1
|
Lauder GR, Thomas M, von Ungern-Sternberg BS, Engelhardt T. Volatiles or TIVA: Which is the standard of care for pediatric airway procedures? A pro-con discussion. Paediatr Anaesth 2020; 30:209-220. [PMID: 31886922 DOI: 10.1111/pan.13809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Anesthesia for pediatric airway procedures constitutes a true art form that requires training and experience. Communication between anesthetist and surgeon to establish procedure goals is essential in determining the most appropriate anesthetic management. But does the mode of anesthesia have an impact? Traditionally, inhalational anesthesia was the most common anesthesia technique used during airway surgery. Introduction of agents used for total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) such as propofol, short-acting opioids, midazolam, and dexmedetomidine has driven change in practice. Ongoing debates abound as to the advantages and disadvantages of volatile-based anesthesia versus TIVA. This pro-con discussion examines both volatiles and TIVA, from the perspective of effectiveness, safety, cost, and environmental impact, in an endeavor to justify which technique is the best specifically for pediatric airway procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gillian R Lauder
- Department of Anesthesia, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Mark Thomas
- Department of Anaesthesia, Great Ormond St Hospital, London, UK
| | - Britta S von Ungern-Sternberg
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Australia.,Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Thomas Engelhardt
- Department of Anesthesia, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kang P, Jang YE, Kim EH, Lee JH, Kim JT, Kim HS. Safety and efficacy of propofol anesthesia for pediatric target-controlled infusion in children below 3 years of age: a retrospective observational study. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2018; 17:983-989. [PMID: 30221553 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2018.1524460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the requirement of propofol in children is increasing, propofol for induction and maintenance of anesthesia below 3 years old has not been approved in Korea. This study can provide a clinical evidence to increase the range of approval. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We reviewed the medical records of patients below 3 years of age who underwent surgery between September 2013 and December 2016. Safety was evaluated on the basis of vital signs, and laboratory findings and efficacy were evaluated on the basis of the bispectral index (BIS). Adverse events were examined. RESULTS A total of 109 patients anesthetized with propofol (propofol group) were compared with 109 patients with volatile anesthetics (volatile group) after propensity score matching. There was a difference in the proportion of patients showing decreased systolic pressure (P < 0.001) and heart rate (P = 0.03), but there was no difference in diastolic pressure (P = 0.238), mean arterial pressure (P = 0.175) during surgery. After surgery, there was no difference in all vital signs and the proportion patients who experienced adverse events of two groups. CONCLUSIONS Propofol anesthesia by target-controlled infusion was effective and didn't show serious propofol-related perioperative adverse events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pyoyoon Kang
- a Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine , Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Eun Jang
- a Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine , Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Kim
- a Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine , Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Lee
- a Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine , Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Tae Kim
- a Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine , Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul , Republic of Korea.,b Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine , Seoul National University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Soo Kim
- a Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine , Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul , Republic of Korea.,b Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine , Seoul National University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lauder GR. Total intravenous anesthesia will supercede inhalational anesthesia in pediatric anesthetic practice. Paediatr Anaesth 2015; 25:52-64. [PMID: 25312700 DOI: 10.1111/pan.12553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inhalational anesthesia has dominated the practice of pediatric anesthesia. However, as the introduction of agents such as propofol, short-acting opioids, midazolam, and dexmedetomidine a monumental change has occurred. With increasing use, the overwhelming advantages of total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) have emerged and driven change in practice. These advantages, outlined in this review, will justify why TIVA will supercede inhalational anesthesia in future pediatric anesthetic practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gillian R Lauder
