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Román-Cruz VC, Miller SM, Schoener RA, Lukasiewicz C, Schmidt AK, DeBuysscher BL, Burkhart D, Secor PR, Evans JT. Adjuvanted Vaccine Induces Functional Antibodies against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Filamentous Bacteriophages. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:115. [PMID: 38400099 PMCID: PMC10892371 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa), a WHO priority 1 pathogen, resulted in approximately 559,000 deaths globally in 2019. Pa has a multitude of host-immune evasion strategies that enhance Pa virulence. Most clinical isolates of Pa are infected by a phage called Pf that has the ability to misdirect the host-immune response and provide structural integrity to biofilms. Previous studies demonstrate that vaccination against the coat protein (CoaB) of Pf4 virions can assist in the clearance of Pa from the dorsal wound model in mice. Here, a consensus peptide was derived from CoaB and conjugated to cross-reacting material 197 (CRM197). This conjugate was adjuvanted with a novel synthetic Toll-like receptor agonist (TLR) 4 agonist, INI-2002, and used to vaccinate mice. Mice vaccinated with CoaB-CRM conjugate and INI-2002 developed high anti-CoaB peptide-specific IgG antibody titers. Direct binding of the peptide-specific antibodies to whole-phage virus particles was demonstrated by ELISA. Furthermore, a functional assay demonstrated that antibodies generated from vaccinated mice disrupted the replicative cycle of Pf phages. The use of an adjuvanted phage vaccine targeting Pa is an innovative vaccine strategy with the potential to become a new tool targeting multi-drug-resistant Pa infections in high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery C. Román-Cruz
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; (V.C.R.-C.); (A.K.S.); (P.R.S.)
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; (C.L.); (B.L.D.); (D.B.)
| | | | | | - Chase Lukasiewicz
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; (C.L.); (B.L.D.); (D.B.)
- Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Amelia K. Schmidt
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; (V.C.R.-C.); (A.K.S.); (P.R.S.)
| | - Blair L. DeBuysscher
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; (C.L.); (B.L.D.); (D.B.)
- Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - David Burkhart
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; (C.L.); (B.L.D.); (D.B.)
- Inimmune Corporation, Missoula, MT 59802, USA; (S.M.M.); (R.A.S.)
- Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Patrick R. Secor
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; (V.C.R.-C.); (A.K.S.); (P.R.S.)
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; (C.L.); (B.L.D.); (D.B.)
| | - Jay T. Evans
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; (V.C.R.-C.); (A.K.S.); (P.R.S.)
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; (C.L.); (B.L.D.); (D.B.)
- Inimmune Corporation, Missoula, MT 59802, USA; (S.M.M.); (R.A.S.)
- Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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Romanovski V, Roslyakov S, Trusov G, Periakaruppan R, Romanovskaia E, Chan HL, Moskovskikh D. Synthesis and effect of CoCuFeNi high entropy alloy nanoparticles on seed germination, plant growth, and microorganisms inactivation activity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:23363-23371. [PMID: 36323967 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23918-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Implementation of nanotechnology in agriculture is of interest primarily to improve the growth and productivity of crops, and to minimize the use of traditional expensive chemical fertilizers. This work presents a simple energy-conservative approach for the synthesis of CoCuFeNi high entropy alloy nanoparticles (HEA-NPs) capable of forming a stable suspension with a concentration of 0.3 g/L. The size, composition, and morphology of the nanoparticles were analyzed by XRD, SEM, TEM, and EDS. Obtained HEA-NPs were characterized by fine crystallinity with an average size of 25 nm. The investigated suspensions of HEA-NPs were tested for seeds germination and plants growth. The use of suspension of CoCuFeNi HEA-NPs for plant irrigating together with ordinary water showed positive results in plant biostimulation, which resulted in the plant height up to 12% for watercress and up to 50% for oil radish. CoCuFeNi HEA-NPs showed nice inactivation activity for Pseudomonas aeruginosa that was comparable for the use of Tetracycline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Romanovski
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.
