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Kai I, Kobayashi D, Itokawa K, Sanjoba C, Itoyama K, Isawa H. Evaluation of long-term preservation methods for viral RNA in mosquitoes at room temperature. J Virol Methods 2024; 325:114887. [PMID: 38237867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.114887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Mosquitoes are important vectors of various pathogenic viruses. Almost all viruses transmitted by mosquitoes are RNA viruses. Therefore, to detect viral genes, mosquito samples must be kept at low temperatures to prevent RNA degradation. However, prolonged transport from the field to laboratory can pose challenges for temperature control. The aim of this study was to evaluate methods for preserving viral RNA in mosquito bodies at room temperature. Virus-infected mosquito samples were immersed in ethanol, propylene glycol, and a commercially available nucleic acid preservation reagent at room temperature, and viral RNA stability was compared. As a result, for the two RNA viruses (San Gabriel mononegavirus and dengue virus 1) subjected to this experiment, no significant decrease in the viral RNA was observed for at least eight weeks after immersion in the reagents, and the amount of RNA remaining was equivalent to that of samples stored at - 80 °C. These results indicate that immersion storage in these reagents used in this study is effective in preserving viral RNA in mosquitoes under room temperature conditions and is expected to be implemented in epidemiologic surveillance that is not limited by the cold chain from the field to the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Kai
- Graduate school of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, Japan; Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kobayashi
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Management Department of Biosafety, Laboratory Animal, and Pathogen Bank, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kentaro Itokawa
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chizu Sanjoba
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyo Itoyama
- Graduate school of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Isawa
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Pérez-Benavides AL, Ospina-Peñuela E, Gamboa J, Duran-Bautista EH. Amyl acetate: an alternative technique to dry mount Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) from alcohol, faster and inexpensively. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2023; 23:4. [PMID: 36934304 PMCID: PMC10024790 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iead010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ethanol (EtOH) 70% is commonly used in collections to preserve and store many unprepared soft-bodied Chalcidoidea. Specimens air-dried directly from alcohol, however, often suffer from collapse of some body parts, making subsequent observation of their morphology difficult or even impossible. We propose an inexpensive method for processing and dry-mounting specimens of Chalcidoidea, using a chemical process including amyl acetate. Four treatments using amyl acetate at different concentrations and exposure times were evaluated for specimens of Eulophidae, Mymaridae, Encyrtidae, Aphelinidae, Pteromalidae, and Trichogrammatidae. Treatment with amyl acetate resulted in specimens of consistently higher quality. Based on our results, treatment of specimens for 1 h with 50:50 amyl acetate and ethanol mixture, followed by treatment for 1 h with 100% amyl acetate, yielded specimens adequate for morphological observations for most of the families. Further experiments are required, however, to optimize this approach for Trichogrammatidae and Eulophidae. This method is a relatively simple, inexpensive, and safe alternative to other methods commonly used for restoring Chalcidoidea preserved in alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Esau Ospina-Peñuela
- Laboratorio de Entomología Universidad de la Amazonía, LEUA, Grupo de Investigación en Entomología Universidad de la Amazonia (GIEUA), Universidad de la Amazonia, Facultad de Ingeniería, Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia
| | - Jean Gamboa
- Laboratorio de Entomología Universidad de la Amazonía, LEUA, Grupo de Investigación en Entomología Universidad de la Amazonia (GIEUA), Universidad de la Amazonia, Facultad de Ingeniería, Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia
| | - Ervin H Duran-Bautista
- Laboratorio de Entomología Universidad de la Amazonía, LEUA, Grupo de Investigación en Entomología Universidad de la Amazonia (GIEUA), Universidad de la Amazonia, Facultad de Ingeniería, Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia
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Nunes R, Storer C, Doleck T, Kawahara AY, Pierce NE, Lohman DJ. Predictors of sequence capture in a large-scale anchored phylogenomics project. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.943361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have revolutionized phylogenomics by decreasing the cost and time required to generate sequence data from multiple markers or whole genomes. Further, the fragmented DNA of biological specimens collected decades ago can be sequenced with NGS, reducing the need for collecting fresh specimens. Sequence capture, also known as anchored hybrid enrichment, is a method to produce reduced representation libraries for NGS sequencing. The technique uses single-stranded oligonucleotide probes that hybridize with pre-selected regions of the genome that are sequenced via NGS, culminating in a dataset of numerous orthologous loci from multiple taxa. Phylogenetic analyses using these sequences have the potential to resolve deep and shallow phylogenetic relationships. Identifying the factors that affect sequence capture success could save time, money, and valuable specimens that might be destructively sampled despite low likelihood of sequencing success. We investigated the impacts of specimen age, preservation method, and DNA concentration on sequence capture (number of captured sequences and sequence quality) while accounting for taxonomy and extracted tissue type in a large-scale butterfly phylogenomics project. This project used two probe sets to extract 391 loci or a subset of 13 loci from over 6,000 butterfly specimens. We found that sequence capture is a resilient method capable of amplifying loci in samples of varying age (0–111 years), preservation method (alcohol, papered, pinned), and DNA concentration (0.020 ng/μl - 316 ng/ul). Regression analyses demonstrate that sequence capture is positively correlated with DNA concentration. However, sequence capture and DNA concentration are negatively correlated with sample age and preservation method. Our findings suggest that sequence capture projects should prioritize the use of alcohol-preserved samples younger than 20 years old when available. In the absence of such specimens, dried samples of any age can yield sequence data, albeit with returns that diminish with increasing age.
