of beta-arrestin-1 in the rat dorsal root ganglion at both messenger RNA and protein levels support the idea that beta-arrestin- participates in receptor desensitization in the sensory neurons. Furthermore, because small-size neurons of dorsal root ganglion are often implicated in nociception, the predominant presence of beta-arrestin-1 immunoreactivity in small-size sensory neurons suggests that beta-arrestin-1 may have a role modulating nociceptive signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Komori
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City 73190, USA
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