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Costa A, Marinelli A, Rauhe W, Martignani C, Ignatiuk B, Sabbatani P, Nangah R, Basso F, Molon G. Voltage mapping of Koch’s triangle in atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia ablation. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2022:10.1007/s10840-022-01432-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s10840-022-01432-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Matsumoto K, Tobiume T, Matsuura T, Ise T, Kusunose K, Yamaguchi K, Yagi S, Fukuda D, Wakatsuki T, Yamada H, Soeki T, Sata M. Evaluation of the input site and characteristics of the antegrade fast pathway based on three-dimensional bi-atrial stimulus-ventricle mapping. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2021; 63:417-424. [PMID: 34231099 PMCID: PMC8983517 DOI: 10.1007/s10840-021-01026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Previous studies examined the right atrial (RA) input site of the antegrade fast pathway (AFp) (AFpI). However, the left atrial (LA) input to the atrioventricular (AV) node has not been extensively evaluated. In this study, we created three-dimensional (3-D) bi-atrial stimulus-ventricle (St-V) maps and analyzed the input site and characteristics of the AFp in both the RA and LA. Methods Forty-four patients diagnosed with atrial fibrillation or WPW syndrome were included in this study. Three-dimensional bi-atrial St-V mapping was performed using an electroanatomical mapping system. Sites exhibiting the minimal St-V interval (MinSt-V) were defined as AFpIs and were classified into seven segments, four in the RA (F, S, M, and I) and three in the LA (M1, M2, and M3). By combining the MinSt-V in the RA and LA, the AFpIs were classified into three types: RA, LA, and bi-atrial (BA) types. The clinical and electrophysiological characteristics were compared. Results AFpIs were most frequently observed at site S in the RA (34%) and M2 in the LA (50%), and the BA type was the most common (57%). AFpIs in the LA were recognized in 75% of the patients. There were no clinical or electrophysiological indicators for predicting AFpI sites. Conclusions Three-dimensional bi-atrial St-V maps could classify AFpIs in both the RA and LA. AFpIs in the LA were frequently recognized. There were no significant clinical or electrophysiological indicators for predicting AFpI sites, and 3-D bi-atrial St-V mapping was the only method to reveal the precise AFp input site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Matsumoto
- Department of Cardiology, Tokushima University Hospital, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, 770-8501, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Tobiume
- Department of Cardiology, Tokushima University Hospital, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, 770-8501, Japan
| | - Tomomi Matsuura
- Department of Cardiology, Tokushima University Hospital, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, 770-8501, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ise
- Department of Cardiology, Tokushima University Hospital, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, 770-8501, Japan
| | - Kenya Kusunose
- Department of Cardiology, Tokushima University Hospital, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, 770-8501, Japan
| | - Koji Yamaguchi
- Department of Cardiology, Tokushima University Hospital, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, 770-8501, Japan
| | - Shusuke Yagi
- Department of Cardiology, Tokushima University Hospital, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, 770-8501, Japan
| | - Daijyu Fukuda
- Department of Cardiology, Tokushima University Hospital, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, 770-8501, Japan
| | - Tetsuzo Wakatsuki
- Department of Cardiology, Tokushima University Hospital, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, 770-8501, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Yamada
- Department of Cardiology, Tokushima University Hospital, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, 770-8501, Japan
| | - Takeshi Soeki
- Department of Cardiology, Tokushima University Hospital, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, 770-8501, Japan
| | - Masataka Sata
- Department of Cardiology, Tokushima University Hospital, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, 770-8501, Japan
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Xu MX, Liu JM, He YM, Yang XJ, Li YG, Liu C, Zhao X, Wei C, Wang HP, Zhu JF. Coronary artery anatomy in peri-crux cordis area on computed coronary tomography angiography. J Thorac Dis 2019; 11:848-856. [PMID: 31019773 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2019.02.