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Sanal Demirci SN, Kilic V, Mutun S, Kilic AY. Population genetics and phylogeography of Tabanus bromius (Diptera: Tabanidae). Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:453. [PMID: 34488854 PMCID: PMC8420036 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04970-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tabanus bromius (Diptera: Tabanidae) is one of the most notable Tabanidae species of veterinary and medical importance distributed throughout the Palearctic region. In this study, we investigate the genetic diversity and the phylogeographic structure of T. bromius sampled from Turkey, Croatia, and Iran. Methods For this purpose, a 686-base-pair (bp) fragment of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI) and 1339 bp of the nuclear DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) were sequenced from 247 individuals representing 15 populations. Results The sequences generated 169 COI haplotypes and 90 ITS alleles. A higher haplotype/allele diversity (h = 0.9909 for the COI gene and Ad = 0.8193 for the ITS region) compared to a low nucleotide diversity (π = 0.020605 for COI gene and π = 0.013667 for the ITS region), present for a high number of singleton and private haplotypes/alleles imply population expansion in the past. The results of phylogenetic analysis led to the uncovering of geographically significant groupings of lineages with regard to the entrance of the species into Anatolia and the location of major geographic barriers. According to current data, the species appears to have entered Turkey from Caucasia and Iran. A molecular clock applied to the COI data suggests that T. bromius diverged from the outgroup species nearly 8.83 million years ago, around the end of the Miocene era. Conclusions The results of this study indicate remarkable genetic diversity across the studied range of the species. High haplotype/allele versus low nucleotide diversity and demographic analyses implied that the T. bromius populations have undergone a series of expansions and retreats in the past. Our current findings suggest that T. bromius split from outgroups around the Late Miocene. Subsequent diversification events during the climatic and environmental fluctuation times of the Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene periods also significantly influenced the species, resulting in the formation of some major genetic lineages. The phylogenetic analyses indicate that T. bromius most likely entered Turkey from the Caucasus region and Iran. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04970-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumeyra Nur Sanal Demirci
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Eskisehir Technical University, Eskisehir, Turkey. .,Chemistry Group, Bioanalysis Laboratory, TUBITAK National Metrology Institute, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Volkan Kilic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Eskisehir Technical University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Serap Mutun
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - A Yavuz Kilic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey
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E Silva B, Matsena Zingoni Z, Koekemoer LL, Dahan-Moss YL. Microbiota identified from preserved Anopheles. Malar J 2021; 20:230. [PMID: 34022891 PMCID: PMC8141131 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03754-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mosquito species from the Anopheles gambiae complex and the Anopheles funestus group are dominant African malaria vectors. Mosquito microbiota play vital roles in physiology and vector competence. Recent research has focused on investigating the mosquito microbiota, especially in wild populations. Wild mosquitoes are preserved and transported to a laboratory for analyses. Thus far, microbial characterization post-preservation has been investigated in only Aedes vexans and Culex pipiens. Investigating the efficacy of cost-effective preservatives has also been limited to AllProtect reagent, ethanol and nucleic acid preservation buffer. This study characterized the microbiota of African Anopheles vectors: Anopheles arabiensis (member of the An. gambiae complex) and An. funestus (member of the An. funestus group), preserved on silica desiccant and RNAlater® solution. Methods Microbial composition and diversity were characterized using culture-dependent (midgut dissections, culturomics, MALDI-TOF MS) and culture-independent techniques (abdominal dissections, DNA extraction, next-generation sequencing) from laboratory (colonized) and field-collected mosquitoes. Colonized mosquitoes were either fresh (non-preserved) or preserved for 4 and 12 weeks on silica or in RNAlater®. Microbiota were also characterized from field-collected An. arabiensis preserved on silica for 8, 12 and 16 weeks. Results Elizabethkingia anophelis and Serratia oryzae were common between both vector species, while Enterobacter cloacae and Staphylococcus epidermidis were specific to females and males, respectively. Microbial diversity was not influenced by sex, condition (fresh or preserved), preservative, or preservation time-period; however, the type of bacterial identification technique affected all microbial diversity indices. Conclusions This study broadly characterized the microbiota of An. arabiensis and An. funestus. Silica- and RNAlater®-preservation were appropriate when paired with culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques, respectively. These results broaden the selection of cost-effective methods available for handling vector samples for downstream microbial analyses. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-021-03754-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca E Silva
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Zvifadzo Matsena Zingoni
