1
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Peralta DM, Túnez JI, Rodríguez Cruz UE, Ceballos SG. A rapid approach for sex assignment by RAD-seq using a reference genome. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297987. [PMID: 38578816 PMCID: PMC10997085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Sex identification is a common objective in molecular ecology. While many vertebrates display sexual dimorphism, determining the sex can be challenging in certain situations, such as species lacking clear sex-related phenotypic characteristics or in studies using non-invasive methods. In these cases, DNA analyses serve as valuable tools not only for sex determination but also for validating sex assignment based on phenotypic traits. In this study, we developed a bioinformatic framework for sex assignment using genomic data obtained through GBS, and having an available closely related genome assembled at the chromosome level. Our method consists of two ad hoc indexes that rely on the different properties of the mammalian heteromorphic sex chromosomes. For this purpose, we mapped RAD-seq loci to a reference genome and then obtained missingness and coverage depth values for the autosomes and X and Y chromosomes of each individual. Our methodology successfully determined the sex of 165 fur seals that had been phenotypically sexed in a previous study and 40 sea lions sampled in a non-invasive way. Additionally, we evaluated the accuracy of each index in sequences with varying average coverage depths, with Index Y proving greater reliability and robustness in assigning sex to individuals with low-depth coverage. We believe that the approach presented here can be extended to any animal taxa with known heteromorphic XY/ZW sex chromosome systems and that it can tolerate various qualities of GBS sequencing data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego M. Peralta
- Grupo de Investigación en Ecología Molecular, Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES-CONICET-UNLu-CIC), Luján, Argentina
- Departamento de Ecología de la Diversidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Juan I. Túnez
- Grupo de Investigación en Ecología Molecular, Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES-CONICET-UNLu-CIC), Luján, Argentina
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Luján, Argentina
| | - Ulises E. Rodríguez Cruz
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Santiago G. Ceballos
- Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego, Ushuaia, Argentina
- Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC-CONICET), Ushuaia, Argentina
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2
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Bouffet-Halle A, Yang W, Gardner MG, Whiting MJ, Wapstra E, Uller T, While GM. Characterisation and cross-amplification of sex-specific genetic markers in Australasian Egerniinae lizards and their implications for understanding the evolution of sex determination and social complexity. AUST J ZOOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/zo21023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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Marasinghe MSLRP, Nilanthi RMR, Hathurusinghe HABM, Sooriyabandara MGC, Chandrasekara CHWMRB, Jayawardana KANC, Kodagoda MM, Rajapakse RC, Bandaranayake PCG. Revisiting traditional SSR based methodologies available for elephant genetic studies. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8718. [PMID: 33888797 PMCID: PMC8062488 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88034-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) plays a significant role in natural ecosystems and it is considered as an endangered animal. Molecular genetics studies on elephants' dates back to 1990s. Microsatellite markers have been the preferred choice and have played a major role in ecological, evolutionary and conservation research on elephants over the past 20 years. However, technical constraints especially related to the specificity of traditionally developed microsatellite markers have brought to question their application, specifically when degraded samples are utilized for analysis. Therefore, we analyzed the specificity of 24 sets of microsatellite markers frequently used for elephant molecular work. Comparative wet lab analysis was done with blood and dung DNA in parallel with in silico work. Our data suggest cross-amplification of unspecific products when field-collected dung samples are utilized in assays. The necessity of Asian elephant specific set of microsatellites and or better molecular techniques are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S L R P Marasinghe
- Department of Wildlife Conservation, 811/A, Jayanthipura Road, Battaramulla, 10120, Sri Lanka
| | - R M R Nilanthi
- Department of Wildlife Conservation, 811/A, Jayanthipura Road, Battaramulla, 10120, Sri Lanka
| | - H A B M Hathurusinghe
- Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - M G C Sooriyabandara
- Department of Wildlife Conservation, 811/A, Jayanthipura Road, Battaramulla, 10120, Sri Lanka
| | - C H W M R B Chandrasekara
- Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - K A N C Jayawardana
- Department of Wildlife Conservation, 811/A, Jayanthipura Road, Battaramulla, 10120, Sri Lanka
| | - M M Kodagoda
- Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - R C Rajapakse
- Department of National Zoological Gardens, Anagarika Dharmapala Mawatha, Dehiwala, 10350, Sri Lanka
| | - P C G Bandaranayake
- Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka.