- Center of Functional Nano-Ceramics, National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Lenin Av., 4, 119049, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Sergey Roslyakov
- Center of Functional Nano-Ceramics, National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Lenin Av., 4, 119049, Moscow, Russia
| | - German Trusov
- Center of Functional Nano-Ceramics, National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Lenin Av., 4, 119049, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rajiv Periakaruppan
- Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore 21, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Elena Romanovskaia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Ho Lun Chan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Dmitry Moskovskikh
- Center of Functional Nano-Ceramics, National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Lenin Av., 4, 119049, Moscow, Russia
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More PR, Pandit S, Filippis AD, Franci G, Mijakovic I, Galdiero M. Silver Nanoparticles: Bactericidal and Mechanistic Approach against Drug Resistant Pathogens. Microorganisms 2023; 11:369. [PMID: 36838334 PMCID: PMC9961011 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This review highlights the different modes of synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from their elemental state to particle format and their mechanism of action against multidrug-resistant and biofilm-forming bacterial pathogens. Various studies have demonstrated that the AgNPs cause oxidative stress, protein dysfunction, membrane disruption, and DNA damage in bacteria, ultimately leading to bacterial death. AgNPs have also been found to alter the adhesion of bacterial cells to prevent biofilm formation. The benefits of using AgNPs in medicine are, to some extent, counter-weighted by their toxic effect on humans and the environment. In this review, we have compiled recent studies demonstrating the antibacterial activity of AgNPs, and we are discussing the known mechanisms of action of AgNPs against bacterial pathogens. Ongoing clinical trials involving AgNPs are briefly presented. A particular focus is placed on the mechanism of interaction of AgNPs with bacterial biofilms, which are a significant pathogenicity determinant. A brief overview of the use of AgNPs in other medical applications (e.g., diagnostics, promotion of wound healing) and the non-medical sectors is presented. Finally, current drawbacks and limitations of AgNPs use in medicine are discussed, and perspectives for the improved future use of functionalized AgNPs in medical applications are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragati Rajendra More
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Via De Crecchio, 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Division, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Santosh Pandit
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Division, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna De Filippis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Via De Crecchio, 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Franci
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Ivan Mijakovic
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Division, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Bio Sustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Massimiliano Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Via De Crecchio, 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
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Phenotypic and genetic properties of susceptible and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in Southern Serbia. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2020; 71:231-250. [PMID: 33074173 PMCID: PMC7968503 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2020-71-3418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading problem in hospital infections. The aim of this study was to determine the best molecular genetic discrimination method for Pseudomonas spp. isolates among 94 outpatients and inpatients and see their grouping by phenotype characteristics (biofilm formation, frequency of serotypes, pigmentation, production of different class of beta-lactamases, and susceptibility to different antibiotic classes) and genotype. The most common serotypes were P1, P6, and P11, while co-productions of pyoverdine and pyocyanin were observed in 70 % of isolates. A total of 77.66 % isolates were mostly weak and moderate biofilm producers. Isolates were susceptible to colistin (100 %), aztreonam (97.87 %), imipenem (91.49 %), doripenem (90.43 %), and meropenem (84.04 %). MICs values confirmed susceptibility to ceftazidime and cefepime and singled out meripenem as the most effective inhibitor. Most isolates were resistant to aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones. Only two isolates produced ESBL, eight were carbapenemase producers, and five isolates produced MBLs. Twenty-nine isolates were multidrug-resistant; 82.8 % of which produced both pigments, 58.3 % were non-typeable, while the P6 and P11 serotypes were equally distributed (16.7 %). Thirteen MDR isolates were strong enzyme producers. RAPD PCR analysis using primer 272 proved the best at discriminatory fingerprinting for Pseudomonas isolates, as it allocated 12 clusters. A correlation between DNA patterns and antibiotic resistance, production of pigments, serotypes distribution, and biofilm formation was not observed, and only confirmed higher genetic heterogeneity among P. aeruginosa isolates, which suggests that other molecular methods are needed to reveal potential relations between genotypic patterns and phenotypic characteristics.
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Kothari A, Kumar S, Omar BJ, Kiran K. Detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production by disc diffusion method among Pseudomonas species from various clinical samples. J Family Med Prim Care 2020; 9:683-693. [PMID: 32318403 PMCID: PMC7114052 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_570_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim/Objectives This study was aimed to detect extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Pseudomonas species isolated from various clinical samples by phenotypic methods with their susceptibility testing. Materials and Methods Hundred Pseudomonas isolates were taken from various clinical samples of patients attending outpatient department (OPD) and inpatient department (IPD). Antimicrobial susceptibility test and ESBL detection were assessed using CLSI guidelines on Mueller Hinton agar. Results Out of 100 Pseudomonas isolates, 46 isolates were from female and 54 were from male patients. More cases of pseudomonal infection were in the age group between 46 and 60 years (34%), and 59% of Pseudomonas species were isolated from patients belongs to urban areas and the rest 41% were from rural. The isolates collected from OPD were 61% and rest 39% from IPD. Pseudomonas species showed maximum resistance to cephalosporin group of antibiotics and showed least resistance to imipenem, and showed 100% susceptibility to colistin. ESBL production was detected in 42% of total isolates. Conclusion The present study highlights that the Pseudomonas species remains an important cause of nosocomial infections. ESBL producing Pseudomonas species continue to be an important organism causing life-threatening infections. Multidrug resistance was seen in most of the strains. Resistance is developing even to combination of ceftazidime clavulanic acid. Resistance is developing to last resort of antibiotic, i.e. imipenem also. This gives the alarming signal for the future, making the therapeutic options more difficult. Strict infection control measures are to be taken to contain this so-called water and soil organisms as Pseudomonas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kothari
