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Sedik AA, Elgohary R, Khalifa E, Khalil WKB, I Shafey H, B Shalaby M, S O Gouida M, M Tag Y. Lauric acid attenuates hepato-metabolic complications and molecular alterations in high-fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2024; 34:454-467. [PMID: 38166588 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2023.2301344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as a major chronic liver illness characterized by increase of lipid content in the liver. This study investigated the role of lauric acid to treat NAFLD in male adult Sprague Dawley rats. In this study, to induce NAFLD in the rats, a high-fat diet (HFD) was administered for eight consecutive weeks. Lauric acid groups received lauric acid (250 and 500 mg/kg; orally), concurrently with HFD for eight consecutive weeks. Lauric acid could ameliorate the serum levels of TG, TC, ALT, AST, blood glucose, and insulin. Moreover, lauric acid significantly elevated the levels of SOD, GSH, catalase, and IL-10. Additionally, it lowered the hepatic levels of MDA, ROS, MPO, 4-HNE, interleukin (IL)-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α). Furthermore, lauric acid significantly up-regulated the hepatic expression of IRS1, AMPK, PI3K, and SIRT1 genes. In parallel, lauric acid could improve the histopathological picture of the liver and reduce the liver apoptosis via decreasing the expression of annexin V (Anx V). Finally, our data proposed that lauric acid could be an effective candidate for the NAFLD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Sedik
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania Elgohary
- Narcotics, Ergogenics and Poisons Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman Khalifa
- Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Delta University for Science and Technology, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Heba I Shafey
- Cell Biology Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed B Shalaby
- Toxicology Research Department, Research Institute of Medical Entomology (RIME), General Organisation of Teaching Hospitals and Institutes (GOTHI), Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona S O Gouida
- Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Children Hospital, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Yasmin M Tag
- Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Delta University for Science and Technology, Mansoura, Egypt
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2
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Fuchs M, Viel C, Lehto A, Lau H, Klein J. Oxidative stress in rat brain during experimental status epilepticus: effect of antioxidants. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1233184. [PMID: 37767398 PMCID: PMC10520702 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1233184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antioxidants have been proposed as a treatment for diseases of the central nervous system. However, few studies actually studied their effects in the brain. To test central actions of antioxidants, we used the lithium-pilocarpine (Li-Pilo) model of status epilepticus (SE) in the rat in which seizures are accompanied by significant oxidative stress. We used in vivo microdialysis to determine isoprostane levels during SE in real time and brain homogenates for other measures of oxidative stress. Six different antioxidants were tested in acute and preventive experiments (vitamin C, vitamin E, ebselen, resveratrol, n-tert-butyl-α-phenylnitrone and coenzyme Q10). None of the antioxidants had an effect when given acutely during SE. In contrast, when antioxidants were given for 3 days prior to seizure induction, vitamins C and E reduced isoprostane formation by 58% and 65%, respectively. Pretreatment with the other antioxidants was ineffective. In brain homogenates prepared after 90 min of seizures, SE decreased the ratio of reduced vs. oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG ratio) from 60.8 to 7.50 and caused a twofold increase of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels and protein carbonyls. Pretreatment with vitamin C or vitamin E mitigated these effects and increased the GSH/GSSG ratio to 23.9 and 28.3, respectively. Again, the other antioxidants were not effective. We conclude that preventive treatment with vitamin C or vitamin E ameliorates seizure-induced oxidative damage in the brain. Several well-studied antioxidants were inactive, possibly due to limited brain permeability or a lack of chain-breaking antioxidant activity in hydrophilic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jochen Klein
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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3
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Geng Y, Wang Z, Zhou J, Zhu M, Liu J, James TD. Recent progress in the development of fluorescent probes for imaging pathological oxidative stress. Chem Soc Rev 2023. [PMID: 37190785 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00172a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is closely related to the physiopathology of numerous diseases. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and reactive sulfur species (RSS) are direct participants and important biomarkers of oxidative stress. A comprehensive understanding of their changes can help us evaluate disease pathogenesis and progression and facilitate early diagnosis and drug development. In recent years, fluorescent probes have been developed for real-time monitoring of ROS, RNS and RSS levels in vitro and in vivo. In this review, conventional design strategies of fluorescent probes for ROS, RNS, and RSS detection are discussed from three aspects: fluorophores, linkers, and recognition groups. We introduce representative fluorescent probes for ROS, RNS, and RSS detection in cells, physiological/pathological processes (e.g., Inflammation, Drug Induced Organ Injury and Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury etc.), and specific diseases (e.g., neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy, depression, diabetes and cancer, etc.). We then highlight the achievements, current challenges, and prospects for fluorescent probes in the pathophysiology of oxidative stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Zhuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Jiaying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Mingguang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Jiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Tony D James
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
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4
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Madireddy S, Madireddy S. Therapeutic Strategies to Ameliorate Neuronal Damage in Epilepsy by Regulating Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Neuroinflammation. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13050784. [PMID: 37239256 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13050784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a central nervous system disorder involving spontaneous and recurring seizures that affects 50 million individuals globally. Because approximately one-third of patients with epilepsy do not respond to drug therapy, the development of new therapeutic strategies against epilepsy could be beneficial. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are frequently observed in epilepsy. Additionally, neuroinflammation is increasingly understood to contribute to the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Mitochondrial dysfunction is also recognized for its contributions to neuronal excitability and apoptosis, which can lead to neuronal loss in epilepsy. This review focuses on the roles of oxidative damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, NAPDH oxidase, the blood-brain barrier, excitotoxicity, and neuroinflammation in the development of epilepsy. We also review the therapies used to treat epilepsy and prevent seizures, including anti-seizure medications, anti-epileptic drugs, anti-inflammatory therapies, and antioxidant therapies. In addition, we review the use of neuromodulation and surgery in the treatment of epilepsy. Finally, we present the role of dietary and nutritional strategies in the management of epilepsy, including the ketogenic diet and the intake of vitamins, polyphenols, and flavonoids. By reviewing available interventions and research on the pathophysiology of epilepsy, this review points to areas of further development for therapies that can manage epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahithi Madireddy
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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5
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Rubio C, López-López F, Rojas-Hernández D, Moreno W, Rodríguez-Quintero P, Rubio-Osornio M. Caloric restriction: Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms against epileptic seizures. Epilepsy Res 2022; 186:107012. [PMID: 36027691 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2022.107012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) possesses different cellular mechanisms. Though there are still gaps in the literature regarding its plausible beneficial effects, the suggestion that this alternative therapy can improve the inflammatory and antioxidant response to control epileptic seizures is explored throughout this study. Epilepsy is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease in the world. However, the appropriate mechanisms for it to be fully controlled are still unknown. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress promote epileptic seizures' appearance and might even aggravate them. There is growing evidence that caloric restriction has extensive anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. For instance, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) have been proposed to induce antioxidant processes and ulteriorly improve the disease progression. Caloric restriction can be an option for those patients with refractory epilepsy since it allows for anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties to evolve within the brain areas involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Rubio
- Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico
| | - Felipe López-López
- Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Campus Mexicali, Mexico
| | - Daniel Rojas-Hernández
- Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico; Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico
| | - Wilhelm Moreno
- Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico; Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - Paola Rodríguez-Quintero
- Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico; Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - Moisés Rubio-Osornio
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico.
