1
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van Nouhuys S, Harris DC, Hajek AE. Population level interactions between an invasive woodwasp, an invasive nematode and a community of native parasitoids. NEOBIOTA 2023. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.82.96599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes and hymenopteran parasitoids have been introduced and used extensively to control invasive Eurasian Sirex noctilio woodwasps in pine plantations in the Southern Hemisphere where no members of this community are native. Sirex noctilio has more recently invaded North America where Sirex-associated communities are native. Sirex noctilio and its parasitic nematode, Deladenus siricidicola, plus six native hymenopteran woodwasp parasitoids in New York and Pennsylvania, were sampled from 204 pines in 2011–2019. Sirex noctilio had become the most common woodwasp in this region and the native parasitoids associated with the native woodwasps had expanded their host ranges to use this invader. We investigated the distributions of these species among occupied trees and the interactions between S. noctilio and natural enemies as well as among the natural enemies. Sirex noctilio were strongly aggregated, with a few of the occupied trees hosting hundreds of woodwasps. Nematode parasitism was positively associated with S. noctilio density, and negatively associated with the density of rhyssine parasitoids. Parasitism by the parasitoid Ibalia leucospoides was positively associated with host (S. noctilio) density, while parasitism by the rhyssine parasitoids was negatively associated with density of S. noctilio. Thus, most S. noctilio come from a few attacked trees in a forest, and S. noctilio from those high-density trees experienced high parasitism by both the invasive nematode and the most abundant native parasitoid, I. l. ensiger. There is little evidence for direct competition between the nematodes and parasitoids. The negative association occurring between rhyssine parasitoids and I. l. ensiger suggests rhyssines may suffer from competition with I. l. ensiger which parasitize the host at an earlier life stage. In addition to direct competition with the native woodwasp Sirex nigricornis for suitable larval habitat within weakened trees, the large S. noctilio population increases the parasitoid and nematode populations, which may increase parasitism of S. nigricornis.
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2
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Colazza S, Peri E, Cusumano A. Chemical Ecology of Floral Resources in Conservation Biological Control. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 68:13-29. [PMID: 36130040 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120220-124357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Conservation biological control aims to enhance populations of natural enemies of insect pests in crop habitats, typically by intentional provision of flowering plants as food resources. Ideally, these flowering plants should be inherently attractive to natural enemies to ensure that they are frequently visited. We review the chemical ecology of floral resources in a conservation biological control context, with a focus on insect parasitoids. We highlight the role of floral volatiles as semiochemicals that attract parasitoids to the food resources. The discovery that nectar-inhabiting microbes can be hidden players in mediating parasitoid responses to flowering plants has highlighted the complexity of the interactions between plants and parasitoids. Furthermore, because food webs in agroecosystems do not generally stop at the third trophic level, we also consider responses of hyperparasitoids to floral resources. We thus provide an overview of floral compounds as semiochemicals from a multitrophic perspective, and we focus on the remaining questions that need to be addressed to move the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Colazza
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; , ,
| | - Ezio Peri
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; , ,
| | - Antonino Cusumano
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; , ,
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3
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Toro-Delgado E, Hernández-Roldán J, Dincă V, Vicente JC, Shaw MR, Quicke DL, Vodă R, Albrecht M, Fernández-Triana J, Vidiella B, Valverde S, Dapporto L, Hebert PDN, Talavera G, Vila R. Butterfly–parasitoid–hostplant interactions in Western Palaearctic Hesperiidae: a DNA barcoding reference library. Zool J Linn Soc 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The study of ecological interactions between plants, phytophagous insects and their natural enemies is an essential but challenging component for understanding ecosystem dynamics. Molecular methods such as DNA barcoding can help elucidate these interactions. In this study, we employed DNA barcoding to establish hostplant and parasitoid interactions with hesperiid butterflies, using a complete reference library for Hesperiidae of continental Europe and north-western Africa (53 species, 100% of those recorded) based on 2934 sequences from 38 countries. A total of 233 hostplant and parasitoid interactions are presented, some recovered by DNA barcoding larval remains or parasitoid cocoons. Combining DNA barcode results with other lines of evidence allowed 94% species-level identification for Hesperiidae, but success was lower for parasitoids, in part due to unresolved taxonomy. Potential cases of cryptic diversity, both in Hesperiidae and Microgastrinae, are discussed. We briefly analyse the resulting interaction networks. Future DNA barcoding initiatives in this region should focus attention on north-western Africa and on parasitoids, because in these cases barcode reference libraries and taxonomy are less well developed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Hernández-Roldán