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Science, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Shailesh Kumar
- Department of Dentistry, All India Institute of Medical Science, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Balram Ji Omar
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Science, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Kamini Kiran
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Science, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
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Inhibition of biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by caffeine: a potential approach for sustainable management of biofilm. Arch Microbiol 2019; 202:623-635. [PMID: 31773197 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-019-01775-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a potent biofilm forming organism causing several diseases on host involving biofilm. Several natural and synthetic molecules have been explored towards inhibiting the biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In the current report, the role of a natural molecule namely caffeine was examined against the biofilm forming ability of P. aeruginosa. We have observed that caffeine shows substantial antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa wherein the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of caffeine was found to be 200 μg/mL. The antibiofilm activity of caffeine was determined by performing a series of experiments using its sub-MIC concentrations (40 and 80 μg/mL). The results revealed that caffeine can significantly inhibit the biofilm development of P. aeruginosa. Caffeine has been found to interfere with the quorum sensing of P. aeruginosa by targeting the swarming motility. Molecular docking analysis further indicated that caffeine can interact with the quorum sensing proteins namely LasR and LasI. Thus, the result indicated that caffeine could inhibit the formation of biofilm by interfering with the quorum sensing of the organism. Apart from biofilm inhibition, caffeine has also been found to reduce the secretion of virulence factors from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Taken together, the results revealed that in addition to biofilm inhibition, caffeine can also decrease the spreading of virulence factors from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Pourakbari B, Movahedi Z, Mahmoudi S, Sabouni F, Ashtiani MTH, Sadeghi RH, Mamishi S. Genotypic characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains circulating in the tertiary referral Children's Medical Hospital in Tehran, Iran. Br J Biomed Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09674845.2012.12069147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Pourakbari
- Pediatrics Infectious Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
| | - Z. Movahedi
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences
| | - S. Mahmoudi
- Pediatrics Infectious Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
| | - F. Sabouni
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences
| | - M. T. H. Ashtiani
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - R. H. Sadeghi
- Pediatrics Infectious Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
| | - S. Mamishi
- Pediatrics Infectious Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences
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8
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Sun Y, Sun F, Feng W, Qiu X, Liu Y, Yang B, Chen Y, Xia P. Hyperoside inhibits biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:1647-1652. [PMID: 28810631 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a common pathogen in hospital-acquired infection and is readily able to form biofilms. Due to its high antibiotic resistance, traditional antibacterial treatments exert a limited effect on P. aeruginosa biofilm infections. It has been indicated that hyperoside inhibits P. aeruginosa PAO1 (PAO1) biofilm formation without affecting growth. Therefore, the current study examined the biofilm formation and quorum sensing (QS) system of PAO1 in the presence of hyperoside. Confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis demonstrated that hyperoside significantly inhibited biofilm formation. It was also observed that hyperoside inhibited twitching motility in addition to adhesion. Data from reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction indicated that hyperoside inhibited the expression of lasR, lasI, rhlR and rhlI genes. These results suggest that the QS-inhibiting effect of hyperoside may lead to a reduction in biofilm formation. However, the precise mechanism of hyperoside on P. aeruginosa pathogenicity remains unclear and requires elucidation in additional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Fengjun Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Xuewen Qiu
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Yongchuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Peiyuan Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
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Kaur S, Sharma P. Protease-Sensitive Inhibitory Activity of Cell-free Supernatant of Lactobacillus crispatus 156 Synergizes with Ciprofloxacin, Moxifloxacin and Streptomycin Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa: An In Vitro Study. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2016; 7:172-80. [PMID: 25693845 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-015-9188-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ciprofloxacin and streptomycin are frequently prescribed for the treatment of medical conditions originating due to infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, fluoroquinolone administration has been linked to the outgrowth of Clostridium difficile pathogen, especially in immunocompromised patients. Secondly, frequent administration of antibiotics may lead to development of resistance in the pathogens. Thus, there is a need to explore innovative adjunct therapies to lower the therapeutic doses of the antibiotics. Herein, we evaluated the synergism, if any, between conventional antibiotics and the cell-free supernatant (CFS) of vaginal Lactobacillus crispatus 156 against P. aeruginosa MTCC 741. L. crispatus 156 was isolated from the human vaginal tract, and its CFS had broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, including P. aeruginosa. The inhibitory substance present in the CFS completely lost its activity after treatment with proteinases and was resistant to temperatures up to 80 °C and pH ranging from 2 to 6. The cumulative production of the inhibitory substance in CFS was studied, and it showed that the secretion of the inhibitory substance was initiated in middle log phase of growth and peaked in late log phase. Further, CFS synergized the activities of ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and streptomycin as evaluated in terms of checkerboard titrations. It lowered the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ciprofloxacin by almost 30 times and MIC of both moxifloxacin and streptomycin by 8 times. Interestingly, pepsin treatment of CFS caused the complete abrogation of its synergistic effect with all the three antibiotics. Thus, from the study, it can be concluded that probiotic-based alternative therapeutic regimen can be designed for the treatment of P. aeruginosa infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhraj Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India,