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, South Africa
| | - Lizette L Koekemoer
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Yael L Dahan-Moss
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. .,Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Veiga JC, Ruiz GRS, Carvalho-Zilse GA, Menezes C, Contrera FAL. Queens remate despite traumatic mating in stingless bees. Curr Zool 2021; 68:81-92. [PMID: 35169631 PMCID: PMC8836336 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoab019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Males can control female reproduction using genital plugs to impede access by rivals. In social bees, ants, and wasps, plugging may involve traumatic mating, with females being harmed. In stingless bees, chances are that plugs may promote ovarian activan, and are thought to ensure single mating—a general tendency among the social Hymenoptera. However, understanding on relationships between mating plugs, traumatic mating, and mating systems in stingless bees remains limited. To address this, we (1) compared mated queens of 7 Neotropical species to understand the patterns of copulatory marks in females and (2) compared pre- and post-mating genitalia of males and females in Melipona fasciculata to depict plug functional morphology. Data revealed an unprecedented consequence of mating in stingless bees: the characteristic marks left by mating plugs on female abdomens and the inferences that can be made from them. To our surprise, in 1 species M. fasciculata we found that queens retain the plug long after mating, and may carry it for the rest of their lives. All the other 6 species retained the plug for only a short period. Remated queens were only found in M. seminigra, whose multiple copulatory marks match previous findings of polyandry in this species. Our study shows that queens can remate, and suggests that male genital morphology may determine in part the time persistence of plugs. We conclude that traumatic mating plugs do not fully prevent remating in stingless bees and that mating systems are not uniform in this group. Nonetheless, exceptional cases of facultative polyandry in social insects—for example, when mating plugs fail—may confirm a general tendency for single mating in close link with efficient mating plugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamille Costa Veiga
- Bee Biology and Ecology Lab, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, 66075-110 Pará, Brazil
- Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Research Group, Instituto Tecnológico Vale—Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Belém, 66055-090 Pará, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Rodrigo Sanches Ruiz
- Ecology and Zoology of Invertebrates Lab, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, 66075-110 Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Cristiano Menezes
- Research and Development, Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Jaguariúna, 13820-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Andrés León Contrera
- Bee Biology and Ecology Lab, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, 66075-110 Pará, Brazil
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Patzold F, Zilli A, Hundsdoerfer AK. Advantages of an easy-to-use DNA extraction method for minimal-destructive analysis of collection specimens. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235222. [PMID: 32639972 PMCID: PMC7343169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we present and justify an approach for minimal-destructive DNA extraction from historic insect specimens for next generation sequencing applications. An increasing number of studies use insects from museum collections for biodiversity research. However, the availability of specimens for molecular analyses has been limited by the degraded nature of the DNA gained from century-old museum material and the consumptive nature of most DNA extraction procedures. The method described in this manuscript enabled us to successfully extract DNA from specimens as old as 241 years using a minimal-destructive approach. The direct comparison of the DNeasy extraction Kit and the Monarch® PCR & DNA Clean-up Kit showed a significant increase of 17.3-fold higher DNA yield extracted with the Monarch Oligo protocol on average. By using an extraction protocol originally designed for oligonucleotide clean-up, we were able to combine overcoming the restrictions by target fragment size and strand state, with minimising time consumption and labour-intensity. The type specimens used for the minimal-destructive DNA extraction exhibited no significant external change or post-extraction damage, while sufficient DNA was retrieved for analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Patzold
- Museum of Zoology (Museum für Tierkunde), Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alberto Zilli
- Division Insects, Department Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna K. Hundsdoerfer
- Museum of Zoology (Museum für Tierkunde), Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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8
