EMG myokymia as a cause of ptosis in hypothyroidism

Choked: A Case Report of Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy Mimicking Hypothyroidism From the Philippines

Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) is a late-onset myopathic genetic disorder characterized by chronic progressive dysphagia and ptosis with or without proximal limb weakness. It is most often caused by an abnormal alanine-encoding (GCN) trinucleotide repeat expansion in the first exon of the poly(A)-binding protein nuclear 1 (PABPN1) gene. Patients with hypothyroidism may similarly report bilateral ptosis, dysphagia, and limb weakness. Here, we report the case of a 65-year-old Austrian female with hypothyroidism living in the Philippines who presented with gradually progressive ptosis, dysphagia, and intermittent choking episodes. No known relatives had similar symptoms. Physical examination showed bilateral symmetric ptosis, good cough reflex, and good limb muscle strength. Electromyographic studies of facial and laryngeal muscles were found to be normal. Thyroid evaluation showed biochemically hyperthyroid status while taking Levothyroxine. With a clinical suspicion for genetic progressive myopathy, we considered OPMD. Genetic testing revealed abnormal expansion of GCN trinucleotide repeats in the PABPN1 gene. We describe the first reported case of OPMD with detected PABPN1 gene expansion in the Philippines simulating hypothyroidism symptoms, suggesting possible points for misidentification and underdiagnosis of OPMD in developing countries.

A case of Sheehan's syndrome that manifested as bilateral ptosis

Hypothyroidism can cause a variety of signs and symptoms of the neuromuscular system. However, ptosis in a patient with hypothyroidism is very rare. We report here on a case of central hypothyroidism that was due to Sheehan's syndrome and it manifested as bilateral ptosis in a 51-yr-old woman. She complained of exertional dyspnea and weakness. About 25-yr ago, she had a history of severe postpartum vaginal bleeding. The laboratory studies demonstrated hypopituitarism with secondary hypothyroidism. The ptosis was improved by replacement of thyroid hormone. Hypothyroidism should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients who manifest with ptosis and that prompt replacement of hormone can lead to a complete recovery.

Some neurological and psychiatric complications in the disorders of the thyroid gland

A pajzsmirigyhormonok alapvető fontosságúak a központi idegrendszer perinatális fejlődéséhez és a felnőtt agy működéséhez, elsősorban a specifikus célgének transzkripciójának szabályozásával. Fokozzák a kortikális szerotoninerg transzmissziót, szerepet játszanak a noradrenerg funkciók szabályozásában, és érintik a GABA-funkciót. A csecsemő- és kisgyermekkori hypothyreosis mentális retardációhoz vezet, felnőttkorban a demencia és a depresszió a leggyakoribb, de előfordulhat myxoedemás kóma, cerebellaris és agyidegtünetek, megnő a hajlam a cerebrovascularis kórképekre. A periféria részéről polyneuropathia, carpalis alagút syndroma, myalgia gyakori; ritka szövődmény a myokymia. Csaknem minden hyperthyreotikus betegnél előfordulnak minor pszichiátriai tünetek, ritkábban alakul ki pszichózis, demencia, konfúziós állapot, depresszió, apátiás thyreotoxicosis, thyreotoxikus krízis, epilepszia, pyramistünetek vagy chorea. A periféria részvételét krónikus thyreotoxikus myopathia, infiltratív ophthalmomyopathia, myasthenia gravis, thyreotoxikus periódikus hypokalaemiás bénulás és polyneuropathia jelezheti. A figyelemhiányos hiperaktivitásban szenvedők jelentős részénél generalizált pajzsmirigyhormon-rezisztenciát igazoltak. Magas antithyroid antitest titer jellemzi az akut-szubakut indulású, remissziókkal és relapszusokkal jellemezhető, súlyos, életveszélyes, de szteroidra jól reagáló, autoimmun, ritkán előforduló Hashimoto-encephalopathiát.