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6
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Research progress on oxidative stress regulating different types of neuronal death caused by epileptic seizures. Neurol Sci 2022; 43:6279-6298. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-022-06302-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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7
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Zummo L, Vitale AM, Caruso Bavisotto C, De Curtis M, Garbelli R, Giallonardo AT, Di Bonaventura C, Fanella M, Conway de Macario E, Cappello F, Macario AJL, Marino Gammazza A. Molecular Chaperones and miRNAs in Epilepsy: Pathogenic Implications and Therapeutic Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168601. [PMID: 34445306 PMCID: PMC8395327 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a pathologic condition with high prevalence and devastating consequences for the patient and its entourage. Means for accurate diagnosis of type, patient monitoring for predicting seizures and follow up, and efficacious treatment are desperately needed. To improve this adverse outcome, miRNAs and the chaperone system (CS) are promising targets to understand pathogenic mechanisms and for developing theranostics applications. miRNAs implicated in conditions known or suspected to favor seizures such as neuroinflammation, to promote epileptic tolerance and neuronal survival, to regulate seizures, and others showing variations in expression levels related to seizures are promising candidates as useful biomarkers for diagnosis and patient monitoring, and as targets for developing novel therapies. Components of the CS are also promising as biomarkers and as therapeutic targets, since they participate in epileptogenic pathways and in cytoprotective mechanisms in various epileptogenic brain areas, even if what they do and how is not yet clear. The data in this review should help in the identification of molecular targets among the discussed miRNAs and CS components for research aiming at understanding epileptogenic mechanisms and, subsequently, develop means for predicting/preventing seizures and treating the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Zummo
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.Z.); (A.M.V.); (C.C.B.); (F.C.)
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit, A.R.N.A.S. Ospedale Civico—Di Cristina Benfratelli, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Maria Vitale
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.Z.); (A.M.V.); (C.C.B.); (F.C.)
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Celeste Caruso Bavisotto
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.Z.); (A.M.V.); (C.C.B.); (F.C.)
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Marco De Curtis
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.D.C.); (R.G.)
| | - Rita Garbelli
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.D.C.); (R.G.)
| | - Anna Teresa Giallonardo
- Department of Human Neurosciences “Sapienza”, University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.T.G.); (C.D.B.); (M.F.)
- Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Di Bonaventura
- Department of Human Neurosciences “Sapienza”, University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.T.G.); (C.D.B.); (M.F.)
- Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Fanella
- Department of Human Neurosciences “Sapienza”, University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.T.G.); (C.D.B.); (M.F.)
- Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Everly Conway de Macario
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore-Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD 21202, USA;
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.Z.); (A.M.V.); (C.C.B.); (F.C.)
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Alberto J. L. Macario
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore-Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD 21202, USA;
| | - Antonella Marino Gammazza
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.Z.); (A.M.V.); (C.C.B.); (F.C.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Olowe R, Sandouka S, Saadi A, Shekh-Ahmad T. Approaches for Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Stress Quantification in Epilepsy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E990. [PMID: 33066477 PMCID: PMC7602129 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) and excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production have been implicated in many neurological pathologies, including acute seizures and epilepsy. Seizure-induced damage has been demonstrated both in vitro and in several in vivo seizure and epilepsy models by direct determination of ROS, and by measuring indirect markers of OS. In this manuscript, we review the current reliable methods for quantifying ROS-related and OS-related markers in pre-clinical and clinical epilepsy studies. We first provide pieces of evidence for the involvement of different sources of ROS in epilepsy. We then discuss general methods and assays used for the ROS measurements, mainly superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrite, and hydroxyl radical in in vitro and in vivo studies. In addition, we discuss the role of these ROS and markers of oxidative injury in acute seizures and epilepsy pre-clinical studies. The indirect detection of secondary products of ROS such as measurements of DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and protein oxidation will also be discussed. This review also discusses reliable methods for the assessment of ROS, OS markers, and their by-products in epilepsy clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tawfeeq Shekh-Ahmad
- The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (R.O.); (S.S.); (A.S.)
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9
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Functional Nutrients for Epilepsy. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061309. [PMID: 31185666 PMCID: PMC6628163 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder of which seizures are a core symptom. Approximately one third of epileptic patients are resistant to antiepileptic drugs and therefore require alternative therapeutic options. Dietary and nutritional supplements can in some cases replace drugs, but with the exception of ketogenic diets, there are no officially recommended dietary considerations for patients with epilepsy. In this review we summarize a selection of nutritional suggestions that have proved beneficial in treating different types of epilepsy. We describe the types of seizures and epilepsy and follow this with an introduction to basic molecular mechanisms. We then examine several functional nutrients for which there is clinical evidence of therapeutic efficacy in reducing seizures or epilepsy-associated sudden death. We also discuss experimental results that demonstrate possible molecular mechanisms elicited by the administration of various nutrients. The availability of multiple dietary and nutritional candidates that show favorable outcomes in animals implies that assessing the clinical potential of these substances will improve translational medicine, ultimately benefitting epilepsy patients.
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10
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Mao XY, Zhou HH, Jin WL. Redox-Related Neuronal Death and Crosstalk as Drug Targets: Focus on Epilepsy. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:512. [PMID: 31191222 PMCID: PMC6541114 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death has a vital role in embryonic development and organismal homeostasis. Biochemical, pharmacological, behavioral, and electrophysiological evidences support the idea that dysregulation of cell death programs are involved in neuropathological conditions like epilepsy. The brain is particularly vulnerable to oxidative damage due to higher oxygen consumption and lower endogenous antioxidant defense than other bodily organ. Thus, in this review, we focused on the comprehensive summarization of evidence for redox-associated cell death pathways including apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, and pyroptosis in epilepsy and the oxidative stress-related signaling in this process. We specially proposed that the molecular crosstalk of various redox-linked neuronal cell death modalities might occur in seizure onset and/or epileptic conditions according to the published data. Additionally, abundance of polyunsaturated fatty acids in neuronal membrane makes the brain susceptible to lipid peroxidation. This presumption was then formalized in the proposal that ferroptosis, a novel type of lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent regulatory cell death, is likely to be a critical mechanism for the emergence of epileptic phenotype. Targeting ferroptosis process or combination treatment with multiple cell death pathway inhibitors may shed new light on the therapy of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yuan Mao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei-Lin Jin
- Center for Translational Medicine, Ruikang Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China.,Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Information and Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Duarte LF, Farías MA, Álvarez DM, Bueno SM, Riedel CA, González PA. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection of the Central Nervous System: Insights Into Proposed Interrelationships With Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:46. [PMID: 30863282 PMCID: PMC6399123 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is highly prevalent in humans and can reach the brain without evident clinical symptoms. Once in the central nervous system (CNS), the virus can either reside in a quiescent latent state in this tissue, or eventually actively lead to severe acute necrotizing encephalitis, which is characterized by exacerbated neuroinflammation and prolonged neuroimmune activation producing a life-threatening disease. Although HSV-1 encephalitis can be treated with antivirals that limit virus replication, neurological sequelae are common and the virus will nevertheless remain for life in the neural tissue. Importantly, there is accumulating evidence that suggests that HSV-1 infection of the brain both, in symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals could lead to neuronal damage and eventually, neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we review and discuss acute and chronic infection of particular brain regions by HSV-1 and how this may affect neuron and cognitive functions in the host. We review potential cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to neurodegeneration, such as protein aggregation, dysregulation of autophagy, oxidative cell damage and apoptosis, among others. Furthermore, we discuss the impact of HSV-1 infection on brain inflammation and its potential relationship with neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa F Duarte