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4
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Aznar-Cormano L, Bonnald J, Krief S, Guma N, Debruyne R. Molecular sexing of degraded DNA from elephants and mammoths: a genotyping assay relevant both to conservation biology and to paleogenetics. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7227. [PMID: 33790303 PMCID: PMC8012363 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important to determine the sex of elephants from their samples-faeces from the field or seized ivory-for forensic reasons or to understand population demography and genetic structure. Molecular sexing methods developed in the last two decades have often shown limited efficiency, particularly in terms of sensitivity and specificity, due to the degradation of DNA in these samples. These limitations have also prevented their use with ancient DNA samples of elephants or mammoths. Here we propose a novel TaqMan-MGB qPCR assay to address these difficulties. We designed it specifically to allow the characterization of the genetic sex for highly degraded samples of all elephantine taxa (elephants and mammoths). In vitro experiments demonstrated a high level of sensitivity and low contamination risks. We applied this assay in two actual case studies where it consistently recovered the right genotype for specimens of known sex a priori. In the context of a modern conservation survey of African elephants, it allowed determining the sex for over 99% of fecal samples. In a paleogenetic analysis of woolly mammoths, it produced a robust hypothesis of the sex for over 65% of the specimens out of three PCR replicates. This simple, rapid, and cost-effective procedure makes it readily applicable to large sample sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Aznar-Cormano
- CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie Paris (CR2P), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Université, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 38, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Julie Bonnald
- CNRS, Eco-Anthropologie (EA), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Université Paris Diderot, 17 place du Trocadéro, 75016, Paris, France
- Sebitoli Chimpanzee Project, Sebitoli Research Station, Kibale National Park, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Sabrina Krief
- CNRS, Eco-Anthropologie (EA), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Université Paris Diderot, 17 place du Trocadéro, 75016, Paris, France
- Sebitoli Chimpanzee Project, Sebitoli Research Station, Kibale National Park, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | | | - Régis Debruyne
- Direction Générale Déléguée à la Recherche, à l'Expertise, la Valorisation et l'Enseignement (DGD-REVE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 17, 75005, Paris, France.
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5
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Bourgeois S, Ouitavon K, Kongmee P, Veeramaethaphan T, Kaden J, McEwing R. A simple sexing test for elephant species and its application to faecal DNA. J Appl Genet 2021; 62:507-509. [PMID: 33759056 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-021-00627-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We developed a novel real-time PCR assay for rapid sexing in all three elephant species, which amplifies small fragments of the orthologous sexual chromosome zinc finger protein genes ZFX/ZFY (65 bp). This assay is a simple, inexpensive and reliable tool that is suitable for non-invasive DNA samples and can be incorporated into larger SNP panels for individual identification and population genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Bourgeois
- Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux, B.P. 20379, Libreville, Gabon. .,WildGenes Laboratory, The Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, RZSS Edinburgh Zoo, Edinburgh, EH12 6TS, UK. .,Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
| | - K Ouitavon
- Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - P Kongmee
- Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - T Veeramaethaphan
- Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - J Kaden
- WildGenes Laboratory, The Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, RZSS Edinburgh Zoo, Edinburgh, EH12 6TS, UK
| | - R McEwing
- TRACE Wildlife Forensics Network, PO Box 17477, Edinburgh, EH12 1NY, UK
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6
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Koomgun T, Laopichienpong N, Singchat W, Panthum T, Phatcharakullawarawat R, Kraichak E, Sillapaprayoon S, Ahmad SF, Muangmai N, Peyachoknagul S, Duengkae P, Ezaz T, Srikulnath K. Genome Complexity Reduction High-Throughput Genome Sequencing of Green Iguana ( Iguana iguana) Reveal a Paradigm Shift in Understanding Sex-Chromosomal Linkages on Homomorphic X and Y Sex Chromosomes. Front Genet 2020; 11:556267. [PMID: 33193634 PMCID: PMC7606854 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.556267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of lizards classified in the superfamily Iguanoidea have an XX/XY sex-determination system in which sex-chromosomal linkage shows homology with chicken (Gallus gallus) chromosome 15 (GGA15). However, the genomics of sex chromosomes remain largely unexplored owing to the presence of homomorphic sex chromosomes