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Ballare KM, Pope NS, Castilla AR, Cusser S, Metz RP, Jha S. Utilizing field collected insects for next generation sequencing: Effects of sampling, storage, and DNA extraction methods. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:13690-13705. [PMID: 31938475 PMCID: PMC6953651 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA sequencing technologies continue to advance the biological sciences, expanding opportunities for genomic studies of non-model organisms for basic and applied questions. Despite these opportunities, many next generation sequencing protocols have been developed assuming a substantial quantity of high molecular weight DNA (>100 ng), which can be difficult to obtain for many study systems. In particular, the ability to sequence field-collected specimens that exhibit varying levels of DNA degradation remains largely unexplored. In this study we investigate the influence of five traditional insect capture and curation methods on Double-Digest Restriction Enzyme Associated DNA (ddRAD) sequencing success for three wild bee species. We sequenced a total of 105 specimens (between 7-13 specimens per species and treatment). We additionally investigated how different DNA quality metrics (including pre-sequence concentration and contamination) predicted downstream sequencing success, and also compared two DNA extraction methods. We report successful library preparation for all specimens, with all treatments and extraction methods producing enough highly reliable loci for population genetic analyses. Although results varied between species, we found that specimens collected by net sampling directly into 100% EtOH, or by passive trapping followed by 100% EtOH storage before pinning tended to produce higher quality ddRAD assemblies, likely as a result of rapid specimen desiccation. Surprisingly, we found that specimens preserved in propylene glycol during field sampling exhibited lower-quality assemblies. We provide recommendations for each treatment, extraction method, and DNA quality assessment, and further encourage researchers to consider utilizing a wider variety of specimens for genomic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M. Ballare
- Department of Integrative BiologyThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTXUSA
- Present address:
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of California Santa CruzSanta CruzCAUSA
| | - Nathaniel S. Pope
- Department of Integrative BiologyThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTXUSA
- Present address:
Department of EntomologyPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA
| | - Antonio R. Castilla
- Department of Integrative BiologyThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTXUSA
- Present address:
Centre for Applied Ecology “Prof. Baeta Neves”/INBIOInstitutoSuperior of AgronomyUniversity of LisbonLisbonPortugal
| | - Sarah Cusser
- Department of Integrative BiologyThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTXUSA
- Present address:
Kellogg Biological StationMichigan State UniversityHickory CornersMIUSA
| | - Richard P. Metz
- Genomics and Bioinformatics ServiceTexas A&M AgriLife ResearchCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Shalene Jha
- Department of Integrative BiologyThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTXUSA
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Wood HM, González VL, Lloyd M, Coddington J, Scharff N. Next-generation museum genomics: Phylogenetic relationships among palpimanoid spiders using sequence capture techniques (Araneae: Palpimanoidea). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 127:907-918. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
With a million described species and more than half a billion preserved specimens, the large scale of insect collections is unequaled by those of any other group. Advances in genomics, collection digitization, and imaging have begun to more fully harness the power that such large data stores can provide. These new approaches and technologies have transformed how entomological collections are managed and utilized. While genomic research has fundamentally changed the way many specimens are collected and curated, advances in technology have shown promise for extracting sequence data from the vast holdings already in museums. Efforts to mainstream specimen digitization have taken root and have accelerated traditional taxonomic studies as well as distribution modeling and global change research. Emerging imaging technologies such as microcomputed tomography and confocal laser scanning microscopy are changing how morphology can be investigated. This review provides an overview of how the realization of big data has transformed our field and what may lie in store.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Edward Z Short
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA;
| | - Torsten Dikow
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA;
| | - Corrie S Moreau
- Department of Science and Education, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois 60605, USA;
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MARTINELLI ARTUROB, WAICHERT CECILIA, BARBOSA DIEGON, FAGUNDES VALÉRIA, AZEVEDO CELSOO. The use of Proteinase K to access genitalia morphology, vouchering and DNA extraction in minute wasps. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2017; 89:1629-1633. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201720160825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Guzmán-Larralde AJ, Suaste-Dzul AP, Gallou A, Peña-Carrillo KI. DNA recovery from microhymenoptera using six non-destructive methodologies with considerations for subsequent preparation of museum slides. Genome 2016; 60:85-91. [PMID: 27996299 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2015-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Because of the tiny size of microhymenoptera, successful morphological identification typically requires specific mounting protocols that require time, skills, and experience. Molecular taxonomic identification is an alternative, but many DNA extraction protocols call for maceration of the whole specimen, which is not compatible with preserving museum vouchers. Thus, non-destructive DNA isolation methods are attractive alternatives for obtaining DNA without damaging sample individuals. However, their performance needs to be assessed in microhymenopterans. We evaluated six non-destructive methods: (A) DNeasy® Blood & Tissue Kit; (B) DNeasy® Blood & Tissue Kit, modified; (C) Protocol with CaCl2 buffer; (D) Protocol with CaCl2 buffer, modified; (E) HotSHOT; and (F) Direct PCR. The performance of each DNA extraction method was tested across several microhymenopteran species by attempting to amplify the mitochondrial gene COI from insect specimens of varying ages: 1 day, 4 months, 3 years, 12 years, and 23 years. Methods B and D allowed COI amplification in all insects, while methods A, C, and E were successful in DNA amplification from insects up to 12 years old. Method F, the fastest, was useful in insects up to 4 months old. Finally, we adapted permanent slide preparation in Canada balsam for every technique. The results reported allow for combining morphological and molecular methodologies for taxonomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana J Guzmán-Larralde