- Department of Pediatric Anesthesia, British Columbia's Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bhukal I, Thimmarayan G, Bala I, Solanki SL, Samra T. Comparison of serum triglyceride levels with propofol in long chain triglyceride and propofol in medium and long chain triglyceride after short term anesthesia in pediatric patients. Saudi J Anaesth 2014; 8:S53-6. [PMID: 25538522 PMCID: PMC4268529 DOI: 10.4103/1658-354x.144076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Significant increase in serum triglyceride (ST) concentration have been described in adult population after prolonged administration of propofol formulation containing long chain triglyceride (LCT). Though, medium chain triglyceride-LCT (MCT-LCT) propofol when compared with LCT propofol for long-term sedation in adults resulted in identical triglyceride levels, the elimination of triglyceride was faster in patients administered MCT-LCT propofol. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 40 children were randomized into two groups of 20 each; Group I were induced with 1% LCT propofol (3 mg/kg) and Group II with 1% medium and LCT propofol and maintained with descalating dose of 20.15 and 10 mg/kg/h at 10 min intervals. Blood samples for ST concentration were obtained before induction of anesthesia, at the end of propofol infusion and 4 h after terminating propofol infusion. RESULTS ST levels were raised significantly above the basal values in both the groups but the rise was significantly higher in Group I (P < 0.05). Four hours after stopping propofol infusion the triglyceride levels were similar to the basal values in Group II, whereas in Group I the values were significantly greater than the baseline (P < 0.05) as well as those of Group II (P < 0.05). No clinically significant adverse effect of hypertriglyceridemia was observed. CONCLUSION Even short term anesthesia with LCT and MCT-LCT propofol (1%) leads to elevated ST levels. The increase in ST levels is less with MCT-LCT propofol and elimination of triglyceride is also rapid after terminating MCT-LCT propofol infusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ishwar Bhukal
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Post graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gokul Thimmarayan
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Post graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Indu Bala
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Post graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sohan Lal Solanki
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
- Address for correspondence: Dr. Sohan Lal Solanki, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain, Tata Memorial Hospital, Dr. E. Borges Road, Parel, Mumbai - 400 012, Maharashtra, India. E-mail:
| | - Tanvir Samra
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Post graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Paço CD, Vane MF, Andrade RBD, Domingues MA, Carvalho LRD, dos Santos DC, Takahira RK, Modolo NSP, Vane LA. Effects of propofol in lipid-based emulsion and in microemulsion on the incidence of endothelial lesion in rabbits. Acta Cir Bras 2013; 28:833-41. [PMID: 24316856 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502013001200005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the incidence of endothelial injury after single-dose or continuous propofol infusion in conventional lipid-based emulsion (LE) versus microemulsion (ME). METHODS Forty-two rabbits (2.5-4.5 Kg) were randomly allocated into seven groups of six animals each: SHAM- surgical treatment alone; Bolus Control Group - 3 mL-intravenous (IV) bolus of saline; Continuous Infusion Control Group - 3 mL- IV bolus of saline followed by a continuous infusion of 0.2 ml/kg/min for 60 min; Bolus LE Propofol Group - IV bolus of LE propofol (3 mg/kg); Bolus ME Propofol Group - IV ME propofol bolus (3 mg/kg); Continuous LE Propofol Group - IV LE propofol bolus (3 mg/kg) followed by a continuous infusion of 0.2 ml/kg/min for 60 min; Continuous ME Propofol Group - IV ME propofol bolus (3 mg/kg) followed by a continuous infusion of 0.2 ml/kg/min for 60 min. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences between the studied groups in blood pressure, in central venous pressure and in the biochemical profile. No significant differences were found in inflammatory mediators and in tissue analysis between the two emulsions. CONCLUSION Microemulsion and lipid-based emulsion propofol had similar inflammatory, biochemical and microscopy profiles. Thus, microemulsion propofol can be used as an alternative to lipid-based emulsion propofol.