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF) , 03008 Barcelona , Spain
- Departamento de Biología (Zoología), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , c/ Darwin, 2, ES - 28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - Vlad Dincă
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, PO Box 3000, University of Oulu , 90014 Oulu , Finland
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), University of Bucharest , Bucharest , Romania
| | | | - Mark R Shaw
- National Museums of Scotland , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Donald Lj Quicke
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | | | | | | | - Blai Vidiella
- Centre de Recerca Matemàtica , Edifici C , Campus de Bellaterra, Barcelona , Spain
| | - Sergi Valverde
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF) , 03008 Barcelona , Spain
- European Centre for Living Technology , Venice , Italy
| | - Leonardo Dapporto
- Dipartimento di Biologia, University of Florence , 50019 Sesto Fiorentino , Italy
| | - Paul D N Hebert
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph , Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 , Canada
| | - Gerard Talavera
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB), CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona , Passeig del Migdia s/n, 08038 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Roger Vila
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF) , 03008 Barcelona , Spain
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Stefanescu C, Colom P, Barea-Azcón JM, Horsfield D, Komac B, Miralles A, Shaw MR, Ubach A, Gutiérrez D. Larval parasitism in a specialist herbivore is explained by phenological synchrony and host plant availability. J Anim Ecol 2022; 91:1010-1023. [PMID: 35297500 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
1. Parasitism is a key factor in the population dynamics of many herbivorous insects, although its impact on host populations varies widely, for instance, along latitudinal and altitudinal gradients. Understanding the sources of geographical variation in host-parasitoid interactions is crucial for reliably predicting the future success of the interacting species under a context of global change. 2. Here, we examine larval parasitism in the butterfly Aglais urticae in south-west Europe, where it is a mountain specialist. Larval nests were sampled over two years along altitudinal gradients in three Iberian mountain ranges, including the Sierra Nevada, home to its southernmost European population. Additional data on nettle condition and adult butterflies were obtained in the study areas. 3. These data sources were used to investigate whether or not differences in parasitism rates are related to the geographical position and phenology of the host, and to the availability of the host plants. 4. Phenological differences in the host populations between regions were related to the severity of summer drought and the corresponding differences in host plant availability. At the trailing-edge of its distribution, the butterfly's breeding season was restricted to the end of winter and spring, while in its northern Iberian range the season was prolonged until mid-summer. Although parasitism was an important source of mortality in all regions, parasitism rates and parasitoid richness were highest in the north and lowest in the south. Moreover, within a region, there was a notable increase in parasitism rates over time, which probably led to selection against an additional late-summer host generation in northern regions. Conversely, the shorter breeding season in Sierra Nevada resulted in a loss of synchrony between the host and one important late-season parasitoid, Sturmia bella, which may partly explain the high density of this butterfly species at the trailing-edge of its range. 5. Our results support the key role of host phenology in accounting for differences in parasitism rates between populations. They also provide insights into how climate through host plant availability affects host phenology and, ultimately, the impact of parasitism on host populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pau Colom
- Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - José Miguel Barea-Azcón
- Agencia de Medio Ambiente y Agua, Consejería de Agricultura, Ganadería, Pesca y Desarrollo Sostenible (Junta de Andalucía), Spain
| | - David Horsfield
- National Museums of Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Benjamin Komac
- Andorra Research + Innovation, Sant Julià de Lòria, Principat d'Andorra
| | - Adrià Miralles
- Institució Catalana d'Història Natural, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mark R Shaw
- National Museums of Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andreu Ubach
- Natural Sciences Museum of Granollers, Granollers, Catalonia, Spain
| | - David Gutiérrez
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
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5
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Ode PJ, Vyas DK, Harvey JA. Extrinsic Inter- and Intraspecific Competition in Parasitoid Wasps. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 67:305-328. [PMID: 34614367 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-071421-073524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The diverse ecology of parasitoids is shaped by extrinsic competition, i.e., exploitative or interference competition among adult females and males for hosts and mates. Adult females use an array of morphological, chemical, and behavioral mechanisms to engage in competition that may be either intra- or interspecific. Weaker competitors are often excluded or, if they persist, use alternate host habitats, host developmental stages, or host species. Competition among adult males for mates is almost exclusively intraspecific and involves visual displays, chemical signals, and even physical combat. Extrinsic competition influences community structure through its role in competitive displacement and apparent competition. Finally, anthropogenic changes such as habitat loss and fragmentation, invasive species, pollutants, and climate change result in phenological mismatches and range expansions within host-parasitoid communities with consequent changes to the strength of competitive interactions. Such changes have important ramifications not only for the success of managed agroecosystems, but also for natural ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Ode