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background The peri-crux area is an anatomical structure of the heart. Unfortunately, important information on this area mainly derives from autopsy heart with a small, under-representative sample size, resulting in limited clinical applications. Furthermore, little has been done to standardize the definition of the peri-crux area on coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) images or to investigate coronary artery anatomy wherein potential values are attracting experienced inventional cardiologists in terms of the revascularization strategies. The current study aimed to identify the peri-crux cordis area and to observe coronary artery anatomical distributions in this area on CCTA. Methods A total of 1,006 consecutive patients undergoing CCTA exams were enrolled. We delineated the peri-crux cordis area based on the posterior interatrial sulcus, posterior interventricular sulcus (PIS), left and right posterior atrioventricular groove on the diaphragmatic surface of the heart. Then we observed the coronary artery distributions in the peri-crux cordis area in different sexes. Results We have defined the peri-crux cordis area according to the anatomical landmarks on the diaphragmatic surface of the heart on CCTA images. We have observed 8 coronary artery distributions in the peri-crux cordis area. Right dominance has 4 types (types 1-4); left, 1 type (type 0) and balanced, 3 types (types 5-7). Out of the 1,006 cases, the type 1 is commonest with 834 cases (82.9%). There are no statistically significant differences in terms of coronary dominances and coronary artery distributions in the peri-crux cordis area between sexes (P>0.05). Conclusions We have defined the peri-crux cordis area utilizing the anatomical landmarks of the heart on CCTA images, where 8 types of coronary artery distributions have been identified. The current study may provide interventional cardiologists with useful information on recognition of coronary artery dominance, use of collateral channels for revascularization of chronic total occluded lesions, and evaluation of prognosis in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xing Xu
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.,The Third Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University/First People's Hospital of Hefei City, Hefei 230061, China
| | - Jin-Mei Liu
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Yong-Ming He
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xiang-Jun Yang
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Yong-Gang Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Chao Wei
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Hai-Peng Wang
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jing-Fen Zhu
- The Third Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University/First People's Hospital of Hefei City, Hefei 230061, China
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Saremi F, Hassani C, Sánchez-Quintana D. Septal Atrioventricular Junction Region: Comprehensive Imaging in Adults. Radiographics 2016; 36:1966-1986. [DOI: 10.1148/rg.2016160010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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SUZUKI ATSUSHI, YOSHIDA AKIHIRO, TAKEI ASUMI, FUKUZAWA KOJI, KIUCHI KUNIHIKO, TANAKA SATOKO, ITOH MITSUAKI, IMAMURA KIMITAKE, FUJIWARA RYUDO, NAKANISHI TOMOYUKI, YAMASHITA SOICHIRO, MATSUMOTO AKINORI, KONISHI HIROKI, ICHIBORI HIROTOSHI, HIRATA KENICHI. Visualization of the Antegrade Fast and Slow Pathway Inputs in Patients with Slow-Fast Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia. PACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY: PACE 2014; 37:874-83. [DOI: 10.1111/pace.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- ATSUSHI SUZUKI
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - AKIHIRO YOSHIDA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
- Section of Arrhythmia; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Chuo-ku Kobe Japan
| | - ASUMI TAKEI
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - KOJI FUKUZAWA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
- Section of Arrhythmia; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Chuo-ku Kobe Japan
| | - KUNIHIKO KIUCHI
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - SATOKO TANAKA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - MITSUAKI ITOH
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - KIMITAKE IMAMURA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - RYUDO FUJIWARA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - TOMOYUKI NAKANISHI
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - SOICHIRO YAMASHITA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - AKINORI MATSUMOTO
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - HIROKI KONISHI
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - HIROTOSHI ICHIBORI
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - KEN-ICHI HIRATA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
- Section of Arrhythmia; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Chuo-ku Kobe Japan