Collapse
|
6
|
[Bupivacaine toxicity and propofol anesthesia : animal study on intravascular bupivacaine injection]. Anaesthesist 2011; 60:814-8. [PMID: 21725675 DOI: 10.1007/s00101-011-1898-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several reports have confirmed the efficacy of Intralipid® (containing soya bean oil, egg phospholipids, glycerin and water) in the therapy of systemic local anesthetic intoxication. Pretreatment with Intralipid® shifted the dose-response to bupivacaine-induced asystole in rats. Whether intravenous anesthesia with propofol in the widely used medium chain triglyceride lipid emulsion increases the therapeutic range of systemically administered bupivacaine or not is unknown and was investigated in this study. METHODS A total of 30 piglets aged 2-6 weeks and weighing 4.5-6.5 kg were randomized into 2 groups and anesthetized with sevoflurane (group S) alone or with propofol 10 mg/kg body weight (BW)/h plus sevoflurane (group PS). After 60 min of steady state anesthesia arterial blood was sampled for assessment of blood gases, acid-base state and triglyceride plasma concentrations. Thereafter bupivacaine 0.125% was continuously infused by an infusion syringe pump through a central venous line at a rate of 4 mg/kg BW/min until invasively measured mean arterial pressure (MAP) was reduced by 50% of initial value. The bupivacaine infusion was stopped, blood for assessment of bupivacaine plasma concentration was drawn and the spontaneous hemodynamic course was observed. Resuscitation was not attempted. Results are presented as median and range. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used to assess differences between the two groups for triglyceride as well as for bupivacaine plasma concentrations measured at MAP 50%. A p-value≤0.05 was considered to be significant. RESULTS Baseline conditions (arterial blood pH, plasma protein and triglyceride plasma concentrations) did not differ significantly between the two groups. After 1 h of anesthesia, triglyceride plasma concentrations were significantly increased in group PS (median 0.69 mmol/l) compared to the corresponding baseline values (median 0.14 mmol/l; p<0.001) and to the 1 h values of group S (median 0.16 mmol/l; p<0.001). The total amount of bupivacaine administered was 9 mg/kg BW in both groups (6-13 mg/kg BW in group S, 5-13 mg/kg BW in group PS). Resulting bupivacaine plasma concentrations were 180 μmol/l (83-686 μmol/l) in group S and 185 μmol/l (130-465 μmol/l) in group PS. However, the total amount of bupivacaine administered and bupivacaine plasma concentrations at MAP 50% did not reveal statistically significant differences between the two groups but a huge variability of both parameters within each group was observed. None of the 30 piglets spontaneously recovered and they died from pulseless electrical activity or from asystolic cardiac arrest. The time from MAP 50% until cardiac arrest demonstrated a large variability but did not reveal significant differences between the two groups. The time to cardiac arrest was similar in both groups. CONCLUSION Medium/long chain triglyceride lipid emulsion (50:50) as widely used in propofol solutions did not increase therapeutic safety in cases of intravascular bupivacaine administration in this piglet model.
Collapse
|
7
|
Le syndrome de perfusion du propofol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 29:377-86. [PMID: 20399595 DOI: 10.1016/j.annfar.2010.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
8
|
Türe H, Mercan A, Koner O, Aykac B, Türe U. The Effects of Propofol Infusion on Hepatic and Pancreatic Function and Acid-Base Status in Children Undergoing Craniotomy and Receiving Phenytoin. Anesth Analg 2009; 109:366-71. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3181a89641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
9
|
Stewart's physicochemical approach in neurosurgical patients with hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis during propofol anesthesia. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2008; 20:1-7. [PMID: 18157018 DOI: 10.1097/ana.0b013e3181483ddd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
There is both in vitro and clinical evidence that high-dose propofol can inhibit mitochondrial respiration, resulting in metabolic acidosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of propofol anesthesia on the acid-base status in neurosurgical patients with large amount of normal saline administration. Thirty patients undergoing clipping of cerebral aneurysm were randomly assigned to receive propofol (n=15) or isoflurane (n=15). Propofol dose (mean+/-standard error) infused for maintenance was 5.7+/-0.2 mg/kg/h in propofol group. Acid-base parameters such as PaCO2, pH, serum bicarbonate concentration, standard base excess, serum electrolyte concentration, total protein, albumin, lactate, and phosphate were measured before and 4 hours after the induction of anesthesia, and after surgery. The apparent strong ion difference (SIDa), the effective SID (SIDe), and the amount of weak plasma acid were calculated using the Stewart equation. There were no significant differences in pH, PaCO2, bicarbonate, and lactate between 2 groups throughout the whole investigation period. After surgery, standard base excess significantly decreased in both groups without intergroup difference. SIDa and SIDe significantly decreased in both groups, and lactate and strong ion gap significantly increased after surgery in propofol group, but there were no significant differences between 2 groups. Both propofol and isoflurane were associated with hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis in neurosurgical patients with large amount of normal saline administration. The acid-base balance between the 2 anesthetics was similar using Stewart's physicochemical approach.