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA;
| | - Dhaval K Vyas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Animal Ecology Section, Department of Ecological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Hyperparasitoids are some of the most diverse members of insect food webs. True hyperparasitoids parasitize the larvae of other parasitoids, reaching these larvae with their ovipositor through the herbivore that hosts the parasitoid larva. During pupation, primary parasitoids also may be attacked by pseudohyperparasitoids that lay their eggs on the parasitoid (pre)pupae. By attacking primary parasitoids, hyperparasitoids may affect herbivore population dynamics, and they have been identified as a major challenge in biological control. Over the past decades, research, especially on aphid- and caterpillar-associated hyperparasitoids, has revealed that hyperparasitoids challenge rules on nutrient use efficiency in trophic chains, account for herbivore outbreaks, or stabilize competitive interactions in lower trophic levels, and they may use cues derived from complex interaction networks to locate their hosts. This review focuses on the fascinating ecology of hyperparasitoids related to how they exploit and locate their often inconspicuous hosts and the insect community processes in which hyperparasitoids are prominent players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik H Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Antonino Cusumano
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Jetske G de Boer
- Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
- Aeres University of Applied Sciences, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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7
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Jeavons E, Baaren J, Le Ralec A, Buchard C, Duval F, Llopis S, Postic E, Le Lann C. Third and fourth trophic level composition shift in an aphid–parasitoid–hyperparasitoid food web limits aphid control in an intercropping system. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Jeavons
- University of RennesCNRSECOBIO [(Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Evolution)] ‐ UMR Rennes France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Végétale Yves Rocher La Gacilly France
- LTSER « Zone Atelier Armorique »CNRS Rennes France
| | - Joan Baaren
- University of RennesCNRSECOBIO [(Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Evolution)] ‐ UMR Rennes France
| | - Anne Le Ralec
- IGEPPInstitut AgroINRAEUniversité de Rennes 1Université Bretagne‐Loire Rennes France
| | | | - Franck Duval
- IGEPPInstitut AgroINRAEUniversité de Rennes 1 Le Rheu France
| | - Stéphanie Llopis
- University of RennesCNRSECOBIO [(Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Evolution)] ‐ UMR Rennes France
| | - Estelle Postic
- IGEPPInstitut AgroINRAEUniversité de Rennes 1Université Bretagne‐Loire Rennes France
| | - Cécile Le Lann
- University of RennesCNRSECOBIO [(Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Evolution)] ‐ UMR Rennes France
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8
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Audusseau H, Ryrholm N, Stefanescu C, Tharel S, Jansson C, Champeaux L, Shaw MR, Raper C, Lewis OT, Janz N, Schmucki R. Rewiring of interactions in a changing environment: nettle‐feeding butterflies and their parasitoids. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Audusseau
- Dept of Zoology, Stockholm Univ. Stockholm Sweden
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Wallingford UK
| | - Nils Ryrholm
- Dept of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Univ. of Gävle Gävle Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Mark R. Shaw
- National Museums of Scotland Chambers Street Edinburgh UK
| | - Chris Raper
- Angela Marmont Centre for UK Biodiversity, Natural History Museum London UK
| | | | - Niklas Janz
- Dept of Zoology, Stockholm Univ. Stockholm Sweden
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9
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Vyas DK, Paul RL, Gates MW, Kubik T, Harvey JA, Kondratieff BC, Ode PJ. Shared enemies exert differential mortality on two competing parasitic wasps. Basic Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Cusumano A, Harvey JA, Bourne ME, Poelman EH, G de Boer J. Exploiting chemical ecology to manage hyperparasitoids in biological control of arthropod pests. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:432-443. [PMID: 31713945 PMCID: PMC7004005 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Insect hyperparasitoids are fourth trophic level organisms that commonly occur in terrestrial food webs, yet they are relatively understudied. These top-carnivores can disrupt biological pest control by suppressing the populations of their parasitoid hosts, leading to pest outbreaks, especially in confined environments such as greenhouses where augmentative biological control is used. There is no effective eco-friendly strategy that can be used to control hyperparasitoids. Recent advances in the chemical ecology of hyperparasitoid foraging behavior have opened opportunities for manipulating these top-carnivores in such a way that biological pest control becomes more efficient. We propose various infochemical-based strategies to manage hyperparasitoids. We suggest that a push-pull strategy could be a promising approach to 'push' hyperparasitoids away from their parasitoid hosts and 'pull' them into traps. Additionally, we discuss how infochemicals can be used to develop innovative tools improving biological pest control (i) to restrict accessibility of resources (e.g. sugars and alternative hosts) to primary parasitoid only or (ii) to monitor hyperparasitoid presence in the crop for early detection. We also identify important missing information in order to control hyperparasitoids and outline what research is needed to reach this goal. Testing the efficacy of synthetic infochemicals in confined environments is a crucial step towards the implementation of chemical ecology-based approaches targeting hyperparasitoids. © 2019 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Cusumano