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mónica A Farías
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diana M Álvarez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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12
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Khalil Bas W, Fahim Bool H, Abd El-Mak N, El-Bassyou GET. Ameliorative Effects of Brachidontes variabilis Calcium Carbonate Against Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Rats. INT J PHARMACOL 2018. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2018.477.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Geronzi
- Clinical Pediatrics, Department of Molecular Medicine and Development, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Federica Lotti
- Clinical Pediatrics, Department of Molecular Medicine and Development, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Salvatore Grosso
- Clinical Pediatrics, Department of Molecular Medicine and Development, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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14
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Pearson-Smith JN, Patel M. Metabolic Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress in Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112365. [PMID: 29117123 PMCID: PMC5713334 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The epilepsies are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by the propensity to experience spontaneous recurrent seizures. Epilepsies can be genetic or acquired, and the underlying mechanisms of seizure initiation, seizure propagation, and comorbid conditions are incompletely understood. Metabolic changes including the production of reactive species are known to result from prolonged seizures and may also contribute to epilepsy development. In this review, we focus on the evidence that metabolic and redox disruption is both cause and consequence of epileptic seizures. Additionally, we discuss the promise of targeting redox processes as a therapeutic option in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Pearson-Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Manisha Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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15
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Pearson JN, Warren E, Liang LP, Roberts LJ, Patel M. Scavenging of highly reactive gamma-ketoaldehydes attenuates cognitive dysfunction associated with epileptogenesis. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 98:88-99. [PMID: 27932305 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction is a major comorbidity of the epilepsies; however, treatments targeting seizure-associated cognitive dysfunction, particularly deficits in learning and memory are not available. Isoketals and neuroketals, collectively known as gamma-ketoaldehydes are formed via the non-enzymatic, free radical catalyzed oxidation of arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, respectively. They are attractive candidates for oxidative protein damage and resultant cognitive dysfunction due to their formation within the plasma membrane and their high proclivity to form cytotoxic adducts on protein lysine residues. We tested the hypothesis that gamma-ketoaldehydes mechanistically contribute to seizure-associated memory impairment using a specific gamma-ketoaldehyde scavenger, salicylamine in the kainic acid and pilocarpine rat models of temporal lobe epilepsy. We show that gamma-ketoaldehydes are increased following epileptogenic injury in hippocampus and perirhinal cortex, two brain regions imperative for learning and memory. Treatment with an orally bioavailable, brain permeable scavenger, salicylamine attenuated 1) spatial memory deficits 2) reference memory deficits and 3) neuronal loss and astrogliosis in two mechanistically distinct models of epilepsy without affecting the epileptogenic injury or the development of chronic epilepsy. We have previously demonstrated that reactive oxygen species and the lipid peroxidation biomarkers, F2-isoprostanes are produced following status epilepticus. However, which reactive species specifically mediate oxidative damage to cellular macromolecules remains at large. We provide novel data suggesting that memory impairment occurs via gamma-ketoaldehyde production in two models of epilepsy and that treatment with a gamma-ketoaldehyde scavenger can protect vulnerable neurons. This work suggests a novel target and therapy to treat seizure-induced memory deficits in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Pearson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 80045, United States
| | - Eric Warren
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 80045, United States
| | - Li-Ping Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 80045, United States
| | - L Jackson Roberts
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 37235, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 37235, United States
| | - Manisha Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 80045, United States.
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16
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González-Reyes S, Santillán-Cigales JJ, Jiménez-Osorio AS, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Guevara-Guzmán R. Glycyrrhizin ameliorates oxidative stress and inflammation in hippocampus and olfactory bulb in lithium/pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in rats. Epilepsy Res 2016; 126:126-33. [PMID: 27490898 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glycyrrhizin (GL) is a triterpene present in the roots and rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza glabra that has anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and neuroprotective effects. Recently, it was demonstrated that GL produced neuroprotective effects on the postischemic brain as well as on the kainic acid injury model in rats. In addition to this, GL also prevented excitotoxic effects on primary cultures. The aims of the present study were to evaluate GL scavenging properties and to investigate GL's effect on oxidative stress and inflammation in the lithium/pilocarpine-induced seizure model in two cerebral regions, hippocampus and olfactory bulb, at acute time intervals (3 or 24h) after status epilepticus (SE). Fluorometric methods showed that GL scavenged three reactive oxygen species: hydrogen peroxide, peroxyl radicals and superoxide anions. In contrast, GL was unable to scavenge peroxynitrite, hydroxyl radicals, singlet oxygen and 2,2-diphenil-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals suggesting that GL is a weak scavenger. Additionally, administration of GL (50mg/kg, i.p.) 30min before pilocarpine administration significantly suppressed oxidative stress. Moreover, malondialdehyde levels were diminished and glutathione levels were maintained at control values in both cerebral regions at 3 and 24 after SE. At 24h after SE, glutathione S-transferase and superoxide dismutase activity increased in the hippocampus, while both glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase activity were unchanged in the olfactory bulb at that time. In addition, GL suppressed the induction of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in both cerebral regions evaluated. These results suggest that GL confers protection against pilocarpine damage via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana González-Reyes
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Juan Jair Santillán-Cigales
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México
| | - Rosalinda Guevara-Guzmán
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, México.
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17
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Walker LE, Janigro D, Heinemann U, Riikonen R, Bernard C, Patel M. WONOEP appraisal: Molecular and cellular biomarkers for epilepsy. Epilepsia 2016; 57:1354-62. [PMID: 27374986 DOI: 10.1111/epi.13460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral biomarkers have myriad potential uses for treatment, prediction, prognostication, and pharmacovigilance in epilepsy. To date, no single peripheral biomarker has demonstrated proven effectiveness, although multiple candidates are in development. In this review, we discuss the major areas of focus including inflammation, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, redox alterations, metabolism, hormones and growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Walker
- Wolfson Centre for Personalised Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Damir Janigro
- Flocel, Inc., Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Uwe Heinemann
- Neuroscience Research Center Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Raili Riikonen
- University of Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Manisha Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, U.S.A
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18
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Pearson JN, Rowley S, Liang LP, White AM, Day BJ, Patel M. Reactive oxygen species mediate cognitive deficits in experimental temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 82:289-297. [PMID: 26184893 PMCID: PMC4871280 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction is an important comorbidity of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). However, no targeted therapies are available and the mechanisms underlying cognitive impairment, specifically deficits in learning and memory associated with TLE remain unknown. Oxidative stress is known to occur in the pathogenesis of TLE but its functional role remains to be determined. Here, we demonstrate that oxidative stress and resultant processes contribute to cognitive decline associated with epileptogenesis. Using a synthetic catalytic antioxidant, we show that pharmacological removal of reactive oxygen species (ROS) prevents 1) oxidative stress, 2) deficits in mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates, 3) hippocampal neuronal loss and 4) cognitive dysfunction without altering the intensity of the initial status epilepticus (SE) or epilepsy development in a rat model of SE-induced TLE. Moreover, the effects of the catalytic antioxidant on cognition persisted beyond the treatment period suggestive of disease-modification. The data implicate oxidative stress as a novel mechanism by which cognitive dysfunction can arise during epileptogenesis and suggest a potential disease-modifying therapeutic approach to target it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Pearson
- Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 80045, USA
| | - Shane Rowley
- Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 80045, USA
| | - Li-Ping Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 80045, USA
| | - Andrew M White
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 80045, USA
| | - Brian J Day
- National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Manisha Patel
- Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 80045, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 80045, USA.