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Von Bergen NH, Law IH. AV nodal reentrant tachycardia in children: Current approaches to management. PROGRESS IN PEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ppedcard.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Tanaka S, Yoshida A, Fukuzawa K, Takei A, Kanda G, Takami K, Kumagai H, Takami M, Itoh M, Imamura K, Fujiwara R, Hirata KI. Recognition of inferiorly dislocated fast pathways guided by three-dimensional electro-anatomical mapping. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2011; 32:95-103. [DOI: 10.1007/s10840-011-9595-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Stühlinger MC, Etsadashvili K, Stühlinger X, Strasak A, Berger T, Dichtl W, Roithinger FX, Pachinger O, Hintringer F. Duration of the A(H)–A(Md) interval predicts occurrence of AV-block after radiofrequency ablation of the slow pathway. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2011; 31:207-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s10840-011-9578-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fisher JD. AVNRT ablation: aiming for 100/0, and for comfort! PACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY: PACE 2010; 34:1. [PMID: 20961313 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2010.02916.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Atrioventricular node anatomy and physiology: implications for ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Curr Opin Cardiol 2009; 24:105-12. [DOI: 10.1097/hco.0b013e328323d83f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tanaka Y, Yamabe H, Morihisa K, Uemura T, Kawano H, Nagayoshi Y, Kojima S, Ogawa H. Incidence and Mechanism of Dislocated Fast Pathway in Various Forms of Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia. Circ J 2007; 71:1099-106. [PMID: 17587718 DOI: 10.1253/circj.71.1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence and mechanism of the dislocated antegrade fast pathway (A-FP) were examined in various forms of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT). METHODS AND RESULTS To localize the A-FP, 5 atrial sites comprising the inferior coronary sinus ostium (CSOS), apex of the triangle of Koch (A-TOK), and 3 equidistant sites on the atrioventricular junction extending from A-TOK to CSOS (site S, M, and I) were pace mapped at 100 beats/min in 71 patients with slow-fast (n=49), fast-slow (n=7) and slow-intermediate (n=15) forms of AVNRT. The site with the shortest interval between the stimulus and His potential recorded at the A-TOK (shortest St-H) was defined as the A-FP site. The A-FP was located at A-TOK in 31 patients (nondislocated group), and inferior to A-TOK in 40 patients (site S in 26, M in 13, and I in one patient; dislocated group). There was no significant difference in the location of the A-FP among the 3 forms of AVNRT. Although the shortest St-H did not differ between groups, the St-H at A-TOK in the dislocated group was significantly longer than that in the nondislocated group. Additionally, the His potential preceding that of the A-TOK was observed more frequently inferior to the A-TOK in the dislocated group than in the nondislocated group, suggesting that the A-FP dislocation was accompanied by displacement of the His bundle. CONCLUSIONS Dislocated A-FP was frequently and uniformly observed among various forms of AVNRT, and is probably caused by inferior displacement of the entire atrioventricular node - His bundle apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Tanaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Katritsis DG, Ellenbogen KA, Becker AE. Atrial activation during atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia: Studies on retrograde fast pathway conduction. Heart Rhythm 2006; 3:993-1000. [PMID: 16945788 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2006.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Accepted: 05/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detailed right and left septal mapping of retrograde atrial activation during typical atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) has not been undertaken and may provide insight into the complex physiology of AVNRT, especially the anatomic localization of the fast and slow pathways. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate the pattern of retrograde atrial activation during typical AVNRT by means of right-sided and left-sided septal mapping and implementation of pacing maneuvers for separating atrial and ventricular electrograms recorded during tachycardia. METHODS Twenty-two patients with slow-fast AVNRT were studied by means of simultaneous His-bundle recordings from the right and left sides of the septum. Patterns of retrograde atrial activation were recorded during tachycardia following specific pacing maneuvers and during right ventricular apical (RVA) pacing at the tachycardia cycle length. RESULTS The pattern of retrograde atrial activation could be mapped in 17 of 22 patients during AVNRT. In 9 (53%) patients, the earliest retrograde atrial activation was recorded on the left side of the septum, in 3 (17%) patients on the right side, and in 5 (29%) patients both right and left atrial septal electrograms occurred simultaneously. Stimulus to atrial electrogram times recorded during RVA pacing in 14 patients were 138.5 ms from the right His bundle, 134.5 ms from the left His bundle, and 148.0 ms from the ostium of the coronary sinus (P <.001). The predominant site of earliest retrograde atrial activation during RVA pacing was the left side of the septum (10 patients [71%]). Only 8 (57%) of 14 patients demonstrated concordance in the pattern of retrograde atrial activation during AVNRT and RVA pacing. CONCLUSION Earliest retrograde atrial activation during AVNRT is most often recorded on the left side of the septum. Breakthrough of atrial activation may be discordant from that observed during RVA pacing.