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)WageningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Section Animal EcologyVU University AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Mitchel E Bourne
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Erik H Poelman
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jetske G de Boer
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)WageningenThe Netherlands
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11
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Hall AAG, Johnson SN, Cook JM, Riegler M. High nymphal host density and mortality negatively impact parasitoid complex during an insect herbivore outbreak. INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 26:351-365. [PMID: 28842961 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Insect herbivore outbreaks frequently occur and this may be due to factors that restrict top-down control by parasitoids, for example, host-parasitoid asynchrony, hyperparasitization, resource limitation and climate. Few studies have examined host-parasitoid density relationships during an insect herbivore outbreak in a natural ecosystem with diverse parasitoids. We studied parasitization patterns of Cardiaspina psyllids during an outbreak in a Eucalyptus woodland. First, we established the trophic roles of the parasitoids through a species-specific multiplex PCR approach on mummies from which parasitoids emerged. Then, we assessed host-parasitoid density relationships across three spatial scales (leaf, tree and site) over one year. We detected four endoparasitoid species of the family Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera); two primary parasitoid and one heteronomous hyperparasitoid Psyllaephagus species (the latter with female development as a primary parasitoid and male development as a hyperparasitoid), and the hyperparasitoid Coccidoctonus psyllae. Parasitoid development was host-synchronized, although synchrony between sites appeared constrained during winter (due to temperature differences). Parasitization was predominantly driven by one primary parasitoid species and was mostly inversely host-density dependent across the spatial scales. Hyperparasitization by C. psyllae was psyllid-density dependent at the site scale, however, this only impacted the rarer primary parasitoid. High larval parasitoid mortality due to density-dependent nymphal psyllid mortality (a consequence of resource limitation) compounded by a summer heat wave was incorporated in the assessment and resulted in density independence of host-parasitoid relationships. As such, high larval parasitoid mortality during insect herbivore outbreaks may contribute to the absence of host density-dependent parasitization during outbreak events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan A G Hall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, NSW, Australia
| | - Scott N Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, NSW, Australia
| | - James M Cook
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, NSW, Australia
| | - Markus Riegler
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, NSW, Australia
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12
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Abstract
Most species have one or more natural enemies, e.g., predators, parasites, pathogens, and herbivores, among others. These species in turn typically attack multiple victim species. This leads to the possibility of indirect interactions among those victims, both positive and negative. The term apparent competition commonly denotes negative indirect interactions between victim species that arise because they share a natural enemy. This indirect interaction, which in principle can be reflected in many facets of the distribution and abundance of individual species and more broadly govern the structure of ecological communities in time and space, pervades many natural ecosystems. It also is a central theme in many applied ecological problems, including the control of agricultural pests, harvesting, the conservation of endangered species, and the dynamics of emerging diseases. At one end of the scale of life, apparent competition characterizes intriguing aspects of dynamics within individual organisms—for example, the immune system is akin in many ways to a predator that can induce negative indirect interactions among different pathogens. At intermediate scales of biological organization, the existence and strength of apparent competition depend upon many contingent details of individual behavior and life history, as well as the community and spatial context within which indirect interactions play out. At the broadest scale of macroecology and macroevolution, apparent competition may play a major, if poorly understood, role in the evolution of species’ geographical ranges and adaptive radiations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D. Holt
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 USA
| | - Michael B. Bonsall
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