- a Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Universidad s/n. San Nicolás de los Garza N.L. México 66451
| | - Alba P Suaste-Dzul
- b Centro Nacional de Referencia de Control Biológico, Dirección General de Sanidad Vegetal, SAGARPA. Km 1.5 Carretera a Tecomán Estación del FFCC Tecomán, Colima, México 28120
| | - Adrien Gallou
- b Centro Nacional de Referencia de Control Biológico, Dirección General de Sanidad Vegetal, SAGARPA. Km 1.5 Carretera a Tecomán Estación del FFCC Tecomán, Colima, México 28120
| | - Kenzy I Peña-Carrillo
- c INIFAP Campo Experimental General Terán, Carretera Montemorelos-China km 31, Nuevo León, México 67400
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Rusterholz HP, Ursenbacher S, Coray A, Weibel U, Baur B. DNA Quantity and Quality in Remnants of Traffic-Killed Specimens of an Endangered Longhorn Beetle: A Comparison of Different Methods. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2015; 15:iev099. [PMID: 26286231 PMCID: PMC4672208 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iev099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The sampling of living insects should be avoided in highly endangered species when the sampling would further increase the risk of population extinction. Nonlethal sampling (wing clips or leg removals) can be an alternative to obtain DNA of individuals for population genetic studies. However, nonlethal sampling may not be possible for all insect species. We examined whether remnants of traffic-killed specimens of the endangered and protected flightless longhorn beetle Iberodorcadion fuliginator (L., 1758) can be used as a resource for population genetic analyses. Using insect fragments of traffic-killed specimens collected over 15 yr, we determined the most efficient DNA extraction method in relation to the state of the specimens (crushed, fragment, or intact), preservation (dried, airtight, or in ethanol), storage duration, and weight of the sample by assessing the quantity and quality of genomic DNA. A modified cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide method provided the highest recovery rate of genomic DNA and the largest yield and highest quality of DNA. We further used traffic-killed specimens to evaluate two DNA amplification techniques (quantitative polymerase chain reaction [qPCR] and microsatellites). Both qPCR and microsatellites revealed successful DNA amplification in all degraded specimens or beetle fragments examined. However, relative qPCR concentration and peak height of microsatellites were affected by the state of specimen and storage duration but not by specimen weight. Our investigation demonstrates that degraded remnants of traffic-killed beetle specimens can serve as a source of high-quality genomic DNA, which allows to address conservation genetic issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Peter Rusterholz
- Section of Conservation Biology, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Vorstadt 10, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Ursenbacher
- Section of Conservation Biology, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Vorstadt 10, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Armin Coray
- Natural History Museum, Augustinergasse 2, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Urs Weibel
- Museum zu Allerheiligen, Klosterstrasse 16, 8200 Schaffhausen, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Baur
- Section of Conservation Biology, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Vorstadt 10, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Steininger S, Storer C, Hulcr J, Lucky A. Alternative preservatives of insect DNA for citizen science and other low-cost applications. INVERTEBR SYST 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/is15003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of DNA degradation is essential to conducting molecular analyses of field-captured specimens. This is especially important for projects that incorporate participation of non-specialists in research, such as agency monitoring of pests, or citizen science, where standard methods of preservation may be inaccessible. We examined efficacy of three common alternative products as a substitute for 95% ethanol or pure propylene glycol in preserving DNA: alcohol-based hand sanitiser and propylene and ethylene glycol-based automobile antifreeze. We subjected Xylosandrus compactus ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera : Curculionidae : Scolytinae) to each preservative for two or seven days under direct outdoor exposure and assessed relative quantity of intact DNA by performing real-time polymerase chain reaction amplification of a single-copy nuclear marker. Amplification was observed in all treatments and electrophoresis of the amplified product showed clear bands of the appropriate weight. Successful amplification of the target gene was verified by sequencing the amplified control. No statistically significant differences were found between the cycle threshold values of any treatment. Our results suggest that alcohol-based hand sanitiser and automobile antifreeze can successfully preserve DNA for short-term storage and serve as effective substitutes for laboratory-grade preservatives in citizen science projects, large-scale trapping projects or by professionals.