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19
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Puttachary S, Sharma S, Stark S, Thippeswamy T. Seizure-induced oxidative stress in temporal lobe epilepsy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:745613. [PMID: 25650148 PMCID: PMC4306378 DOI: 10.1155/2015/745613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
An insult to the brain (such as the first seizure) causes excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and production of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS). ROS and RNS produced during status epilepticus (SE) overwhelm the mitochondrial natural antioxidant defense mechanism. This leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and damage to the mitochondrial DNA. This in turn affects synthesis of various enzyme complexes that are involved in electron transport chain. Resultant effects that occur during epileptogenesis include lipid peroxidation, reactive gliosis, hippocampal neurodegeneration, reorganization of neural networks, and hypersynchronicity. These factors predispose the brain to spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS), which ultimately establish into temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). This review discusses some of these issues. Though antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are beneficial to control/suppress seizures, their long term usage has been shown to increase ROS/RNS in animal models and human patients. In established TLE, ROS/RNS are shown to be harmful as they can increase the susceptibility to SRS. Further, in this paper, we review briefly the data from animal models and human TLE patients on the adverse effects of antiepileptic medications and the plausible ameliorating effects of antioxidants as an adjunct therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreekanth Puttachary
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1250, USA
| | - Shaunik Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1250, USA
| | - Sara Stark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1250, USA
| | - Thimmasettappa Thippeswamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1250, USA
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20
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Oxidative stress associated with neuronal apoptosis in experimental models of epilepsy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:293689. [PMID: 25614776 PMCID: PMC4295154 DOI: 10.1155/2014/293689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is considered one of the most common neurological disorders worldwide. Oxidative stress produced by free radicals may play a role in the initiation and progression of epilepsy; the changes in the mitochondrial and the oxidative stress state can lead mechanism associated with neuronal death pathway. Bioenergetics state failure and impaired mitochondrial function include excessive free radical production with impaired synthesis of antioxidants. This review summarizes evidence that suggest what is the role of oxidative stress on induction of apoptosis in experimental models of epilepsy.
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21
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Ahmed HH, Khalil WKB, Hamza AH. Molecular mechanisms of Nano-selenium in mitigating hepatocellular carcinoma induced byN-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) in rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2014; 24:593-602. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2014.956912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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22
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Folbergrová J. Oxidative stress in immature brain following experimentally-induced seizures. Physiol Res 2014; 62:S39-48. [PMID: 24329702 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The existing data indicate that status epilepticus (SE) induced in immature animals is associated with oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. This has been demonstrated using two models of SE, induced by substances with a different mechanism of action (DL-homocysteic acid and 4-aminopyridine) which suggests that the findings are not model-dependent but they reflect more general phenomenon. Oxidative stress occurring in immature brain during and following seizures is apparently due to both the increased free radicals production and the limited antioxidant defense. Pronounced inhibition of mitochondrial complex I in immature brain was demonstrated not only during the acute phase of SE, but it persisted during long periods of survival, corresponding to the development of spontaneous seizures (epileptogenesis). The findings suggest that oxidative modification is most likely responsible for the sustained deficiency of complex I activity. It can be assumed that the substances with antioxidant properties combined with conventional therapies might provide a beneficial effect in treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Folbergrová
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
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23
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Turker S, Ilbay G, Severcan M, Severcan F. Investigation of Compositional, Structural, and Dynamical Changes of Pentylenetetrazol-Induced Seizures on a Rat Brain by FT-IR Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2014; 86:1395-403. [DOI: 10.1021/ac402992j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sevgi Turker
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, 06531, Turkey
- Department
of Biology, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, 41900, Turkey
| | - Gul Ilbay
- Department
of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, 41900, Turkey
| | - Mete Severcan
- Department
of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, 06531, Turkey
| | - Feride Severcan
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, 06531, Turkey
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24
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Otáhal J, Folbergrová J, Kovacs R, Kunz WS, Maggio N. Epileptic focus and alteration of metabolism. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 114:209-43. [PMID: 25078504 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-418693-4.00009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurologic disorders affecting a substantial part of the population worldwide. Epileptic seizures represent the situation of increased neuronal activity associated with the enhanced demands for sufficient energy supply. For that purpose, very efficient regulatory mechanisms have to operate to ensure that cerebral blood flow, delivery of oxygen, and nutrients are continuously adapted to the local metabolic needs. The sophisticated regulation has to function in concert at several levels (systemic, tissue, cellular, and subcellular). Particularly, mitochondria play a key role not only in the energy production, but they are also central to many other processes including those leading to neuronal death. Impairment of any of the involved pathways can result in serious functional alterations, neurodegeneration, and potentially in epileptogenesis. The present review will address some of the important issues concerning vascular and metabolic changes in pathophysiology of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Otáhal
- Institute of Physiology, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jaroslava Folbergrová
- Institute of Physiology, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Richard Kovacs
- Institute for Neurophysiology, Charité-Medical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfram S Kunz
- Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nicola Maggio
- Department of Neurology, The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel; Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel
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25
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Benavides GA, Liang Q, Dodson M, Darley-Usmar V, Zhang J. Inhibition of autophagy and glycolysis by nitric oxide during hypoxia-reoxygenation impairs cellular bioenergetics and promotes cell death in primary neurons. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:1215-1228. [PMID: 24056030 PMCID: PMC3859859 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Excessive nitric oxide (NO) production is known to damage mitochondrial proteins and the autophagy repair pathway and so can potentially contribute to neurotoxicity. Accordingly, we hypothesized that protection against protein damage from reactive oxygen and nitrogen species under conditions of low oxygen by the autophagy pathway in neurons would be impaired by NO and enhance bioenergetic dysfunction. Rat primary cortical neurons had the same basal cellular respiration in hypoxia as in normoxia, whereas NO-exposed cells exhibited a gradual decrease in mitochondrial respiration in hypoxia. Upon reoxygenation, the respiration in NO-treated cells did not recover to prehypoxic levels. Hypoxia-reoxygenation in the presence of NO was associated with inhibition of autophagy, and the inability to recover during reoxygenation was exacerbated by an inhibitor of autophagy, 3-methyladenine. The effects of hypoxia could be recapitulated by inhibiting glycolytic flux under normoxic conditions. Under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions NO exposure induced immediate stimulation of glycolysis, but prolonged NO exposure, associated with irreversible inhibition of mitochondrial respiration in hypoxia, inhibited glycolysis. Importantly, we found that NO inhibited basal respiration under normoxic conditions only when glucose was absent from the medium or glycolysis was inhibited by 2-deoxy-d-glucose, revealing a novel NO-dependent mechanism for the inhibition of mitochondrial respiration that is modulated by glycolysis. Taken together these data suggest an oxygen-dependent interaction between mitochondrial respiration, glycolysis, and autophagy in protecting neuronal cells exposed to NO. Importantly, they indicate that mitochondrial dysfunction is intimately linked to a failure of glycolytic flux induced by exposure to NO. In addition, these studies provide new insights into the understanding of how autophagy and NO may play interactive roles in neuroinflammation-induced cellular damage, which is pertinent to our understanding of the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases in which excessive NO is generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria A Benavides