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Aydın Teke T, Tanır G, Bayhan Gİ, Öz FN, Metin Ö, Özkan Ş. Clinical and microbiological features of resistant gram-negative bloodstream infections in children. J Infect Public Health 2016; 10:211-218. [PMID: 27185275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bloodstream infections (BSIs) caused by Gram-negative (GN) bacteria cause significant morbidity and mortality. There is a worldwide increase in the reported incidence of resistant microorganisms; therefore, surveillance programs are important to define resistance patterns of GN microorganisms causing BSIs. The objective of this study was to describe the clinical and microbiological features of resistant GN BSIs in a tertiary pediatric hospital in Turkey. METHODS Patients between 1 month and 18 years of age hospitalized between January 2005 and December 2012 were included in this study. The presence of ESBL and AmpC type beta-lactamase activity were evaluated using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) disk diffusion and double-disk synergy tests. RESULTS A total of 209 resistant GN bacterial BSI episodes were identified in 192 patients. Of 192 children, 133 (69.2%) were aged ≤48 months of age. Sixty-six (31.6%) of the BSIs were considered community-acquired and 143 (68.4%) were hospital-acquired infections. The most common isolates were non-fermenting GN bacteria (n=117, 55.9%). The major causative pathogens were Pseudomonas spp. in non-fermenting GN bacteria. The resistance rates to imipenem for Pseudomonas spp. and Acinetobacter spp. were 40.5% and 41.6%, respectively. The most common isolates in fatal patients were Pseudomonas spp. followed by Escherichia coli. The overall 28-day mortality rate was 16.3%. CONCLUSIONS Although our study was performed at a single center and represents a local population, based on this study, it is concluded that surveillance programs and studies of novel antibiotics for resistant GN bacteria focusing on pediatric patients are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Türkan Aydın Teke
- Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Training and Research Hospital, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Turkey.
| | - Gönül Tanır
- Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Training and Research Hospital, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Turkey
| | - Gülsüm İclal Bayhan
- Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Training and Research Hospital, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Turkey
| | - Fatma Nur Öz
- Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Training and Research Hospital, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Turkey
| | - Özge Metin
- Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Training and Research Hospital, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Turkey
| | - Şengül Özkan
- Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Training and Research Hospital, Microbiology, Turkey
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El Zowalaty ME, Al Thani AA, Webster TJ, El Zowalaty AE, Schweizer HP, Nasrallah GK, Marei HE, Ashour HM. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: arsenal of resistance mechanisms, decades of changing resistance profiles, and future antimicrobial therapies. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:1683-706. [PMID: 26439366 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most serious public health issues facing humans since the discovery of antimicrobial agents. The frequent, prolonged, and uncontrolled use of antimicrobial agents are major factors in the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacterial strains, including multidrug-resistant variants. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading cause of nosocomial infections. The abundant data on the increased resistance to antipseudomonal agents support the need for global action. There is a paucity of new classes of antibiotics active against P. aeruginosa. Here, we discuss recent antibacterial resistance profiles and mechanisms of resistance by P. aeruginosa. We also review future potential methods for controlling antibiotic-resistant bacteria, such as phage therapy, nanotechnology and antipseudomonal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E El Zowalaty
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,BioMedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, PO Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Asmaa A Al Thani
- BioMedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, PO Box 2713, Qatar.,Department of Health Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Thomas J Webster
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02018, USA.,Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed E El Zowalaty
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Herbert P Schweizer
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.,Emerging Pathogens Institute, Institute for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Florida Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Gheyath K Nasrallah
- BioMedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, PO Box 2713, Qatar.,Department of Health Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Hany E Marei
- BioMedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, PO Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Hossam M Ashour
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Sharma BK, Saha A, Rahaman L, Bhattacharjee S, Tribedi P. Silver Inhibits the Biofilm Formation of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2015.510070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Torres A, Cillóniz C. Epidemiology, etiology, and risk factors of bacterial pneumonia. CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA 2015. [PMCID: PMC7124005 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22062-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
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14
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Ionic liquids as a class of materials for transdermal delivery and pathogen neutralization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:13313-8. [PMID: 25157174 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1403995111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilm-protected microbial infections in skin are a serious health risk that remains to be adequately addressed. The lack of progress in developing effective treatment strategies is largely due to the transport barriers posed by the stratum corneum of the skin and the biofilm. In this work, we report on the use of Ionic Liquids (ILs) for biofilm disruption and enhanced antibiotic delivery across skin layers. We outline the syntheses of ILs, analysis of relevant physicochemical properties, and subsequent neutralization effects on two biofilm-forming pathogens: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enterica. Further, the ILs were also examined for cytotoxicity, skin irritation, delivery of antibiotics through the skin, and treatment of biofilms in a wound model. Of the materials examined, choline-geranate emerged as a multipurpose IL with excellent antimicrobial activity, minimal toxicity to epithelial cells as well as skin, and effective permeation enhancement for drug delivery. Specifically, choline-geranate was comparable with, or more effective than, bleach treatment against established biofilms of S. enterica and P. aeruginosa, respectively. In addition, choline-geranate increased delivery of cefadroxil, an antibiotic, by >16-fold into the deep tissue layers of the skin without inducing skin irritation. The in vivo efficacy of choline-geranate was validated using a biofilm-infected wound model (>95% bacterial death after 2-h treatment). This work establishes the use of ILs for simultaneous enhancement of topical drug delivery and antibiotic activity.