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Gaston KA, Lauer TE. Morphometric variation in bluegill Lepomis macrochirus and green sunfish Lepomis cyanellus in lentic and lotic systems. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2015; 86:317-332. [PMID: 25425144 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Bluegill Lepomis macrochirus and green sunfish Lepomis cyanellus were examined using geometric morphometrics to evaluate the variation in morphology between fishes that reside in lentic (e.g. lakes) and lotic (e.g. streams) ecosystems. Live fishes were collected from reservoirs and rivers in central Indiana, while additional fishes were sampled from museum collections at Ball State University and the Illinois Natural History Survey. Male and female L. macrochirus and female L. cyanellus from lentic systems display a deeper body than those from lotic systems, while no differences were found in male L. cyanellus morphometry. A deeper body promotes greater manoeuverability, typically desirable in lentic systems. In contrast, the more streamlined body of the fishes found in lotic systems reduces drag as it contends with flowing water, ultimately maximizing energy efficiency. The absence of morphological differences, such as those found in male L. cyanellus, may be caused by fish occupying both lentic and lotic systems, from the population not having been present in the body of water long enough to display any adaptations, or from a lack of statistical power caused by the small sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Gaston
- Department of Biology, Cooper Life Science Building, CL 121, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, 47306, U.S.A
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Willows-Munro S, Schoeman MC. Influence of killing method on Lepidoptera DNA barcode recovery. Mol Ecol Resour 2014; 15:613-8. [PMID: 25229871 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The global DNA barcoding initiative has revolutionized the field of biodiversity research. Such large-scale sequencing projects require the collection of large numbers of specimens, which need to be killed and preserved in a way that is both DNA-friendly and which will keep voucher specimens in good condition for later study. Factors such as time since collection, correct storage (exposure to free water and heat) and DNA extraction protocol are known to play a role in the success of downstream molecular applications. Limited data are available on the most efficient, DNA-friendly protocol for killing. In this study, we evaluate the quality of DNA barcode (cytochrome oxidase I) sequences amplified from DNA extracted from specimens collected using three different killing methods (ethyl acetate, cyanide and freezing). Previous studies have suggested that chemicals, such as ethyl acetate and formaldehyde, degraded DNA and as such may not be appropriate for the collection of insects for DNA-based research. All Lepidoptera collected produced DNA barcodes of good quality, and our study found no clear difference in nucleotide signal strength, probability of incorrect base calling and phylogenetic utility among the three different treatment groups. Our findings suggest that ethyl acetate, cyanide and freezing can all be used to collect specimens for DNA analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandi Willows-Munro
- School of Life Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
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Hernández-Triana LM, Prosser SW, Rodríguez-Perez MA, Chaverri LG, Hebert PDN, Gregory TR. Recovery of DNA barcodes from blackfly museum specimens (Diptera: Simuliidae) using primer sets that target a variety of sequence lengths. Mol Ecol Resour 2013; 14:508-18. [PMID: 24299419 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of various primers for the purpose of DNA barcoding old, pinned museum specimens of blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae). We analysed 271 pinned specimens representing two genera and at least 36 species. Due to the age of our material, we targeted overlapping DNA fragments ranging in size from 94 to 407 bp. We were able to recover valid sequences from 215 specimens, of which 18% had 500- to 658-bp barcodes, 36% had 201- to 499-bp barcodes and 46% had 65- to 200-bp barcodes. Our study demonstrates the importance of choosing suitable primers when dealing with older specimens and shows that even very short sequences can be diagnostically informative provided that an appropriate gene region is used. Our study also highlights the lack of knowledge surrounding blackfly taxonomy, and we briefly discuss the need for further phylogenetic studies in this socioeconomically important family of insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Hernández-Triana
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Straube D, Juen A. Storage and shipping of tissue samples for DNA analyses: A case study on earthworms. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOIL BIOLOGY 2013; 57:13-18. [PMID: 26109838 PMCID: PMC4461180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejsobi.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, molecular analyses play an important role in studies of soil dwelling animals, for example in taxonomy, phylogeography or food web analyses. The quality of the DNA, used for later molecular analyses, is an important factor and depends on collection and preservation of samples prior to DNA extraction. Ideally, DNA samples are frozen immediately upon collection, but if samples are collected in the field, suitable preservation methods might be limited due to unavailability of resources or remote field sites. Moreover, shipping samples over long distances can cause loss of DNA quality e.g. by thawing or leaking of preservation liquid. In this study we use earthworms, a key organism in soil research, to compare three different DNA preservation methods - freezing at -20 °C, storing in 75% ethanol, and freeze drying. Samples were shipped from the United States of America to Austria. The DNA of the samples was extracted using two different extraction methods, peqGOLD™ and Chelex® 100. The DNA amplification success was determined by amplifying four DNA fragments of different length. The PCR amplification success is significantly influenced by preservation method and extraction method and differed significantly depending on the length of the DNA fragment. Freeze drying samples was the best preservation method when samples were extracted using the silica based extraction method peqGOLD™. For samples that were extracted with Chelex® 100, storage in ethanol was the best preservation method. However, the overall amplification success was significantly lower for the extraction procedure based on Chelex® 100. The detection of the small DNA fragments was higher and independent from the extraction method, while the amplification success was significantly reduced for the longer DNA fragments. We recommend freeze drying of DNA samples, especially when they have to be shipped for longer distances. No special packaging or declaration is needed for freeze dried samples, and the risk of thawing is excluded. Storage of freeze dried samples also reduces costs because samples can be kept at room temperature in a desiccator. It should be noted, that the extraction methods showed significant differences in DNA amplification success. Thus, the extraction method should be taken into account when choosing the preservation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Straube
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +43 (0) 512 507 51678; fax: +43 (0) 512 507 51799.