in majority of the species. Recent advances in high-throughput genome complexity reduction sequencing provide an effective approach to the identification of sex-specific loci with both single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and restriction fragment presence/absence (PA), and a better understanding of sex chromosome dynamics in Iguanoidea. In this study, we applied Diversity Arrays Technology (DArTseqTM) in 29 phenotypic sex assignments (14 males and 15 females) of green iguana (Iguana iguana). We confirmed a male heterogametic (XX/XY) sex determination mode in this species, identifying 29 perfectly sex-linked SNP/PA loci and 164 moderately sex-linked SNP/PA loci, providing evidence probably indicative of XY recombination. Three loci from among the perfectly sex-linked SNP/PA loci showed partial homology with several amniote sex chromosomal linkages. The results support the hypothesis of an ancestral super-sex chromosome with overlaps of partial sex-chromosomal linkages. However, only one locus among the moderately sex-linked loci showed homology with GGA15, which suggests that the specific region homologous to GGA15 was located outside the non-recombination region but in close proximity to this region of the sex chromosome in green iguana. Therefore, the location of GGA15 might be further from the putative sex-determination locus in green iguana. This is a paradigm shift in understanding linkages on homomorphic X and Y sex chromosomes. The DArTseq platform provides an easy-to-use strategy for future research on the evolution of sex chromosomes in Iguanoidea, particularly for non-model species with homomorphic or highly cryptic sex chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tassika Koomgun
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics, Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nararat Laopichienpong
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics, Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Worapong Singchat
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics, Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thitipong Panthum
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics, Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Siwapech Sillapaprayoon
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics, Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Syed Farhan Ahmad
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics, Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narongrit Muangmai
- Department of Fishery Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Surin Peyachoknagul
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prateep Duengkae
- Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics, Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tariq Ezaz
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Kornsorn Srikulnath
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics, Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center for Advanced Studies in Tropical Natural Resources, National Research University, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology, Bangkok, Thailand.,Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan.,Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food and Health, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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7
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Barragán-Ruiz CE, Paviotti-Fischer E, Rodríguez-Castro KG, Desbiez ALJ, Galetti PM. Molecular sexing of Xenarthra: a tool for genetic and ecological studies. CONSERV GENET RESOUR 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12686-020-01168-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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8
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Vozdova M, Kubickova S, Rubes J. Sex determining region Y ( SRY) sequencing and non-invasive molecular sexing in three wild species: brown ( Parahyaena brunnea) and spotted ( Crocuta crocuta) hyenas and aardvark ( Orycteropus afer). Reprod Fertil Dev 2019; 31:1419-1423. [PMID: 30971330 DOI: 10.1071/rd18468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive molecular sexing methods are useful in captive breeding programs and field studies; these methods enable sex identification without immobilisation or stressful handling of animals. We developed a method enabling fast and reliable sex identification in three species with limited external sexual dimorphism: the brown and spotted hyenas and the aardvark. We used the sex determining region Y (SRY ) gene as the male-specific sequence and the c-myc gene, highly conserved among mammals, as the control sequence present in both sexes. Primers designed on the basis of the feline and human SRY gene enabled us to amplify and sequence the SRY gene fragment in hyenas and the aardvark. Subsequently, we used specific primers designed on the basis of the newly obtained sequences for sex determination in two brown hyenas, three spotted hyenas and six aardvarks. The sequences of the SRY gene fragments were further studied. Interspecies comparisons revealed high similarity in SRY sequences between both hyena species, as well as their relationships with the Felidae lineage. The aardvark, as the only species of the order Tubulidentata (Afrotheria), showed SRY gene similarities with Sirenia and Primates. Knowledge of phylogenetic relationships can be beneficial in genetic studies focused on species with limited sequence data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miluse Vozdova