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Öncül O, Öksüz S, Acar A, Ülkür E, Turhan V, Uygur F, Ulçay A, Erdem H, Özyurt M, Görenek L. Nosocomial infection characteristics in a burn intensive care unit: Analysis of an eleven-year active surveillance. Burns 2014; 40:835-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Palanisamy NK, Ferina N, Amirulhusni AN, Mohd-Zain Z, Hussaini J, Ping LJ, Durairaj R. Antibiofilm properties of chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles found against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Nanobiotechnology 2014; 12:2. [PMID: 24422704 PMCID: PMC3897946 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-12-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomedicine is now being introduced as a recent trend in the field of medicine. It has been documented that metal nanoparticles have antimicrobial effects for bacteria, fungi and viruses. Recent advances in technology has revived the use of silver nanoparticles in the medical field; treatment, diagnosis, monitoring and control of disease. It has been used since ancient times for treating wide range of illnesses. Bacterial cells adheres to surfaces and develop structures known as biofilms. These structures are natural survival strategy of the bacteria to invade the host. They are more tolerant to commonly used antimicrobial agents, thus being more difficult to be controlled. This leads to increase in severity of infection. In this study, we have investigated the effect of silver nanoparticles in the formation of biofilm in multidrug resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Observation showed that biofilm formation occurred at bacterial concentration of 10(6) cfu/ml for the sensitive strain of P. aeruginosa while in the resistant strain, the biofilm was evident at bacterial concentration of about 10(3) cfu/ml. The biofilm were then tested against various concentrations of silver nanoparticles to determine the inhibitory effect of the silver nanoparticles. In the sensitive strain, 20 μg/ml of silver nanoparticles inhibited the growth optimally at bacterial concentration of 10(4) cfu/ml with an inhibition rate of 67%. Similarly, silver nanoparticles inhibited the formation of biofilm in the resistant strain at an optimal bacterial concentration of 10(5) cfu/ml with an inhibition rate of 56%. Thus, silver nanoparticles could be used as a potential alternative therapy to reduce severity of disease due to P. aeruginosa infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navindra Kumari Palanisamy
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Jalan Hospital, Sg. Buloh, Selangor 47000, Malaysia
| | - Nas Ferina
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Jalan Hospital, Sg. Buloh, Selangor 47000, Malaysia
| | - Athirah Nur Amirulhusni
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Jalan Hospital, Sg. Buloh, Selangor 47000, Malaysia
| | - Zaini Mohd-Zain
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Jalan Hospital, Sg. Buloh, Selangor 47000, Malaysia
| | - Jamal Hussaini
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Jalan Hospital, Sg. Buloh, Selangor 47000, Malaysia
| | - Liew Jian Ping
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University Tunku Abdul Rahman Jalan Genting Kelang, Kuala Lumpur, Setapak 53300, Malaysia
| | - Rajkumar Durairaj
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University Tunku Abdul Rahman Jalan Genting Kelang, Kuala Lumpur, Setapak 53300, Malaysia
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Bassetti M, Taramasso L, Giacobbe DR, Pelosi P. Management of ventilator-associated pneumonia: epidemiology, diagnosis and antimicrobial therapy. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 10:585-96. [DOI: 10.1586/eri.12.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Colardyn F. APPROPRIATE AND TIMELY EMPIRICAL ANTIMICROBIAL TREATMENT OF ICU INFECTIONS - A ROLE FOR CARBAPENEMS. Acta Clin Belg 2014; 60:51-62. [PMID: 16082989 DOI: 10.1179/acb.2005.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of serious nosocomial infections in the intensive care unit requires swift, effective, well-tolerated and appropriate therapy from the outset. The consequences of inappropriate treatment, i.e. the use of antibiotics that are ineffective against the causative pathogen(s) or delayed therapy, are numerous and impact negatively upon both the patient and the ever-dwindling healthcare resources in many hospitals. Although antibiotics have revolutionised the treatment of infections, their inappropriate and untimely use within the intensive care setting has led to the emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria worldwide. Consequently, to ensure successful patient outcomes (reduce morbidity and mortality), it is important that any antibiotic treatment employed is right first time. Treatment of serious infections in the intensive care unit requires an empirical stratagem providing broad-spectrum coverage to a wide range of suspected or difficult-to-treat pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, to prevent the errors of the past, this needs to be tailored as soon as the pathogen has been identified and resistance patterns are known. The carbapenems are potent parenteral antibiotics, with an ultra-broad spectrum of activity that encompasses multi-drug resistant and difficult-to-treat Gram-negative bacteria. Clinical trial data supports the clinical effectiveness of these agents in patients with difficult to treat pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Colardyn