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13
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Ye Z, Vollhardt IMG, Girtler S, Wallinger C, Tomanovic Z, Traugott M. An effective molecular approach for assessing cereal aphid-parasitoid-endosymbiont networks. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3138. [PMID: 28600542 PMCID: PMC5466676 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02226-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular approaches are increasingly being used to analyse host-parasitoid food webs as they overcome several hurdles inherent to conventional approaches. However, such studies have focused primarily on the detection and identification of aphids and their aphidiid primary parasitoids, largely ignoring primary parasitoid-hyperparasitoid interactions or limiting these to a few common species within a small geographical area. Furthermore, the detection of bacterial secondary endosymbionts has not been considered in such assays despite the fact that endosymbionts may alter aphid-parasitoid interactions, as they can confer protection against parasitoids. Here we present a novel two-step multiplex PCR (MP-PCR) protocol to assess cereal aphid-primary parasitoid-hyperparasitoid-endosymbiont interactions. The first step of the assay allows detection of parasitoid DNA at a general level (24 primary and 16 hyperparasitoid species) as well as the species-specific detection of endosymbionts (3 species) and cereal aphids (3 species). The second step of the MP-PCR assay targets seven primary and six hyperparasitoid species that commonly occur in Central Europe. Additional parasitoid species not covered by the second-step of the assay can be identified via sequencing 16S rRNA amplicons generated in the first step of the assay. The approach presented here provides an efficient, highly sensitive, and cost-effective (~consumable costs of 1.3 € per sample) tool for assessing cereal aphid-parasitoid-endosymbiont interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengpei Ye
- Mountain Agriculture Research Unit, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Ines M G Vollhardt
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Girtler
- Mountain Agriculture Research Unit, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Corinna Wallinger
- Mountain Agriculture Research Unit, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zeljko Tomanovic
- Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Michael Traugott
- Mountain Agriculture Research Unit, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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14
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Xi X, Yang Y, Yang Y, Segoli M, Sun S. Plant-mediated resource partitioning by coexisting parasitoids. Ecology 2017; 98:1660-1670. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinqiang Xi
- Department of Ecology; School of Life Science; Nanjing University; 163 Xianlin Avenue Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yangheshan Yang
- Department of Ecology; School of Life Science; Nanjing University; 163 Xianlin Avenue Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yonghua Yang
- Department of Ecology; School of Life Science; Nanjing University; 163 Xianlin Avenue Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Michal Segoli
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology; The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000 Israel
| | - Shucun Sun
- Department of Ecology; School of Life Science; Nanjing University; 163 Xianlin Avenue Nanjing 210023 China
- Center for Ecological Studies; Chengdu Institute of Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 9 Section 4, Renminnan Road Chengdu 610041 China
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15
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Nieminen M, Nouhuys SV. The Roles of Trophic Interactions, Competition and Landscape in Determining Metacommunity Structure of a Seed-Feeding Weevil and Its Parasitoids. ANN ZOOL FENN 2017. [DOI: 10.5735/086.054.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marko Nieminen
- Department of Biosciences, P.O. Box 65, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Saskya van Nouhuys
- Department of Biosciences, P.O. Box 65, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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16
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Holt RD. Ilkka Hanski, The “Compleat Ecologist”: An Homage to His Contributions to the Spatial Dimension of Food Web Interactions. ANN ZOOL FENN 2017. [DOI: 10.5735/086.054.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert D. Holt
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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17
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Kaser JM, Ode PJ. Hidden risks and benefits of natural enemy-mediated indirect effects. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 14:105-111. [PMID: 27436655 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polyphagous natural enemies can mediate a variety of indirect interactions between resource populations. Such indirect interactions are often reciprocally negative (i.e. apparent competition), but the sign of effects between resource populations can be any combination of positive (+), negative (-), or neutral (0). In this article we focus on parasitoids to illustrate the importance of natural enemy-mediated indirect interactions in predicting risk and efficacy in biological control. We review recent findings to illustrate how an improved understanding of parasitoid behavioral ecology may increase model accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe M Kaser
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Paul J Ode
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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18