- Central European Institute of Technology - Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic; and Corresponding author
| | - Svatava Kubickova
- Central European Institute of Technology - Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Rubes
- Central European Institute of Technology - Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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9
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Strah R, Kunej T. Molecular sexing assays in 114 mammalian species: In silico sequence reanalysis and a unified graphical visualization of diagnostic tests. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:5018-5028. [PMID: 31031962 PMCID: PMC6476764 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular-based methods for identifying sex in mammals have a wide range of applications, from embryo manipulation to ecological studies. Various sex-specific or homologous genes can be used for this purpose, PCR amplification being a common method. Over the years, the number of reported tests and the range of tested species have increased greatly. The aim of the present analysis was to retrieve PCR-based sexing assays for a range of mammalian species, gathering the gene sequences from either the articles or online databases, and visualize the molecular design in a uniform manner. For nucleotide alignment and diagnostic test visualization, the following genomic databases and tools were used: NCBI, Ensembl Nucleotide BLAST, ClustalW2, and NEBcutter V2.0. In the 45 gathered articles, 59 different diagnostic tests based on eight different PCR-based methods were developed for 114 mammalian species. Most commonly used genes for the analysis were ZFX, ZFY, AMELX, and AMELY. The tests were most commonly based on sex-specific insertions and deletions (SSIndels) and sex-specific sequence polymorphisms (SSSP). This review provides an overview of PCR-based sexing methods developed for mammals. This information will facilitate more efficient development of novel molecular sexing assays and reuse of previously developed tests. Development of many novel and improvement of previously developed tests is also expected with the rapid increase in the quantity and quality of available genetic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeka Strah
- Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Animal ScienceUniversity of LjubljanaDomzaleSlovenia
| | - Tanja Kunej
- Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Animal ScienceUniversity of LjubljanaDomzaleSlovenia
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10
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Rovatsos M, Kratochvíl L. Molecular sexing applicable in 4000 species of lizards and snakes? From dream to real possibility. Methods Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michail Rovatsos
- Department of Ecology Faculty of Science Charles University in Prague Viničná 7 12844 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Kratochvíl
- Department of Ecology Faculty of Science Charles University in Prague Viničná 7 12844 Prague Czech Republic
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11
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Fan P, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Zhao C, Li C, Liu W, Liu Z, Li M. Phylogenetic position of the white-cheeked macaque (Macaca leucogenys), a newly described primate from southeastern Tibet. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2016; 107:80-89. [PMID: 27769901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The white-cheeked macaque Macaca leucogenys is a recently described species that was only diagnosed based on photos, without any specimen measurements or molecular genetic diagnosis. Using DNA extracted from four newly collected skin specimens, we studied the genetic diversity and phylogenetic position of M. leucogenys using multilocus sequence data, including mitochondrial and Y chromosomal genes. Skin measurements of four individuals showed that the white-cheeked macaque is robust and larger than M. assamensis but is similar in body size to M. thibetana. Although the holotype male of M. leucogenys was observed to have a round glans penis in three photos and a 15-s video, the current phylogenetic analysis placed this species in the sinica group, which has a sagittate glans penis. Our results confirm full species status of M. leucogenys and indicate that this species might have diverged from its closest relatives c. 2.5million years ago. The mitochondrial gene tree showed that M. leucogenys is phylogenetically close to M. munzala and M. radiata within the sinica group; however, their relationships were unresolved by Y chromosomal phylogenies, which indicates possible historical episode of male introgression. Further studies using an integrative approach that combines morphological and ecological characterizations and population-based genome-wide analysis are needed to investigate divergence and reproductive isolation, which are very likely to elucidate mechanisms underlying these Asian macaque radiations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Ecology and Evolution/School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali 671003, PR China.