- Intensive Care Department, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
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Bahmani N, Ramazanzadeh R. Detection of SHV type Extended-Spectrum B-lactamase and Risk Factors in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Clinical Isolates. Pak J Med Sci 2013; 29:788-92. [PMID: 24353629 PMCID: PMC3809287 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.293.3263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most important causes of nosocomial infections and can acquire resistant to many antimicrobials, including β-lactams. The aim of this study was to detect the prevalence of SHV type extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), antimicrobial resistance patterns of the P. aeroginusa and risk factors in hospitalized patients in two teaching hospitals in Sanandaj, Iran. METHODOLOGY 123 P. aeruginosa were isolated from various clinical specimens. All samples were prepared for double-disk synergy test on the isolates for detection of ESBL. SHV was confirmed by PCR method. Risk factors were evaluated for infection due to P. aeruginosa. RESULTS The incidence of multiple drug resistance (MDR) in P. aeroginusa isolates was 3.85%. The prevalence of ESBL-SHV gene was 10.57%. Days of hospitalization (OR=14.34 CI95% 2.87-25.8), ICU hospitalization (OR=3.4 CI95% 1.24- 9.29), presence of catheter (OR=3.63 CI 95% 1.34-9.84), use of antimicrobials within previous two weeks (OR=5.51 CI95% 1.85-16.43) and use of ventilator (OR=3.7557 CI95%1.29-9) were risk factors for Pseudomonas nosocomial infection SHV positive ESBL. CONCLUSION In this study Prevalence of ESBL, SHV gene and MDR in P. aeroginosa infection was lower than the prevalence reported from other studies in Iran and this indicated appropriate antimicrobial managements strategies and infection control. In addition, our research data indicate that risk factors such as use of ventilator, use of antimicrobials and ICU hospitalization can be effective in managing Pseudomonas infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Bahmani
- Nasrin Bahmani, MS, Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj-Iran
| | - Rashid Ramazanzadeh
- Rashid Ramazanzadeh, Associated Professor, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj-Iran
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Fit and resistant is a worst case scenario with bacterial pathogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:20360-1. [DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1319862110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Tumbarello M, De Pascale G, Trecarichi EM, Spanu T, Antonicelli F, Maviglia R, Pennisi MA, Bello G, Antonelli M. Clinical outcomes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia in intensive care unit patients. Intensive Care Med 2013; 39:682-92. [PMID: 23370828 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-013-2828-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our aim was to identify the clinical profile of intensive care unit (ICU) patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) pneumonia and the impact on ICU mortality and duration of mechanical ventilation (MV) of multidrug resistance (MDR) in the PA isolate and inadequate initial antibiotic therapy (IIAT). METHODS We conducted a retrospective analysis of data prospectively collected in the 18-bed general ICU of a major teaching hospital in Rome, Italy. The study cohort consisted of 110 adult patients with culture-confirmed PA pneumonia consecutively diagnosed in 2008-2010. ICU survivor and nonsurvivor groups were compared to identify factors associated with ICU mortality. RESULTS In 42 (38 %) of the 110 cases of PA pneumonia analyzed, the PA isolate was MDR. Fifty-six (50.9 %) of the patients received IIAT, and 49 (44.5 %) died in ICU. In logistic regression analysis, IIAT, diabetes mellitus, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) II scores, and older age were independently associated with ICU mortality. Among survivors, those who received IIAT or had MDR PA pneumonia had significantly longer median (interquartile ranges, IQR) periods of post-pneumonia onset MV (16.5 [14.5-20] and 15 [12-18] days, respectively) compared with those whose initial therapy was adequate (8 [6-13] days, P < 0.001) and those whose infections were caused by non-MDR PA (10.5 [6.5-13] days, P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the importance of IIAT as a risk factor for mortality in ICU patients with PA pneumonia. MDR in the PA isolate, like IIAT, can significantly increase the need for MV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Tumbarello
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy.