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0017, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0017, USA
| | - Qiuli Liang
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0017, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0017, USA
| | - Matthew Dodson
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0017, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0017, USA
| | - Victor Darley-Usmar
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0017, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0017, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0017, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0017, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
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26
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A Single Dose of Pirfenidone Attenuates Neuronal Loss and Reduces Lipid Peroxidation after Kainic Acid-Induced Excitotoxicity in the Pubescent Rat Hippocampus. J Mol Neurosci 2013; 52:193-201. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0121-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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27
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Rowley S, Patel M. Mitochondrial involvement and oxidative stress in temporal lobe epilepsy. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 62:121-131. [PMID: 23411150 PMCID: PMC4043127 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A role for mitochondria and oxidative stress is emerging in acquired epilepsies such as temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). TLE is characterized by chronic unprovoked seizures arising from an inciting insult with a variable seizure-free "latent period." The mechanism by which inciting injury induces chronic epilepsy, known as epileptogenesis, involves multiple cellular, molecular, and physiological changes resulting in altered hyperexcitable circuitry. Whether mitochondrial and redox mechanisms contribute to epileptogenesis remains to be fully clarified. Mitochondrial impairment is revealed in studies from human imaging and tissue analysis from TLE patients. The collective data from animal models suggest that steady-state mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and resultant oxidative damage to cellular macromolecules occur during different phases of epileptogenesis. This review discusses evidence for the role of mitochondria and redox changes occurring in human and experimental TLE. Potential mechanisms by which mitochondrial energetic and redox mechanisms contribute to increased neuronal excitability and therapeutic approaches to target TLE are delineated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Rowley
- Neuroscience Training Program and School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Manisha Patel
- Neuroscience Training Program and School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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28
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Musiek ES, Morrow JD. F2-isoprostanes as markers of oxidant stress: an overview. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; Chapter 17:Unit 17.5. [PMID: 23045114 DOI: 10.1002/0471140856.tx1705s24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The isoprostanes are a unique series of prostaglandin-like compounds formed in vivo via a non-enzymatic mechanism involving the free radical-initiated peroxidation of arachidonic acid. This unit summarizes selected aspects regarding current knowledge of these compounds and their value as markers of oxidative injury. Novel aspects related to the biochemistry of isoprostane formation are discussed and methods by which these compounds can be analyzed and quantified are summarized. A considerable portion of this unit examines the utility of F(2)-isoprostanes as markers of oxidant injury in vitro and in vivo. Numerous studies carried out over the past decade have shown that these compounds are extremely accurate measures of lipid peroxidation in animals and humans and have illuminated the role of oxidant injury in a number of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik S Musiek
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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29
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Girgis E, Khalil WKB, Emam AN, Mohamed MB, Rao KV. Nanotoxicity of Gold and Gold–Cobalt Nanoalloy. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:1086-98. [DOI: 10.1021/tx300053h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Girgis
- Solid State Physics Department, National Research Center, 12622 Dokki, Giza, Egypt
- Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
Lab, CEAS, National Research Center, 12622
Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - W. K. B. Khalil
- Cell
Biology Department, National Research Center, 12622 Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - A. N. Emam
- Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
Lab, CEAS, National Research Center, 12622
Dokki, Giza, Egypt
- Biomaterials Department, National Research Center, 12622 Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - M. B. Mohamed
- National Institute of Laser
Enhanced Science, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - K. V. Rao
- Department of Materials Science, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-100 44,
Sweden
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30
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Shin EJ, Jeong JH, Chung YH, Kim WK, Ko KH, Bach JH, Hong JS, Yoneda Y, Kim HC. Role of oxidative stress in epileptic seizures. Neurochem Int 2011; 59:122-37. [PMID: 21672578 PMCID: PMC3606551 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 03/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress resulting from excessive free-radical release is likely implicated in the initiation and progression of epilepsy. Therefore, antioxidant therapies aimed at reducing oxidative stress have received considerable attention in epilepsy treatment. However, much evidence suggests that oxidative stress does not always have the same pattern in all seizures models. Thus, this review provides an overview aimed at achieving a better understanding of this issue. We summarize work regarding seizure models (i.e., genetic rat models, kainic acid, pilocarpine, pentylenetetrazol, and trimethyltin), oxidative stress as an etiologic factor in epileptic seizures (i.e., impairment of antioxidant systems, mitochondrial dysfunction, involvement of redox-active metals, arachidonic acid pathway activation, and aging), and antioxidant strategies for seizure treatment. Combined, this review highlights pharmacological mechanisms associated with oxidative stress in epileptic seizures and the potential for neuroprotection in epilepsy that targets oxidative stress and is supported by effective antioxidant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharamcology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, South Korea
| | - Yoon Hee Chung
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, South Korea
| | - Won-Ki Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Ho Ko
- Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyung Bach
- Neuropsychopharamcology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Yukio Yoneda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharamcology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, South Korea
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31
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Waldbaum S, Patel M. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress: a contributing link to acquired epilepsy? J Bioenerg Biomembr 2011; 42:449-55. [PMID: 21132357 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-010-9320-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress contribute to several neurologic disorders and have recently been implicated in acquired epilepsies such as temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Acquired epilepsy is typically initiated by a brain injury followed by a "latent period" whereby molecular, biochemical and other cellular alterations occur in the brain leading to chronic epilepsy. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are emerging as factors that not only occur acutely as a result of precipitating injuries such as status epilepticus (SE), but may also contribute to epileptogenesis and chronic epilepsy. Mitochondria are the primary site of reactive oxygen species (ROS) making them uniquely vulnerable to oxidative damage that may affect neuronal excitability and seizure susceptibility. This mini-review provides an overview of evidence suggesting the role of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress as acute consequences of injuries that are known to incite chronic epilepsy and their involvement in the chronic stages of acquired epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Waldbaum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Khalil WKB, Girgis E, Emam AN, Mohamed MB, Rao KV. Genotoxicity evaluation of nanomaterials: dna damage, micronuclei, and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine induced by magnetic doped CdSe quantum dots in male mice. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:640-50. [PMID: 21425850 DOI: 10.1021/tx2000015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are a novel class of inorganic fluorophores which are gaining widespread recognition as a result of their exceptional photophysical properties and their applications as a biomarker and in molecular biomedical imaging. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo genotoxicity in mice exposed to CdSe quantum dots of average size 5.0 ± 0.2 nm and CdSe doped with 1% cobalt ions of similar size. The quantum dots are surface modified using mercaptoacetic acid (MAA) in order to be biocompatible and water-soluble. The MAA-QDs were given to the mice orally at doses of 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg by weight of MAA-QDs. Bone marrow and liver samples were collected after two and seven days of treatment. The results indicated that after two days of treatment, the high dose of doped MAA-QDs was significantly able to induce DNA damage, formation of micronuclei (MNs), and generation of DNA adduct (8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, 8-OHdG). However, increasing DNA damage and the frequency of MNs formation as well as the generation of DNA adducts were observed with both the undoped MAA-QDs (2000 mg/kg) and doped MAA-QDs (1000 and 2000 mg/kg) after seven days of treatment. The results of our study indicate that exposure to high doses of pure MAA-QDs or MAA-QDs doped with cobalt has the potential to cause indirect in vivo genetic damage, which may be attributed to free radical-induced oxidative stress in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- W K B Khalil