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
The clinical features of propofol infusion syndrome (PRIS) are acute refractory bradycardia leading to asystole, in the presence of one or more of the following: metabolic acidosis (base deficit > 10 mmol.l(-1)), rhabdomyolysis, hyperlipidaemia, and enlarged or fatty liver. There is an association between PRIS and propofol infusions at doses higher than 4 mg.kg(-1).h(-1) for greater than 48 h duration. Sixty-one patients with PRIS have been recorded in the literature, with deaths in 20 paediatric and 18 adult patients. Seven of these patients (four paediatric and three adult patients) developed PRIS during anaesthesia. It is proposed that the syndrome may be caused by either a direct mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibition or impaired mitochondrial fatty acid metabolism mediated by propofol. An early sign of cardiac instability associated with the syndrome is the development of right bundle branch block with convex-curved ('coved type') ST elevation in the right praecordial leads (V1 to V3) of the electrocardiogram. Predisposing factors include young age, severe critical illness of central nervous system or respiratory origin, exogenous catecholamine or glucocorticoid administration, inadequate carbohydrate intake and subclinical mitochondrial disease. Treatment options are limited. Haemodialysis or haemoperfusion with cardiorespiratory support has been the most successful treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P C A Kam
- Department of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dahlbacka S, Mäkelä J, Kaakinen T, Alaoja H, Heikkinen J, Laurila P, Kiviluoma K, Salomäki T, Tuominen H, Ohtonen P, Lepola P, Biancari F, Juvonen T. Propofol is associated with impaired brain metabolism during hypothermic circulatory arrest: an experimental microdialysis study. Heart Surg Forum 2006; 9:E710-8; discussion E718. [PMID: 16844626 DOI: 10.1532/hsf98.20061022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Propofol is a widely used anesthetic in cardiac surgery. It has been shown to increase cerebrovascular resistance resulting in decreased cerebral blood flow. Efficient brain perfusion and tissue oxygenation during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is essential in surgery requiring hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA). The effects of propofol on brain metabolism are reported in a surviving porcine model of HCA. METHODS Twenty female juvenile pigs undergoing 75 minutes of HCA at a brain temperature of 18 degrees C were assigned to either propofol- or isoflurane anesthesia combined with alpha-stat perfusion strategy during CPB cooling and rewarming. Brain microdialysis analysis was used for determination of brain metabolism, and tissue oxygen partial pressure and intracranial pressures were also followed-up until 8 hours postoperatively. RESULTS Brain concentrations of glutamate and glycerol were significantly higher in the propofol group throughout the experiment (P < .01 and P < .01, respectively). The lactate/pyruvate ratio was significantly higher in the propofol group at 6-, 7-, and 8-hour intervals (P < .05, P < .01, and P < .05, respectively). The intracranial pressure was significantly higher at the 8-hour postoperative interval (P < .05) in the propofol group. A trend toward higher brain oxygen concentrations was observed in the isoflurane group. CONCLUSIONS Anesthesia with propofol as compared with isoflurane is associated with impaired brain metabolism during experimental HCA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Dahlbacka
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Akinci SB, Kanbak M, Guler A, Aypar U. Remifentanil versus fentanyl for short-term analgesia-based sedation in mechanically ventilated postoperative children. Paediatr Anaesth 2005; 15:870-8. [PMID: 16176316 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2005.01574.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Analgesia-based sedation techniques are becoming more established in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting. The aim of this study was to compare remifentanil and fentanyl infusions for postoperative analgesia in pediatric ICU patients. METHODS After receiving ethical committee approval, a prospective randomized, double-blind study was performed. Twenty-two postoperative orthopedic surgery patients received either remifentanil 0.1 microg.kg(-1).min(-1) or fentanyl 0.025 microg.kg(-1).min(-1) infusions diluted to the same volume. Analgesic infusion was titrated to predefined levels of analgesia [behavioral pain scale (BPS) score of 3]. Propofol was added if sedation was unsatisfactory after BPS score 3 had been achieved. RESULTS There were no differences in groups regarding demographics, tracheal extubation times, and pain scores of the patients. After cessation of the opioid infusion, the sedation scores and the heart rates were always higher in the remifentanil group compared with the fentanyl group. The incidences of nausea, vomiting, apnea, desaturation, reintubation within 24 h and constipation were also similar between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that a remifentanil infusion provides clinically comparable analgesia with a fentanyl infusion in mechanically ventilated postoperative pediatric patients. These two drugs are suitable for short-term analgesia-based sedation in pediatric postoperative ICU patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seda Banu Akinci
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Haase R, Sauer H, Eichler G. Lactic Acidosis Following Short-Term Propofol Infusion May Be an Early Warning of Propofol Infusion Syndrome. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2005; 17:122-3. [PMID: 15841003 DOI: 10.1097/01.ana.0000161267.63160.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|