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Ecology and Evolution/School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Zhechun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Ecology and Evolution/School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Chao Zhao
- Cloud Mountain Conservation, Dali 671003, PR China
| | - Cheng Li
- Imaging Biodiversity Expedition, Beijing 100107, PR China
| | - Wulin Liu
- Forestry Survey, and Planning Institute of Tibet, Lhasa 850000, PR China
| | - Zhijin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.
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12
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Pelizzon C, da Silva Carvalho C, Caballero S, Galetti Junior PM, Sanches A. Sex identification of the extant mega mammal, the lowland tapir, Tapirus terrestris (Tapiridae, Mammalia), by means of molecular markers: new outlook for non-invasive samples. CONSERV GENET RESOUR 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12686-016-0607-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Inoue E, Ogata M, Seino S, Matsuda I. Sex Identification and Efficient Microsatellite Genotyping Using Fecal DNA in Proboscis Monkeys (Nasalis larvatus). MAMMAL STUDY 2016. [DOI: 10.3106/041.041.0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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Chakraborty S, Boominathan D, Desai AA, Vidya TNC. Using genetic analysis to estimate population size, sex ratio, and social organization in an Asian elephant population in conflict with humans in Alur, southern India. CONSERV GENET 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-014-0587-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Díaz-Sacco JJ, Izawa M, Imai H. Successful DNA Typing of Feces to Determine the Species and Sex of the Endangered Iriomote Cat (Prionailurus bengalensis iriomotensis) by using the 16S rRNA Gene and an SNP Marker in a Zinc-Finger Protein Gene. MAMMAL STUDY 2014. [DOI: 10.3106/041.039.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Woc-Colburn AM, Murray S, Lock J, Dragoo JW, Guglielmo D, Maldonado JE. A minimally invasive method for gender determination in the prehensile-tailed porcupine (Coendou prehensilis). Zoo Biol 2013; 32:463-6. [PMID: 23447467 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Revised: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Prehensile-tailed porcupines (Coendou prehensilis), like other rodents, lack external sexual traits, making it difficult to non-invasively determine their gender. By exploiting genetic differences between the X and the Y chromosome, we developed a simple genetic test to determine the gender of Coendous from shed quills. We Sanger sequenced a short portion (195 bp) of the zinc finger protein gene of known male (XY) Coendous to identify positions that are polymorphic between the X and Y chromosomes at this locus. By directly sequencing this fragment, we were able to correctly determine (confirmed via anatomical sexing) the gender of male and female Coendous by the presences or absence of polymorphisms in the resulting chromatograms. This assay is simple, quick and is applicable to other porcupine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Margarita Woc-Colburn
- Wildlife Health Sciences, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
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17
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18
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Vanpé C, Salmona J, Pais I, Kun-Rodrigues C, Pichon C, Meyler SV, Rabarivola C, Lewis RJ, Ibouroi MT, Chikhi L. Noninvasive molecular sexing: an evaluation and validation of the SRY- and amelogenin-based method in three new lemur species. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 150:492-503. [PMID: 23359239 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Many lemur species are arboreal, elusive, and/or nocturnal and are consequently difficult to approach, observe and catch. In addition, most of them are endangered. For these reasons, non-invasive sampling is especially useful in primates including lemurs. A key issue in conservation and ecological studies is to identify the sex of the sampled individuals to investigate sex-biased dispersal, parentage, social organization and population sex ratio. Several molecular tests of sex are available in apes and monkeys, but only a handful of them work in the lemuriform clade. Among these tests, the coamplification of the SRY gene with the amelogenin X gene using strepsirhine-specific X primers seems particularly promising, but the reliability and validity of this sexing test have not been properly assessed yet. In this study, we (i) show that this molecular sexing test works on three additional lemur species (Microcebus tavaratra, Propithecus coronatus and P. verreauxi) from two previously untested genera and one previously untested family, suggesting that these markers are likely to be universal among lemurs and other strepsirrhines; (ii) provide the first evidence that this PCR-based sexing test works on degraded DNA obtained from noninvasive samples; (iii) validate the approach using a large number of known-sex individuals and a multiple-tubes approach, and show that mismatches between the field sex and the final molecular consensus sex occur in less than 10% of all the samples and that most of these mismatches were likely linked to incorrect sex determinations in the field rather than genotyping errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Vanpé
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, no. 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal.