- Cell Biology Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
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Oxidative stress in children affected by epileptic encephalopathies. J Neurol Sci 2011; 300:103-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2010.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Waldbaum S, Liang LP, Patel M. Persistent impairment of mitochondrial and tissue redox status during lithium-pilocarpine-induced epileptogenesis. J Neurochem 2010; 115:1172-82. [PMID: 21219330 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are known to occur following acute seizure activity but their contribution during epileptogenesis is largely unknown. The goal of this study was to determine the extent of mitochondrial oxidative stress, changes to redox status, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage during epileptogenesis in the lithium-pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Mitochondrial oxidative stress, changes in tissue and mitochondrial redox status, and mtDNA damage were assessed in the hippocampus and neocortex of Sprague-Dawley rats at time points (24h to 3months) following lithium-pilocarpine administration. A time-dependent increase in mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) production coincident with increased mtDNA lesion frequency in the hippocampus was observed during epileptogenesis. Acute increases (24-48h) in H(2)O(2) production and mtDNA lesion frequency were dependent on the severity of convulsive seizure activity during initial status epilepticus. Tissue levels of GSH, GSH/GSSG, coenzyme A (CoASH), and CoASH/CoASSG were persistently impaired at all measured time points throughout epileptogenesis, that is, acutely (24-48h), during the 'latent period' (48h to 7days), and chronic epilepsy (21days to 3months). Together with our previous work, these results demonstrate the model independence of mitochondrial oxidative stress, genomic instability, and persistent impairment of mitochondrial specific redox status during epileptogenesis. Lasting impairment of mitochondrial and tissue redox status during the latent period, in addition to the acute and chronic phases of epileptogenesis, suggests that redox-dependent processes may contribute to the progression of epileptogenesis in experimental temporal lobe epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Waldbaum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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The effects of levetiracetam on urinary 15f-2t-isoprostane levels in epileptic patients. Seizure 2010; 19:514-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2010] [Revised: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Ercegovac M, Jovic N, Simic T, Beslac-Bumbasirevic L, Sokic D, Djukic T, Savic-Radojevic A, Matic M, Mimic-Oka J, Pljesa-Ercegovac M. Byproducts of protein, lipid and DNA oxidative damage and antioxidant enzyme activities in seizure. Seizure 2010; 19:205-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Chu KO, Chan KP, Wang CC, Chu CY, Li WY, Choy KW, Rogers MS, Pang CP. Green tea catechins and their oxidative protection in the rat eye. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:1523-1534. [PMID: 20085274 DOI: 10.1021/jf9032602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Catechins, active constituents of green tea, are well-known antioxidative natural products. It was proposed that green tea extract (GTE) consumption could benefit the eye, and the pharmacokinetics of catechins and oxidation status in rat eye were investigated after oral administration. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed GTE and sacrificed at different time intervals. Their eyes were dissected into cornea, lens, retina, choroid-sclera, vitreous humor, and aqueous humor for analysis of catechins and 8-epi-isoprostane by HPLC-ECD and GC-NCI-MS, respectively. Catechins were differentially distributed in eye tissues. Gallocatechin was present at the highest concentration in the retina, 22729.4 +/- 4229.4 pmol/g, and epigallocatechin in aqueous humor at 602.9 +/- 116.7 nM. The corresponding area-under-curves were 207,000 pmol x h/g and 2035.0 +/- 531.7 nM x h, respectively. The time of maximum concentration of the catechins varied from 0.5 to 12.2 h. Significant reductions in 8-epi-isoprostane levels were found in the compartments except the choroid-sclera or plasma, indicating antioxidative activities of catechins in these tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai On Chu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Waldbaum S, Patel M. Mitochondria, oxidative stress, and temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2010; 88:23-45. [PMID: 19850449 PMCID: PMC3236664 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2009.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial oxidative stress and dysfunction are contributing factors to various neurological disorders. Recently, there has been increasing evidence supporting the association between mitochondrial oxidative stress and epilepsy. Although certain inherited epilepsies are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, little is known about its role in acquired epilepsies such as temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Mitochondrial oxidative stress and dysfunction are emerging as key factors that not only result from seizures, but may also contribute to epileptogenesis. The occurrence of epilepsy increases with age, and mitochondrial oxidative stress is a leading mechanism of aging and age-related degenerative disease, suggesting a further involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in seizure generation. Mitochondria have critical cellular functions that influence neuronal excitability including production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), fatty acid oxidation, control of apoptosis and necrosis, regulation of amino acid cycling, neurotransmitter biosynthesis, and regulation of cytosolic Ca(2+) homeostasis. Mitochondria are the primary site of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production making them uniquely vulnerable to oxidative stress and damage which can further affect cellular macromolecule function, the ability of the electron transport chain to produce ATP, antioxidant defenses, mitochondrial DNA stability, and synaptic glutamate homeostasis. Oxidative damage to one or more of these cellular targets may affect neuronal excitability and increase seizure susceptibility. The specific targeting of mitochondrial oxidative stress, dysfunction, and bioenergetics with pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments may be a novel avenue for attenuating epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Waldbaum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Colorado Denver School of Pharmacy Aurora, CO 80045 U.S.A
| | - Manisha Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Colorado Denver School of Pharmacy Aurora, CO 80045 U.S.A
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Yiş U, Seçkin E, Kurul SH, Kuralay F, Dirik E. Effects of epilepsy and valproic acid on oxidant status in children with idiopathic epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2009; 84:232-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2008] [Revised: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 02/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Zaja-Milatovic S, Gupta RC, Aschner M, Montine TJ, Milatovic D. Pharmacologic suppression of oxidative damage and dendritic degeneration following kainic acid-induced excitotoxicity in mouse cerebrum. Neurotoxicology 2008; 29:621-7. [PMID: 18556069 PMCID: PMC2517174 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2008.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Revised: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Intense seizure activity associated with status epilepticus and excitatory amino acid (EAA) imbalance initiates oxidative damage and neuronal injury in CA1 of the ventral hippocampus. We tested the hypothesis that dendritic degeneration of pyramidal neurons in the CA1 hippocampal area resulting from seizure-induced neurotoxicity is modulated by cerebral oxidative damage. Kainic acid (KA, 1 nmol/5 microl) was injected intracerebroventricularly to C57Bl/6 mice. F2-isoprostanes (F2-IsoPs) and F4-neuroprostanes (F4-NeuroPs) were used as surrogate measures of in vivo oxidative stress and biomarkers of lipid peroxidation. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity was quantified by evaluating citrulline level and pyramidal neuron dendrites and spines were evaluated using rapid Golgi stains and a Neurolucida system. KA produced severe seizures in mice immediately after its administration and a significant (p<0.001) increase in F2-IsoPs, F4-NeuroPs and citrulline levels were seen 30 min following treatment. At the same time, hippocampal pyramidal neurons showed significant (p<0.001) reduction in dendritic length and spine density. In contrast, no significant change in neuronal dendrite and spine density or F2-IsoP, F4-NeuroPs and citrulline levels were found in mice pretreated with vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol, 100mg/kg, i.p.) for 3 days, or with N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone (PBN, 200mg/kg, i.p.) or ibuprofen (inhibitors of cyclooxygenase, COX, 14 microg/ml of drinking water) for 2 weeks prior to KA treatment. These findings indicate novel interactions among free radical-induced generation of F2-IsoPs and F4-NeuroPs, nitric oxide and dendritic degeneration, closely associate oxidative damage to neuronal membranes with degeneration of the dendritic system, and point to possible interventions to limit severe damage in acute neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramesh C. Gupta