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19
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Hrček J, Godfray HCJ. What do molecular methods bring to host–parasitoid food webs? Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:30-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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20
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Chailleux A, Mohl EK, Teixeira Alves M, Messelink GJ, Desneux N. Natural enemy-mediated indirect interactions among prey species: potential for enhancing biocontrol services in agroecosystems. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2014; 70:1769-1779. [PMID: 25256611 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how arthropod pests and their natural enemies interact in complex agroecosystems is essential for pest management programmes. Theory predicts that prey sharing a predator, such as a biological control agent, can indirectly reduce each other's density at equilibrium (apparent competition). From this premise, we (i) discuss the complexity of indirect interactions among pests in agroecosystems and highlight the importance of natural enemy-mediated indirect interactions other than apparent competition, (ii) outline factors that affect the nature of enemy-mediated indirect interactions in the field and (iii) identify the way to manipulate enemy-mediated interactions for biological control. We argue that there is a need to increase the link between community ecology theory and biological control to develop better agroecological methods of crop protection via conservation biological control. In conclusion, we identify (i) interventions to be chosen depending on agroecosystem characteristics and (ii) several lines of research that will improve the potential for enemy-mediated indirect interactions to be applied to biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Chailleux
- French National Institute for Agricultural Reseach (INRA), UMR1355-ISA, Sophia-Antipolis, France; InVivo AgroSolutions, Paris, France; CIRAD, UPR HortSys, Montpellier, France
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21
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van Nouhuys S, Reudler JH, Biere A, Harvey JA. Performance of secondary parasitoids on chemically defended and undefended hosts. Basic Appl Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Blitzer EJ, Welter SC. Emergence asynchrony between herbivores leads to apparent competition in the field. Ecology 2011; 92:2020-6. [DOI: 10.1890/11-0117.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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23
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Harvey JA, Tanaka T, Kruidhof M, Vet LE, Gols R. The ‘usurpation hypothesis’ revisited: dying caterpillar repels attack from a hyperparasitoid wasp. Anim Behav 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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24
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Timms LL, Walker SC, Smith SM. Establishment and dominance of an introduced herbivore has limited impact on native host-parasitoid food webs. Biol Invasions 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-011-9999-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Tompkins DM, Dunn AM, Smith MJ, Telfer S. Wildlife diseases: from individuals to ecosystems. J Anim Ecol 2010; 80:19-38. [PMID: 20735792 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01742.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
1. We review our ecological understanding of wildlife infectious diseases from the individual host to the ecosystem scale, highlighting where conceptual thinking lacks verification, discussing difficulties and challenges, and offering potential future research directions. 2. New molecular approaches hold potential to increase our understanding of parasite interactions within hosts. Also, advances in our knowledge of immune systems makes immunological parameters viable measures of parasite exposure, and useful tools for improving our understanding of causal mechanisms. 3. Studies of transmission dynamics have revealed the importance of heterogeneity in host behaviour and physiology, and of contact processes operating at different spatial and temporal scales. An important future challenge is to determine the key transmission mechanisms maintaining the persistence of different types of diseases in the wild. 4. Regulation of host populations is too complex to consider parasite effects in isolation from other factors. One solution is to seek a unified understanding of the conditions under which (and the ecological rules determining when) population scale impacts of parasites can occur. 5. Good evidence now shows that both direct effects of parasites, and trait mediated indirect effects, frequently mediate the success of invasive species and their impacts on recipient communities. A wider exploration of these effects is now needed. 6. At the ecosystem scale, research is needed to characterize the circumstances and conditions under which both fluxes in parasite biomass, and trait mediated effects, are significant in ecosystem processes, and to demonstrate that parasites do indeed increase 'ecosystem health'. 7. There is a general need for more empirical testing of predictions and subsequent development of theory in the classic research cycle. Experimental field studies, meta-analyses, the collection and analysis of long-term data sets, and data constrained modelling, will all be key to advancing our understanding. 8. Finally, we are only now beginning to understand the importance of cross-scale interactions associated with parasitism. Such interactions may offer key insights into bigger picture questions such as when and how different regulatory factors are important, when disease can cause species extinctions, and what characteristics are indicative of functionally resilient ecosystems.