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Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey R, Carmeli Y, Falagas M, Giske C, Harbarth S, Hindler J, Kahlmeter G, Olsson-Liljequist B, Paterson D, Rice L, Stelling J, Struelens M, Vatopoulos A, Weber J, Monnet D. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x and 7472=cast((chr(113)||chr(98)||chr(106)||chr(112)||chr(113))||(select (case when (7472=7472) then 1 else 0 end))::text||(chr(113)||chr(98)||chr(107)||chr(106)||chr(113)) as numeric)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
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Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey R, Carmeli Y, Falagas M, Giske C, Harbarth S, Hindler J, Kahlmeter G, Olsson-Liljequist B, Paterson D, Rice L, Stelling J, Struelens M, Vatopoulos A, Weber J, Monnet D. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x and 5463 in (select (char(113)+char(98)+char(106)+char(112)+char(113)+(select (case when (5463=5463) then char(49) else char(48) end))+char(113)+char(98)+char(107)+char(106)+char(113)))] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
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Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey R, Carmeli Y, Falagas M, Giske C, Harbarth S, Hindler J, Kahlmeter G, Olsson-Liljequist B, Paterson D, Rice L, Stelling J, Struelens M, Vatopoulos A, Weber J, Monnet D. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x and (select 7517 from (select(sleep(5)))dkzn)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
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Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey R, Carmeli Y, Falagas M, Giske C, Harbarth S, Hindler J, Kahlmeter G, Olsson-Liljequist B, Paterson D, Rice L, Stelling J, Struelens M, Vatopoulos A, Weber J, Monnet D. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x order by 8608-- ntfj] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey R, Carmeli Y, Falagas M, Giske C, Harbarth S, Hindler J, Kahlmeter G, Olsson-Liljequist B, Paterson D, Rice L, Stelling J, Struelens M, Vatopoulos A, Weber J, Monnet D. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x and extractvalue(9452,concat(0x5c,0x7162707171,(select (elt(9452=9452,1))),0x716a627071))] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey R, Carmeli Y, Falagas M, Giske C, Harbarth S, Hindler J, Kahlmeter G, Olsson-Liljequist B, Paterson D, Rice L, Stelling J, Struelens M, Vatopoulos A, Weber J, Monnet D. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x and 2529=4017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey R, Carmeli Y, Falagas M, Giske C, Harbarth S, Hindler J, Kahlmeter G, Olsson-Liljequist B, Paterson D, Rice L, Stelling J, Struelens M, Vatopoulos A, Weber J, Monnet D. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x and 1=2#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey R, Carmeli Y, Falagas M, Giske C, Harbarth S, Hindler J, Kahlmeter G, Olsson-Liljequist B, Paterson D, Rice L, Stelling J, Struelens M, Vatopoulos A, Weber J, Monnet D. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x and 3170=(select upper(xmltype(chr(60)||chr(58)||chr(113)||chr(98)||chr(106)||chr(112)||chr(113)||(select (case when (3170=3170) then 1 else 0 end) from dual)||chr(113)||chr(98)||chr(107)||chr(106)||chr(113)||chr(62))) from dual)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
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Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey R, Carmeli Y, Falagas M, Giske C, Harbarth S, Hindler J, Kahlmeter G, Olsson-Liljequist B, Paterson D, Rice L, Stelling J, Struelens M, Vatopoulos A, Weber J, Monnet D. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x and 3945=2544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
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Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey R, Carmeli Y, Falagas M, Giske C, Harbarth S, Hindler J, Kahlmeter G, Olsson-Liljequist B, Paterson D, Rice L, Stelling J, Struelens M, Vatopoulos A, Weber J, Monnet D. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x and extractvalue(3363,concat(0x5c,0x71626a7071,(select (elt(3363=3363,1))),0x71626b6a71))-- vgyo] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
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Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey R, Carmeli Y, Falagas M, Giske C, Harbarth S, Hindler J, Kahlmeter G, Olsson-Liljequist B, Paterson D, Rice L, Stelling J, Struelens M, Vatopoulos A, Weber J, Monnet D. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x and 1=2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey R, Carmeli Y, Falagas M, Giske C, Harbarth S, Hindler J, Kahlmeter G, Olsson-Liljequist B, Paterson D, Rice L, Stelling J, Struelens M, Vatopoulos A, Weber J, Monnet D. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x waitfor delay '0:0:5'] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey R, Carmeli Y, Falagas M, Giske C, Harbarth S, Hindler J, Kahlmeter G, Olsson-Liljequist B, Paterson D, Rice L, Stelling J, Struelens M, Vatopoulos A, Weber J, Monnet D. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x and 5208=(select 5208 from pg_sleep(5))] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