- Breathitt Veterinary Center, Murray State University, Hopkinsville, KY
| | - Michael Aschner
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Dejan Milatovic
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
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Jarrett SG, Liang LP, Hellier JL, Staley KJ, Patel M. Mitochondrial DNA damage and impaired base excision repair during epileptogenesis. Neurobiol Dis 2008; 30:130-8. [PMID: 18295498 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2007.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Revised: 12/16/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are acute consequences of status epilepticus (SE). However, the role of mitochondrial oxidative stress and genomic instability during epileptogenesis remains unknown. Using the kainate animal model of temporal lobe epilepsy, we investigated oxidative mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage and changes in the mitochondrial base excision repair pathway (mtBER) in the rat hippocampus for a period of 3 months after SE. Acute seizure activity caused a time-dependent increase in mitochondrial, but not nuclear 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG/2dG) levels and a greater frequency of mtDNA lesions. This was accompanied by increased mitochondrial H2O2 production and a transient decrease in mtDNA repair capacity. The mtBER proteins 8-oxoguanine glycosylase (Ogg1) and DNA polymerase gamma (Pol gamma) demonstrated elevated expression at mRNA and protein levels shortly after SE and this was followed by a gradual improvement in mtDNA repair capacity. Recurrent seizures associated with the chronic phase of epilepsy coincided with the accumulation of mtDNA damage, increased mitochondrial H2O2 levels, decreased expression of Ogg1 and Pol gamma and impaired mtDNA repair capacity. Together, increased oxidative mtDNA damage, mitochondrial H2O2 production and alterations in the mtBER pathway provide evidence for mitochondrial oxidative stress in epilepsy and suggest that mitochondrial injury may contribute to epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G Jarrett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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Yin H. New techniques to detect oxidative stress markers: mass spectrometry-based methods to detect isoprostanes as the gold standard for oxidative stress in vivo. Biofactors 2008; 34:109-24. [PMID: 19706977 DOI: 10.1002/biof.5520340203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Free radical-induced lipid oxidation under oxidative stress has been implicated in a number of human diseases. Isoprostanes (IsoPs), isomers of prostaglandins, are one of the major classes of oxidation products derived from this oxidation process. Measurement of the levels of IsoPs by Mass Spectrometry-based methods has become the "gold standard" biomarker of oxidative stress in vivo. Significant advances have been made in understanding this important pathway of lipid peroxidation since the discovery of IsoP formation in vivo 18 years ago. Studies from our laboratory and others are discussed that have provided insights into the mechanism of formation. Furthermore, new independent studies have demonstrated that IsoPs are the most reliable available marker of lipid peroxidation in vivo, and recent work examining IsoP formation has provided valuable information about the pathogenesis of numerous human diseases. Thus, the complexity of the IsoP pathway has expanded, providing novel insights into mechanisms of lipid peroxidation in vivo and allowing investigators to explore the role of oxidative stress in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyong Yin
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA.
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Patel M, Liang LP, Hou H, Williams BB, Kmiec M, Swartz HM, Fessel JP, Roberts LJ. Seizure-induced formation of isofurans: novel products of lipid peroxidation whose formation is positively modulated by oxygen tension. J Neurochem 2007; 104:264-70. [PMID: 17953661 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04974.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that seizures induce the formation of F(2)-isoprostanes (F(2)-IsoPs), one of the most reliable indices of oxidative stress in vivo. Isofurans (IsoFs) are novel products of lipid peroxidation whose formation is favored by high oxygen tensions. In contrast, high oxygen tensions suppress the formation of F(2)-IsoPs. The present study determined seizure-induced formation of IsoFs and its relationship with cellular oxygen levels (pO2). Status epilepticus (SE) resulted in F(2)-IsoP and IsoF formation, with overlapping but distinct time courses in hippocampal subregions. IsoF, but not F(2)-IsoP formation coincided with mitochondrial oxidative stress. SE resulted in a transient decrease in hippocampal pO2 measured by in vivo electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry suggesting an early phase of seizure-induced hypoxia. Seizure-induced F(2)-IsoP formation coincided with the peak hypoxia phase, whereas IsoF formation coincided with the 'reoxygenation' phase. These results demonstrate seizure-induced increase in IsoF formation and its correlation with changes in hippocampal pO2 and mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA.
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Ayyildiz M, Coskun S, Yildirim M, Agar E. The Effects of Ascorbic Acid on Penicillin-induced Epileptiform Activity in Rats. Epilepsia 2007; 48:1388-95. [PMID: 17433052 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01080.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Epileptic seizure results from excessive discharge in a population of hyperexcitable neurons. A number of studies help to document the effects of active oxygen free radical scavengers such as alpha-tocopherol or ascorbic acid (vitamin C). In the present study, we examined the effects of ascorbic acid, at the six different doses, on penicillin-induced epileptiform activity. METHODS A single microinjection of penicillin (2.5 microl, 500 units, intracortically) into the left sensorimotor cortex induced epileptiform activity within 2-5 min, progressing to full seizure activity lasting approximately 3-5 h. In the first set of experiments, 30 min after penicillin injection, six different doses of ascorbic acid (25, 50, 100, 200, 400, or 800 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally (IP). The other group of animals received the effective dose of ascorbic acid (100 mg/kg, IP) for 7 days. Ascorbic acid administration was stopped 24 h before penicillin treatment. Another group of rats received the effective dose of ascorbic acid (100 mg/kg, IP) 30 min before penicillin treatment. In the second set of experiments, the lipid peroxidation (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels of brain were measured in the control, control + ascorbic acid, penicillin, and penicillin + ascorbic acid groups. RESULTS Ascorbic acid, at the low dose (50, 100 mg/kg, 30 min after penicillin injection), decreased both the frequency and amplitude of penicillin-induced epileptiform activity in rats. Ascorbic acid, at intermediate doses (200, 400 mg/kg, 30 min after penicillin injection), decreased the frequency of epileptiform activity without changing the amplitude. Ascorbic acid, at the lowest dose (25 mg/kg) and highest dose (800 mg/kg) (30 min after penicillin injection), did not change either the frequency or amplitude of epileptiform activity. Ascorbic acid, at the low dose (100 mg/kg) was the most effective dose in changing the frequency and amplitude of penicillin-induced epileptiform activity. Pretreatment with ascorbic acid (100 mg/kg) 30 min before penicillin treatment caused a significant delay in the onset of penicillin-induced epileptiform activity. Pretreatment with ascorbic acid (100 mg/kg) for 7 days did not change the latency of epileptiform activity. The most effective dose of ascorbic acid (100 mg/kg) prevented both the decrease in GSH level and the increase in lipid peroxidation level (MDA) occurring after penicillin-induced epileptiform activity. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that ascorbic acid has neuroprotective activity against penicillin-induced epileptiform electrocorticogram activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Ayyildiz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ondokuz Mayis, Samsun, Turkey
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Liu ZW, Zhang T, Yang Z. Involvement of Nitric Oxide in Spatial Memory Deficits in Status Epilepticus Rats. Neurochem Res 2007; 32:1875-83. [PMID: 17549628 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-007-9374-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is associated with a significant risk of cognitive impairment, and the increase of nitric oxide (NO) releasing has been reported during SE. We investigated the effects of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole (7-NI) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor, aminoguanidine (AG), on spatial performance of rats in the Morris water maze. Treatment with 7-NI, but not with AG, improved the performance of rats after SE not only in acquisition of the task but also in probe test. Furthermore, the level of SE-induced malondialdehyde (MDA), end product of lipid peroxidation, was significantly decreased only in animals receiving 7-NI injection. Taken together, the results of the present study provided evidence that the NO pathway contributed to oxidative stress after SE, and nNOS/NO pathway may underlie one of the potential mechanisms contributing to SE-induced spatial memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wei Liu