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26
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van Nouhuys S, Punju E. Coexistence of competing parasitoids: which is the fugitive and where does it hide? OIKOS 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.17699.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Species richness and abundance of native leaf miners are affected by the presence of the invasive horse-chestnut leaf miner. Biol Invasions 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-009-9518-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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28
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Stefanescu C, Planas J, Shaw MR. The parasitoid complex attacking coexisting Spanish populations ofEuphydryas auriniaandEuphydryas desfontainii(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Melitaeini). J NAT HIST 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00222930802610444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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29
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Fraser SEM, Dytham C, Mayhew PJ, Mouillot D, Anderson BJ. Community structure in ichneumonid parasitoids at different spatial scales. Oecologia 2008; 157:521-30. [PMID: 18612653 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-008-1090-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2007] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The processes underlying parasitoid community structure are little known. Stochastic niche-apportionment models provide one route to underlying assemblage rules in this and other groups. Previous work has applied this approach to parasitoids found on single host species in single populations. However, parasitoid communities are known to extend across multiple hosts and scales. The patterns of relative abundances generated by five niche-apportionment models were compared to those observed in assemblages of two sub-families of the Ichneumonidae, the Diplazontinae and Pimplinae, at landscape and patch scales, Yorkshire, UK. Three of the five models produced patterns that were significantly different to the observed pattern for all taxonomic levels at both spatial scales. The Diplazontinae fit the random fraction (RF) model at the landscape scale in broadleaved woods. This suggests that hierarchical structuring and biotic interactions may play a role in the structuring of Diplazontinae assemblages at this scale. In contrast the Pimplinae fit the RF model only at the patch scale and only at one site. However, the Pimplini tribe (all chiefly parasitoids of Lepidoptera) fit the random assortment (RA) model at both the landscape and the patch scales, whilst the Ephialtini tribe (wide range of hosts) fit no model at either scale. The ecological interpretation of the RA model suggests that the Pimplini tribe is an unsaturated assemblage, where some of the total available resources are unused. Our results show, through the fit of mechanistic niche-apportionment models, that the processes that may structure ichneumonid parasitoid assemblages are not consistent across taxa and spatial scales.
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30
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Morris RJ, MÜller CB, Godfray HCJ. Field experiments testing for apparent competition between primary parasitoids mediated by secondary parasitoids. J Anim Ecol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2001.00495.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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31
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Cronin JT. SHARED PARASITOIDS IN A METACOMMUNITY: INDIRECT INTERACTIONS INHIBIT HERBIVORE MEMBERSHIP IN LOCAL COMMUNITIES. Ecology 2007; 88:2977-90. [PMID: 18229833 DOI: 10.1890/07-0253.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James T Cronin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-1715, USA.
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32
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Tanaka S, Nishida T, Ohsaki N. SEQUENTIAL RAPID ADAPTATION OF INDIGENOUS PARASITOID WASPS TO THE INVASIVE BUTTERFLY PIERIS BRASSICAE. Evolution 2007; 61:1791-802. [PMID: 17683423 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of a new species can change the characteristics of other species within a community. These changes may affect discontiguous trophic levels via adjacent trophic levels. The invasion of an exotic host species may provide the opportunity to observe the dynamics of changing interspecific interactions among parasitoids belonging to different trophic levels. The exotic large white butterfly Pieris brassicae invaded Hokkaido Island, Japan, and quickly spread throughout the island. Prior to the invasion, the small white butterfly P. rapae was the host of the primary parasitoid Cotesia glomerata, on which both the larval hyperparasitoid Baryscapus galactopus and the pupal hyperparasitoid Trichomalopsis apanteroctena depended. At the time of the invasion, C. glomerata generally laid eggs exclusively in P. rapae. During the five years following the invasion, however, the clutch size of C. glomerata in P. rapae gradually decreased, whereas the clutch size in P. brassicae increased. The field results corresponded well with laboratory experiments showing an increase in the rate of parasitism in P. brassicae. The host expansion of C. glomerata provided the two hyperparasitoids with an opportunity to choose between alternative hosts, that is, C. glomerata within P. brassicae and C. glomerata within P. rapae. Indeed, the pupal hyperparasitoid T. apanteroctena shifted its preference gradually to C. glomerata in P. brassicae, whereas the larval hyperparasitoid B. galactopus maintained a preference for C. glomerata in P. rapae. These changes in host preference may result from differential suitability of the two host types. The larval hyperparasitoid preferred C. glomerata within P. rapae to C. glomerata within P. brassicae, presumably because P. brassicae larvae attacked aggressively, thereby hindering the parasitization, whereas the pupal hyperparasitoid could take advantage of the competition-free resource by shifting its host preference. Consequently, the invasion of P. brassicae has changed the host use of the primary parasitoid C. glomerata and the pupal hyperparasitoid T. apanteroctena within a very short time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Tanaka
- Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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33