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Justine JL, Briand MJ, Bray RA. A quick and simple method, usable in the field, for collecting parasites in suitable condition for both morphological and molecular studies. Parasitol Res 2012; 111:341-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-2845-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Dowell FE, Noutcha AEM, Michel K. Short report: The effect of preservation methods on predicting mosquito age by near infrared spectroscopy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 85:1093-6. [PMID: 22144450 PMCID: PMC3225158 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.11-0438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining mosquito age is important to evaluate vector control programs because the ability to transmit diseases is age dependent. Current age-grading techniques require dissection or RNA extraction. Near infrared spectroscopy has been used to rapidly and nondestructively determine the age of fresh mosquitoes and specimens stored in RNAlater, but other preservation techniques have not been examined. Thus, in this study, we investigate whether age can be predicted from insects preserved by various common methods. Results from this study show that age can be predicted from mosquitoes preserved with desiccants, ethanol, Carnoy, RNAlater, or refrigeration with confidence intervals < 1.4 days. The best results were generally obtained from mosquitoes stored using desiccants, RNAlater, or refrigeration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floyd E Dowell
- Engineering and Wind Erosion Research Unit, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, Kansas 66502, USA.
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Deans AR, Mikó I, Wipfler B, Friedrich F. Evolutionary phenomics and the emerging enlightenment of arthropod systematics. INVERTEBR SYST 2012. [DOI: 10.1071/is12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Published research on the diversity and evolutionary history of Arthropoda sets a high standard for data collection and the integration of novel methods. New phylogenetic estimation algorithms, divergence time approaches, collaborative tools and publishing standards, to name a few, were brought to the broader scientific audience in the context of arthropod systematics. The treatment of morphology in these studies, however, has largely escaped innovation. Lodes rich in characters too often go unexplored, phenotype concepts are published with inadequate documentation and the way observations are textualised leaves them inaccessible to a majority of biologists. We discuss these issues, using data from recent arthropod systematics publications, and offer several that stand to restore the broad utility of morphological data. Specifically, we focus on: (1) the potential of internal soft-part characters and how to integrate their observation into arthropod systematics projects through dissection and serial sectioning; (2) the importance of capturing observations in images, especially using relatively new approaches, like laser scanning confocal microscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction; and (3) the untapped potential of established knowledge representation methods, which may help make the descriptive components of arthropod systematics research more accessible to other domains.