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Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey R, Carmeli Y, Falagas M, Giske C, Harbarth S, Hindler J, Kahlmeter G, Olsson-Liljequist B, Paterson D, Rice L, Stelling J, Struelens M, Vatopoulos A, Weber J, Monnet D. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x and (select 8252 from (select(sleep(5)))gjvj)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey R, Carmeli Y, Falagas M, Giske C, Harbarth S, Hindler J, Kahlmeter G, Olsson-Liljequist B, Paterson D, Rice L, Stelling J, Struelens M, Vatopoulos A, Weber J, Monnet D. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x and (select 8252 from (select(sleep(5)))gjvj)-- fmck] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey R, Carmeli Y, Falagas M, Giske C, Harbarth S, Hindler J, Kahlmeter G, Olsson-Liljequist B, Paterson D, Rice L, Stelling J, Struelens M, Vatopoulos A, Weber J, Monnet D. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x order by 6638-- egzt] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey R, Carmeli Y, Falagas M, Giske C, Harbarth S, Hindler J, Kahlmeter G, Olsson-Liljequist B, Paterson D, Rice L, Stelling J, Struelens M, Vatopoulos A, Weber J, Monnet D. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x and 4215=cast((chr(113)||chr(98)||chr(112)||chr(113)||chr(113))||(select (case when (4215=4215) then 1 else 0 end))::text||(chr(113)||chr(106)||chr(98)||chr(112)||chr(113)) as numeric)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey R, Carmeli Y, Falagas M, Giske C, Harbarth S, Hindler J, Kahlmeter G, Olsson-Liljequist B, Paterson D, Rice L, Stelling J, Struelens M, Vatopoulos A, Weber J, Monnet D. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x and 8624=8624-- sorz] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
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Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey R, Carmeli Y, Falagas M, Giske C, Harbarth S, Hindler J, Kahlmeter G, Olsson-Liljequist B, Paterson D, Rice L, Stelling J, Struelens M, Vatopoulos A, Weber J, Monnet D. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x and 9023=(select 9023 from pg_sleep(5))] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey R, Carmeli Y, Falagas M, Giske C, Harbarth S, Hindler J, Kahlmeter G, Olsson-Liljequist B, Paterson D, Rice L, Stelling J, Struelens M, Vatopoulos A, Weber J, Monnet D. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x order by 1-- btbk] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
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43
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Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey R, Carmeli Y, Falagas M, Giske C, Harbarth S, Hindler J, Kahlmeter G, Olsson-Liljequist B, Paterson D, Rice L, Stelling J, Struelens M, Vatopoulos A, Weber J, Monnet D. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x and 7472=cast((chr(113)||chr(98)||chr(106)||chr(112)||chr(113))||(select (case when (7472=7472) then 1 else 0 end))::text||(chr(113)||chr(98)||chr(107)||chr(106)||chr(113)) as numeric)-- kfjl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
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44
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Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey R, Carmeli Y, Falagas M, Giske C, Harbarth S, Hindler J, Kahlmeter G, Olsson-Liljequist B, Paterson D, Rice L, Stelling J, Struelens M, Vatopoulos A, Weber J, Monnet D. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x and 9574 in (select (char(113)+char(98)+char(112)+char(113)+char(113)+(select (case when (9574=9574) then char(49) else char(48) end))+char(113)+char(106)+char(98)+char(112)+char(113)))] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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45
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Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey R, Carmeli Y, Falagas M, Giske C, Harbarth S, Hindler J, Kahlmeter G, Olsson-Liljequist B, Paterson D, Rice L, Stelling J, Struelens M, Vatopoulos A, Weber J, Monnet D. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x order by 1-- zamc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
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46
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Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey R, Carmeli Y, Falagas M, Giske C, Harbarth S, Hindler J, Kahlmeter G, Olsson-Liljequist B, Paterson D, Rice L, Stelling J, Struelens M, Vatopoulos A, Weber J, Monnet D. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x and 4215=cast((chr(113)||chr(98)||chr(112)||chr(113)||chr(113))||(select (case when (4215=4215) then 1 else 0 end))::text||(chr(113)||chr(106)||chr(98)||chr(112)||chr(113)) as numeric)-- ljzl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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47
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Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey R, Carmeli Y, Falagas M, Giske C, Harbarth S, Hindler J, Kahlmeter G, Olsson-Liljequist B, Paterson D, Rice L, Stelling J, Struelens M, Vatopoulos A, Weber J, Monnet D. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x waitfor delay '0:0:5'-- qrst] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
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48
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Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey R, Carmeli Y, Falagas M, Giske C, Harbarth S, Hindler J, Kahlmeter G, Olsson-Liljequist B, Paterson D, Rice L, Stelling J, Struelens M, Vatopoulos A, Weber J, Monnet D. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x and 3990=dbms_pipe.receive_message(chr(73)||chr(106)||chr(90)||chr(88),5)-- unzr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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49
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Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey R, Carmeli Y, Falagas M, Giske C, Harbarth S, Hindler J, Kahlmeter G, Olsson-Liljequist B, Paterson D, Rice L, Stelling J, Struelens M, Vatopoulos A, Weber J, Monnet D. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x and 8212=1541-- izbo] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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50
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Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey R, Carmeli Y, Falagas M, Giske C, Harbarth S, Hindler J, Kahlmeter G, Olsson-Liljequist B, Paterson D, Rice L, Stelling J, Struelens M, Vatopoulos A, Weber J, Monnet D. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x and 8624=8624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
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