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Comparing and contrasting development and reproductive strategies in the pupal hyperparasitoids Lysibia nana and Gelis agilis (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Evol Ecol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-007-9164-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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34
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Quantitative food webs of lepidopteran leafminers and their parasitoids in a Japanese deciduous forest. Ecol Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-007-0351-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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35
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Elzinga JA, Zwakhals K, Harvey JA, Biere A. The parasitoid complex associated with the herbivoreHadena bicruris(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) onSilene latifolia(Caryophyllaceae) in the Netherlands. J NAT HIST 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00222930601121668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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36
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Hambäck PA, Stenberg JA, Ericson L. Asymmetric indirect interactions mediated by a shared parasitoid: connecting species traits and local distribution patterns for two chrysomelid beetles. Oecologia 2006; 148:475-81. [PMID: 16502320 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-006-0387-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2005] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports on an asymmetric indirect interaction between two chrysomelid beetles where one species (Galerucella tenella) experiences higher parasitization, and the other species (Galerucella calmariensis) lower parasitization, in mixed compared with monospecific populations. This pattern is likely to be a consequence of differences in life history characteristics, where the inferior species has a smaller body size, a lower fecundity and supports a lower parasitoid density than the superior species. This connection between life history characteristics and interspecific dominance in host-parasitoid systems corresponds to predictions from current community ecology theory, and provides a useful building-block in the development of a predictive theory of parasitoid effects on host coexistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Hambäck
- Department of Botany, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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37
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van Veen FJF, Morris RJ, Godfray HCJ. Apparent competition, quantitative food webs, and the structure of phytophagous insect communities. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2006; 51:187-208. [PMID: 16332209 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Phytophagous insects and their natural enemies make up one of the largest and most diverse groups of organisms on earth. Ecological processes, in particular negative indirect effects mediated by shared natural enemies (apparent competition), may be important in structuring phytophagous insect communities. The potential for indirect interactions can be assessed by analyzing the trophic structure of insect communities, and we claim that quantitative food webs are particularly well suited for this task. We review the experimental evidence for both short-term and long-term apparent competition in phytophagous insect communities and discuss the possible interactions between apparent competition and intraguild predation or shared mutualists. There is increasing evidence for the importance of trait-mediated as well as density-mediated indirect effects. We conclude that there is a need for large-scale experiments manipulating communities in their entirety and a greater integration of community and chemical ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Frank van Veen
- NERC Centre for Population Biology, Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire, UK.
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38
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van Lenteren JC, Bale J, Bigler F, Hokkanen HMT, Loomans AJM. Assessing risks of releasing exotic biological control agents of arthropod pests. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2006; 51:609-34. [PMID: 16332225 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
More than 5000 introductions of about 2000 species of exotic arthropod agents for control of arthropod pests in 196 countries or islands during the past 120 years rarely have resulted in negative environmental effects. Yet, risks of environmental effects caused by releases of exotics are of growing concern. Twenty countries have implemented regulations for release of biological control agents. Soon, the International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM3) will become the standard for all biological control introductions worldwide, but this standard does not provide methods by which to assess environmental risks. This review summarizes documented nontarget effects and discusses the development and application of comprehensive and quick-scan environmental risk assessment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C van Lenteren
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, The Netherlands.
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39
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KANKARE MAARIA, STEFANESCU CONSTANTÍ, VAN NOUHUYS SASKYA, SHAW MARKR. Host specialization by Cotesia wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitizing species-rich Melitaeini (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) communities in north-eastern Spain. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00523.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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40
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Heimpel GE, Neuhauser C, Hoogendoorn M. Effects of parasitoid fecundity and host resistance on indirect interactions among hosts sharing a parasitoid. Ecol Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00466.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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41
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Morris RJ, MUller CB, Godfray HCJ. Field experiments testing for apparent competition between primary parasitoids mediated by secondary parasitoids. J Anim Ecol 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2656.2001.00495.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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