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Kimman GP, Jordaens LJ. Transvenous radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia and its pitfalls: A rationale for cryoablation? Int J Cardiol 2006; 108:6-11. [PMID: 16455147 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2005] [Revised: 04/17/2005] [Accepted: 05/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Today, radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is accompanied by a high success, a low recurrence, and a low complication rate. Despite the fact that over the years this technique has been refined, several shortcomings still remain. In this overview, the most important pitfalls in the treatment of AVNRT with RF energy are discussed. Cryotherapy has the ability to overcome some of them. Both ice mapping and cryo-adherence are important characteristics of this energy source to study prospective ablation sites before a definitive and irreversible lesion is created. Theoretically, this could lead to less applications with less tissue damage and abolish the risk for permanent conduction disturbances. The early experience with this technique will be described. Until now, it still has to be proven that in a large cohort of patients, cryotherapy is at least as effective, and safer than RF.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Kimman
- Department of Cardiology, Medical Centre Alkmaar, Wilhelminalaan 12, 1815 JD Alkmaar, The Netherlands.
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Katritsis DG, Camm AJ. Classification and differential diagnosis of atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 8:29-36. [PMID: 16627405 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euj010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence on atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia has identified several types of this common arrhythmia, with potential therapeutic implications. This article reviews the relevant new information, discusses the differential diagnosis of atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia, and summarizes the electrophysiological criteria for classification of the various forms of the arrhythmia.
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Delise P, Sitta N, Bonso A, Coro' L, Fantinel M, Mantovan R, Sciarra L, Zoppo F, Verlato R, Marras E, D'Este D. Pace mapping of Koch's triangle reduces risk of atrioventricular block during ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2005; 16:30-5. [PMID: 15673383 DOI: 10.1046/j.1540-8167.2005.04054.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Slow pathway (SP) ablation of AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) can be complicated by second- to third-degree AV block. We assessed the usefulness of pace mapping of Koch's triangle in preventing this complication. METHODS AND RESULTS Nine hundred nine consecutive patients undergoing radiofrequency ablation of AVNRT were analyzed. Group 1 (n=487) underwent conventional slow pathway ablation. Group 2 (n=422) underwent ablation guided by pace mapping of Koch's triangle, which located the anterogradely conducting fast pathway (AFP) based on the shortest St-H interval obtained by stimulating the anteroseptal, midseptal, and posteroseptal aspects of Koch's triangle. In group 2, AFP was anteroseptal in 384 (91%), midseptal in 33 (7.8%), and posteroseptal or absent in 5 (1.2%). In 32 of 33 patients with midseptal AFP, slow pathway ablation was performed strictly in the posteroseptal area. In 4 of 5 patients with posteroseptal or no AFP, retrograde fast pathway was ablated. Two patients refused ablation. Persistent second- to third-degree AV block was induced in 7 (1.4%) of 487 group 1 patients versus 0 (0%) of 422 group 2 patients (P=0.038). Ablation was successful in all patients in whom ablation was performed. CONCLUSION Pace mapping of Koch's triangle identifies patients in whom the AFP is absent or is abnormally close to the slow pathway. In these cases, guiding ablation helps to avoid AV block.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Delise
- Operative Unit of Cardiology, Hospitals of Conegliano, Italy.
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Kanter RJ. Pace mapping the fast pathway in patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia: Koch's triangle or the Bermuda Triangle? J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2005; 16:36-8. [PMID: 15673384 DOI: 10.1046/j.1540-8167.2005.04753.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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