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Sikulu M, Dowell KM, Hugo LE, Wirtz RA, Michel K, Peiris KHS, Moore S, Killeen GF, Dowell FE. Evaluating RNAlater® as a preservative for using near-infrared spectroscopy to predict Anopheles gambiae age and species. Malar J 2011; 10:186. [PMID: 21740582 PMCID: PMC3157445 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mosquito age and species identification is a crucial determinant of the efficacy of vector control programmes. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has previously been applied successfully to rapidly, non-destructively, and simultaneously determine the age and species of freshly anesthetized African malaria vectors from the Anopheles gambiae s.l. species complex: An. gambiae s. s. and Anopheles arabiensis. However, this has only been achieved on freshly-collected specimens and future applications will require samples to be preserved between field collections and scanning by NIRS. In this study, a sample preservation method (RNAlater®) was evaluated for mosquito age and species identification by NIRS against scans of fresh samples. Methods Two strains of An. gambiae s.s. (CDC and G3) and two strains of An. arabiensis (Dongola, KGB) were reared in the laboratory while the third strain of An. arabiensis (Ifakara) was reared in a semi-field system. All mosquitoes were scanned when fresh and rescanned after preservation in RNAlater® for several weeks. Age and species identification was determined using a cross-validation. Results The mean accuracy obtained for predicting the age of young (<7 days) or old (≥ 7 days) of all fresh (n = 633) and all preserved (n = 691) mosquito samples using the cross-validation technique was 83% and 90%, respectively. For species identification, accuracies were 82% for fresh against 80% for RNAlater® preserved. For both analyses, preserving mosquitoes in RNAlater® was associated with a highly significant reduction in the likelihood of a misclassification of mosquitoes as young or old using NIRS. Important to note is that the costs for preserving mosquito specimens with RNAlater® ranges from 3-13 cents per insect depending on the size of the tube used and the number of specimens pooled in one tube. Conclusion RNAlater® can be used to preserve mosquitoes for subsequent scanning and analysis by NIRS to determine their age and species with minimal costs and with accuracy similar to that achieved from fresh insects. Cold storage availability allows samples to be stored longer than a week after field collection. Further study to develop robust calibrations applicable to other strains from diverse ecological settings is recommended.
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Lall GK, Darby AC, Nystedt B, Macleod ET, Bishop RP, Welburn SC. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis of closely related wild and captive tsetse fly (Glossina morsitans morsitans) populations. Parasit Vectors 2010; 3:47. [PMID: 20504326 PMCID: PMC2893174 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-3-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) are vectors of trypanosomes that cause sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in livestock across sub-Saharan Africa. Tsetse control strategies rely on a detailed understanding of the epidemiology and ecology of tsetse together with genetic variation within and among populations. High-resolution nuclear genetic markers are useful tools for elucidation of the genetic basis of phenotypic traits. In this study amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers were developed to analyze genetic variation in Glossina morsitans morsitans from laboratory and field-collected populations from Zimbabwe. Results A total of seven hundred and fifty one loci from laboratory and field populations of G. m. morsitans from Zimbabwe were genotyped using AFLP with seven primer combinations. Analysis identified 335 polymorphic loci. The two populations could be distinguished by cluster and principal components analysis (PCA) analysis, indicating that AFLP markers can be used to separate genetically similar populations; at the same time differences observed between laboratory and field populations were not very great. Among the techniques investigated, the use of acetone was the most reliable method of preservation of tsetse for subsequent extraction of high molecular weight DNA. An interesting finding was that AFLP also enabled robust within-population discrimination of male and female tsetse flies due to their different X chromosome DNA complements. Conclusions AFLP represents a useful additional tool to add to the suite of techniques currently available for the genetic analysis of tsetse populations and represents a useful resource for identification of the genetic basis of important phenotypic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurdeep K Lall
- Centre for Infectious Disease, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh, EH9 1QH, UK.
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Nagy ZT. A hands-on overview of tissue preservation methods for molecular genetic analyses. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-010-0012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Alvarez N, Romero Napoles J, Anton KW, Benrey B, Hossaert-McKey M. Phylogenetic relationships in the Neotropical bruchid genus Acanthoscelides (Bruchinae, Bruchidae, Coleoptera). J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.2005.00344.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Vink CJ, Thomas SM, Paquin P, Hayashi CY, Hedin M. The effects of preservatives and temperatures on arachnid DNA. INVERTEBR SYST 2005. [DOI: 10.1071/is04039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We tested the effects of different preservatives and temperatures on the yield of spider and scorpion DNA useable for PCR amplification. Our experiment was designed to simulate conditions in the field and laboratory over a six-week time period, testing the preservatives RNAlater®, propylene glycol, and various ethanol concentrations. Three replicates of each preservation treatment were stored at five different temperature treatments; –80°C, –20°C, 2–4°C, 19–24°C, and 40°C. DNA was extracted and quality was assessed by electrophoresis on mini-gels, and by PCR amplification of high copy mitochondrial DNA fragments (cytochrome oxidase subunit I) and low copy nuclear DNA fragments (actin). Results show that RNAlater® and propylene glycol are significantly better than the other preservatives for high quality DNA preservation and that tissue is best stored at –80°C or –20°C. Storage in 95% ethanol is appropriate if specimens are stored at –20°C or –80°C. We believe our results can help guide biologists in choosing preservatives and temperatures for DNA-based research on arachnids, other arthropods and invertebrates in general.
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LOPEZ-VAAMONDE CARLOS, DIXON DALEJ, COOK JAMESM, RASPLUS JEANYVES. Revision of the Australian species of Pleistodontes (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae) fig-pollinating wasps and their host-plant associations. Zool J Linn Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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