- Key Lab of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education and College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Oliveira AA, Almeida JPC, Freitas RM, Nascimento VS, Aguiar LMV, Júnior HVN, Fonseca FN, Viana GSB, Sousa FCF, Fonteles MMF. Effects of levetiracetam in lipid peroxidation level, nitrite-nitrate formation and antioxidant enzymatic activity in mice brain after pilocarpine-induced seizures. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2007; 27:395-406. [PMID: 17205390 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-006-9132-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 11/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
: Oxidative stress has been implicated in a large number of human degenerative diseases, including epilepsy. Levetiracetam (LEV) is a new antiepileptic agent with broad-spectrum effects on seizures and animal models of epilepsy. Recently, it was demonstrated that the mechanism of LEV differs from that of conventional antiepileptic drugs. Objectifying to investigate if LEV mechanism of action involves antioxidant properties, lipid peroxidation levels, nitrite-nitrate formation, catalase activity, and glutathione (GSH) content were measured in adult mice brain. The neurochemical analyses were carried out in hippocampus of animals pretreated with LEV (200 mg/kg, i.p.) 60 min before pilocarpine-induced seizures (400 mg/kg, s.c.). The administration of alone pilocarpine, 400 mg/kg, s.c. (P400) produced a significant increase of lipid peroxidation level in hippocampus. LEV pretreatment was able to counteract this increase, preserving the lipid peroxidation level in normal value. P400 administration also produced increase in the nitrite-nitrate formation and catalase activity in hippocampus, beyond a decrease in GSH levels. LEV administration before P400 prevented the P400-induced alteration in nitrite-nitrate levels and preserved normal values of catalase activity in hippocampus. Moreover, LEV administration prevented the P400-induced loss of GSH in this cerebral area. The present data suggest that the protective effects of LEV against pilocarpine-induced seizures can be mediated, at least in part, by reduction of lipid peroxidation and hippocampal oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Oliveira
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127, Fortaleza 60431-970, CE, Brazil
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Ajmone-Cat MA, Iosif RE, Ekdahl CT, Kokaia Z, Minghetti L, Lindvall O. Prostaglandin E2 and BDNF levels in rat hippocampus are negatively correlated with status epilepticus severity: No impact on survival of seizure-generated neurons. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 23:23-35. [PMID: 16531049 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2005] [Revised: 01/24/2006] [Accepted: 01/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Partial and generalized status epilepticus (pSE and gSE) trigger the same level of progenitor cell proliferation in adult dentate gyrus, but survival of new neurons is poor after gSE. Here, we show markedly elevated levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in rat hippocampal formation at 7 days following pSE but not gSE. Administration of the cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor flurbiprofen for 1 week, starting at day 8 post-SE, abated PGE2 and decreased BDNF levels, but did not affect survival of new neurons 4 weeks later. Thus, high PGE2 and BDNF levels induced by pSE are probably not of major importance for survival of new neurons during the first days after formation. We propose that they modulate other aspects of synaptic and cellular plasticity, and thereby may influence epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antonietta Ajmone-Cat
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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Musiek ES, Breeding RS, Milne GL, Zanoni G, Morrow JD, McLaughlin B. Cyclopentenone isoprostanes are novel bioactive products of lipid oxidation which enhance neurodegeneration. J Neurochem 2006; 97:1301-13. [PMID: 16638022 PMCID: PMC2881557 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03797.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and subsequent lipid peroxidation are involved in the pathogenesis of numerous neurodegenerative conditions, including stroke. Cyclopentenone isoprostanes (IsoPs) are novel electrophilic lipid peroxidation products formed under conditions of oxidative stress via the isoprostane pathway. These cyclopentenone IsoPs are isomeric to highly bioactive cyclopentenone prostaglandins, yet it has not been determined if these products are biologically active or are formed in the brain. Here we demonstrate that the major cyclopentenone IsoP isomer 15-A2t-IsoP potently induces apoptosis in neuronal cultures at submicromolar concentrations. We present a model in which 15-A2t-IsoP induced neuronal apoptosis involves initial depletion of glutathione and enhanced production of reactive oxygen species, followed by 12-lipoxygenase activation and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and the redox sensitive adaptor protein p66shc, which results in caspase-3 cleavage. 15-A2t-IsoP application also dramatically potentiates oxidative glutamate toxicity at concentrations as low as 100 nm, demonstrating the functional importance of these molecules in neurodegeneration. Finally, we employ novel mass spectrometric methods to show that cyclopentenone IsoPs are formed abundantly in brain tissue under conditions of oxidative stress. Together these findings suggest that cyclopentenone IsoPs may contribute to neuronal death caused by oxidative insults, and that their activity should perhaps be addressed when designing neuroprotective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik S Musiek
- Department of Pharmacology, Venderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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49
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Liang LP, Patel M. Seizure-induced changes in mitochondrial redox status. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 40:316-22. [PMID: 16413413 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2005] [Revised: 08/10/2005] [Accepted: 08/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine seizure-induced oxidative stress by measuring hippocampal glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) levels in tissue and mitochondria. Kainate-induced status epilepticus (SE) in rats resulted in a time-dependent decrease of GSH/GSSG ratios in both hippocampal tissue and mitochondria. However, changes in GSH/GSSG ratios were more dramatic in the mitochondrial fractions compared to hippocampal tissue. This was accompanied by a mild increase in glutathione peroxidase activity and a decrease in glutathione reductase activity in hippocampal tissue and mitochondria, respectively. Since coenzyme A (CoASH) and its disulfide with GSH (CoASSG) are primarily compartmentalized within mitochondria, their measurement in tissue was undertaken to overcome problems associated with GSH/GSSG measurement following subcellular fractionation. Hippocampal tissue CoASH/CoASSG ratios were decreased following kainate-induced SE, the time course and magnitude of change paralleling mitochondrial GSH/GSSG levels. Cysteine, a rate-limiting precursor of glutathione was decreased following kainate administration in both hippocampal tissue and mitochondrial fractions. Together these changes in altered redox status provide further evidence for seizure-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, Box C238, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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Pepicelli O, Fedele E, Berardi M, Raiteri M, Levi G, Greco A, Ajmone-Cat MA, Minghetti L. Cyclo-oxygenase-1 and -2 differently contribute to prostaglandin E2 synthesis and lipid peroxidation after in vivo activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors in rat hippocampus. J Neurochem 2005; 93:1561-7. [PMID: 15935072 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03150.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Using intracerebral microdialysis, we reported previously that acute in vivo activation of NMDA glutamate receptors triggers rapid and transient releases of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and F2-isoprostane 15-F(2t)-IsoP in the hippocampus of freely moving rats. The formation of the two metabolites--produced through cyclo-oxygenase (COX) enzymatic activity and free radical-mediated peroxidation of arachidonic acid (AA), respectively,--was prevented by the specific NMDA antagonist MK-801, and was largely dependent on COX-2 activity. Here, we demonstrate that besides COX-2, which is the prominent COX isoform in the brain and particularly in the hippocampus, the constitutive isoform, COX-1 also contributes to prostaglandin (PG) synthesis and oxidative damage following in vivo acute activation of hippocampal NMDA glutamate receptors. The relative contribution of the two isoforms is dynamically regulated, as the COX-2 selective inhibitor NS398 immediately prevented PGE2 and 15-F(2t)-IsoP formation during the application of NMDA, whereas the COX-1 selective inhibitor SC560 was effective only 1 h after agonist infusion. Our data suggest that, although COX-2 is the prominent isoform, COX-1 activity may significantly contribute to excitotoxicity, particularly when considering the amount of lipid peroxidation associated with its catalytic cycle. We suggest that both isoforms should be considered as possible therapeutic targets to prevent brain damage caused by excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olimpia Pepicelli
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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