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19
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Development of a reliable method for determining sex for a primitive rodent, the Point Arena mountain beaver (Aplodontia rufa nigra). CONSERV GENET RESOUR 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12686-012-9686-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Zgurski JM, Hik DS. Polygynandry and even-sexed dispersal in a population of collared pikas, Ochotona collaris. Anim Behav 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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21
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Ahlering MA, Hailer F, Roberts MT, Foley C. A simple and accurate method to sex savannah, forest and Asian elephants using noninvasive sampling techniques. Mol Ecol Resour 2011; 11:831-4. [PMID: 21635697 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2011.03030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the development of a reliable and efficient method for molecular sexing of all extant elephant taxa. We developed primers that amplify two short Y-specific fragments (SRY1 and AMELY2) and one longer X-specific fragment (PLP1), developed from elephant sequences in one multiplex PCR. All fragments were designed to be short (< 200 basepairs) for use with degraded DNA and to be 50 basepairs apart to optimize visualization on agarose gels or as electropherograms. The multiplex PCR method matched sexes for at least 97.9% of the noninvasive savannah elephant samples and produced the expected female/male banding patterns for 14 African forest and 11 Asian elephant samples. We found this method to be more robust, efficient and less prone to contamination than previously developed sexing methods for elephants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa A Ahlering
- Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013, USA.
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22
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Munshi-South J. Relatedness and demography of African forest elephants: inferences from noninvasive fecal DNA analyses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 102:391-8. [PMID: 21576286 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esr030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
African forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis) are genetically and morphologically distinct from their savannah counterparts, but their biology remains poorly understood. In this study, I use noninvasive fecal DNA analyses to examine the relatedness structure and historical demography of forest elephants at 2 sites in SW Gabon, central Africa. Pairwise relatedness values calculated between 162 elephant individuals genotyped at 8 microsatellite loci were significantly higher within spatially associated dung piles than between random pairings for one site. First- and second-order relatives were most commonly detected among dung piles from adult female pairs and adult females and juveniles. Pairwise relatedness estimates suggested that, like savannah elephants, forest groups are largely composed of adult females, their sisters, and juvenile offspring. Associations between males, and groups containing juveniles from multiple related females, were detected but at much lower frequency. Analysis of mitochondrial d-loop sequences from 70 elephant individuals identified 2 haplogroups in SW Gabon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Munshi-South
- Department of Natural Sciences, Baruch College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10010, USA.
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23
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Martinelli AB, DE Moraes-Barros N, Alvarenga CS, Chaves PB, Santos LAD, Fagundes V. A PCR-RFLP assay for gender assignment in the three-toed sloths (Bradypus, Pilosa, Bradypodidae). Mol Ecol Resour 2011; 10:732-4. [PMID: 21565080 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02820.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The three-toed sloths (Bradypus) are slow-moving arboreal neotropical mammals. Understanding demographic variables (such as sex ratio) of populations is a key for conservation purposes. Nevertheless, gender assignment of Bradypus is particularly challenging because of the lack of sexual dimorphism in infants and in adults, particularly B. torquatus, the most endangered of the three-toed sloths, in which sex is attributed by visual observation of the reproductively active males. Here, we standardized a method for sexing Bradypus individuals using PCR-RFLP of sex-linked genes ZFX/ZFY. This assay was validated with known-gender animals and proved accurate to assign gender on three Bradypus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo B Martinelli
- Laboratório de Genética Animal (LGA), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil, 29075-910 Laboratório de Biologia Evolutiva e Conservação de Vertebrados (Labec), Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão. 277, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, 05508-090
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24
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Ahlering MA, Millspaugh JJ, Woods RJ, Western D, Eggert LS. Elevated levels of stress hormones in crop-raiding male elephants. Anim Conserv 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2010.00400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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LI YUZHI, XU XIAO, ZHANG LIANG, ZHANG ZHIHE, SHEN FUJUN, ZHANG WENPING, YUE BISONG. An ARMS-based technique for sex determination of red panda (Ailurus fulgens). Mol Ecol Resour 2010; 11:400-3. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02934.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Barja I, Silván G, Rosellini S, Piñeiro A, Illera MJ, Illera JC. Quantification of Sexual Steroid Hormones in Faeces of Iberian Wolf (Canis lupus signatus): A Non-invasive Sex Typing Method. Reprod Domest Anim 2008; 43:701-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2007.00974.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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FONTANESI LUCA, TAZZOLI MARCO, PECCHIOLI ELENA, HAUFFE HEIDIC, ROBINSON TERENCEJ, RUSSO VINCENZO. Sexing European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), European brown hares (Lepus europaeus) and mountain hares (Lepus timidus) withZFXandZFYloci. Mol Ecol Resour 2008; 8:1294-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2008.02167.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Munshi-South J, Tchignoumba L, Brown J, Abbondanza N, Maldonado JE, Henderson A, Alonso A. Physiological indicators of stress in African forest elephants (Loxodonta africana cyclotis) in relation to petroleum operations in Gabon, Central Africa. DIVERS DISTRIB 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00509.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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29
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Eggert LS, Patterson G, Maldonado JE. The Knysna elephants: a population study conducted using faecal DNA. Afr J Ecol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2007.00794.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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A reliable, non-invasive PCR method for giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) sex identification. CONSERV GENET 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-007-9376-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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31
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A simple and improved PCR-based technique for white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) sex identification. CONSERV GENET 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-007-9326-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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Sex identification of Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) non-invasive DNA samples using ZFX/ZFY sequences. CONSERV GENET 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-007-9303-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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33
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PCR-CTPP: a rapid and reliable genotyping technique based on ZFX/ZFY alleles for sex identification of tiger (Panthera tigris) and four other endangered felids. CONSERV GENET 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-006-9279-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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34
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Kusahara M, Kamimura Y, Tamura N, Hayashi F. A new pair of primers for molecular sexing of the Pallas squirrel, Callosciurus erythraeus, and variation in fetal sex ratio. MAMMAL STUDY 2006. [DOI: 10.3106/1348-6160(2006)31[87:anpopf]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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35
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A new sex identification tool: One primer pair can reliably sex ape and monkey DNA samples. CONSERV GENET 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-005-9044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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36
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Smith DA, Ralls K, Hurt A, Adams B, Parker M, Maldonado JE. Assessing reliability of microsatellite genotypes from kit fox faecal samples using genetic and GIS analyses. Mol Ecol 2006; 15:387-406. [PMID: 16448408 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02841.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Noninvasive faecal DNA sampling has the potential to provide a wealth of information necessary for monitoring and managing endangered species while eliminating the need to capture, handle or observe rare individuals. However, scoring problems, and subsequent genotyping errors, associated with this monitoring method remain a great concern as they can lead to misidentification of individuals and biased estimates. We examined a kit fox scat data set (353 scats; 80 genotypes) for genotyping errors using both genetic and GIS analyses, and evaluated the feasibility of combining both approaches to assess reliability of the faecal DNA results. We further checked the appropriateness of using faecal genotypes to study kit fox populations by describing information about foxes that we could deduce from the 'acceptable' scat genotypes, and comparing it to information gathered with traditional field techniques. Overall, genetic tests indicated that our data set had a low rate of genotyping error. Furthermore, examination of distributions of scat locations confirmed our data set was relatively error free. We found that analysing information on sex primer consistency and scat locations provided a useful assessment of scat genotype error, and greatly limited the amount of additional laboratory work that was needed to identify potentially 'false' scores. 'Acceptable' scat genotypes revealed information on sex ratio, relatedness, fox movement patterns, latrine use, and size of home range. Results from genetic and field data were consistent, supporting the conclusion that our data set had a very low rate of genotyping error and that this noninvasive method is a reliable approach for monitoring kit foxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Smith
- Department of Ecosystem Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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37
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Population genetic structure and conservation of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) across India. Anim Conserv 2005. [DOI: 10.1017/s1367943005002428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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38
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Abstract
Molecular sexing of mammals is normally done by PCR amplification of Y chromosomal fragments, or coamplification of homologous fragments from both sex chromosomes. Existing primers are often unreliable for distantly related species due to mutations in primer regions. Currently there are no published primers for the sexing of prosimian DNA. We show that an existing method (using the zinc finger protein) based on a size difference between the X and Y homologs does not work in prosimians. Multiple alignments of distantly related mammalian species from Genbank and genome databases enabled us to identify conserved regions in the amelogenin gene. Using these conserved regions, we can target species that have no sequence information. We designed a single, conserved primer pair that is useful for fast and reliable molecular sexing of prosimian primates. A single PCR yields two fragments in males and only one in females, which are easily separated with the use of agarose gels. Amplification of separable fragments was successful in seven species of lemurs, as well as humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fredsted
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
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39
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A reliable, non-invasive method for sex determination in the endangered San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica) and other canids. CONSERV GENET 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-004-1862-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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40
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Avise JC, Power AJ, Walker D. Genetic sex determination, gender identification and pseudohermaphroditism in the knobbed whelk, Busycon carica (Mollusca: Melongenidae). Proc Biol Sci 2004; 271:641-6. [PMID: 15156923 PMCID: PMC1691630 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2003.2533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We report perhaps the first genic-level molecular documentation of a mammalian-like 'X-linked' mode of sex determination in molluscs. From family inheritance data and observed associations between sex-phenotyped adults and genotypes in Busycon carica, we deduce that a polymorphic microsatellite locus (bc2.2) is diploid and usually heterozygous in females, hemizygous in males, and that its alleles are transmitted from mothers to sons and daughters but from fathers to daughters only. We also employ bc2.2 to estimate near-conception sex ratio in whelk embryos, where gender is indeterminable by visual inspection. Statistical corrections are suggested at both family and population levels to accommodate the presence of homozygous bc2.2 females that could otherwise be genetically mistaken for hemizygous males. Knobbed whelks were thought to be sequential hermaphrodites, but our evidence for genetic dioecy supports an earlier hypothesis that whelks are pseudohermaphroditic (falsely appear to switch functional sex when environmental conditions induce changes in sexual phenotype). These findings highlight the distinction between gender in a genetic versus phenotypic sense.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Avise
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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41
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Douglas LJ, Untalan PM, Haymer DS. Molecular sexing in the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 34:159-165. [PMID: 14871612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2003.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2002] [Accepted: 08/07/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Molecular methods have been devised for sexing Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly) individuals using minimal amounts of material from any stage of the life cycle. Molecular sexing methods are particularly valuable when material is obtained from pre-adult stages and sex identification based on morphological characters is not possible. These methods may also be useful for adult stage material in situations where only limited amounts or poorly preserved specimens are available. The sexing methods described here use the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify sequences known to originate from the sex chromosomes of this species. One method co-amplifies homologous regions of the ITS1 ribosomal DNA from both the X and Y chromosomes. Males and females are distinguished based on the restriction fragment pattern produced after digestion of the PCR products with the restriction enzyme ApoI. A second method identifies males based on the positive amplification of a repetitive DNA sequence originating from the Y chromosome. Both methods are shown to be capable of establishing the sex identity of individuals using only minimal amounts of material from any stage of the life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Douglas
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Hawaii, 1960 East West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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42
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A reliable, non-invasive method for sex determination in the endangered San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica) and other canids. CONSERV GENET 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-003-1862-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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