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Dai H, Huang Z, Liu X, Bi J, Shu Z, Xiao A, Wang J. Colorimetric ELISA based on urease catalysis curcumin as a ratiometric indicator for the sensitive determination of aflatoxin B1 in grain products. Talanta 2022; 246:123495. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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2
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Wang Y, Zhang C, Wang J, Knopp D. Recent Progress in Rapid Determination of Mycotoxins Based on Emerging Biorecognition Molecules: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:73. [PMID: 35202100 PMCID: PMC8874725 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungal species, which pose significant risk to humans and livestock. The mycotoxins which are produced from Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium are considered most important and therefore regulated in food- and feedstuffs. Analyses are predominantly performed by official laboratory methods in centralized labs by expert technicians. There is an urgent demand for new low-cost, easy-to-use, and portable analytical devices for rapid on-site determination. Most significant advances were realized in the field bioanalytical techniques based on molecular recognition. This review aims to discuss recent progress in the generation of native biomolecules and new bioinspired materials towards mycotoxins for the development of reliable bioreceptor-based analytical methods. After brief presentation of basic knowledge regarding characteristics of most important mycotoxins, the generation, benefits, and limitations of present and emerging biorecognition molecules, such as polyclonal (pAb), monoclonal (mAb), recombinant antibodies (rAb), aptamers, short peptides, and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), are discussed. Hereinafter, the use of binders in different areas of application, including sample preparation, microplate- and tube-based assays, lateral flow devices, and biosensors, is highlighted. Special focus, on a global scale, is placed on commercial availability of single receptor molecules, test-kits, and biosensor platforms using multiplexed bead-based suspension assays and planar biochip arrays. Future outlook is given with special emphasis on new challenges, such as increasing use of rAb based on synthetic and naïve antibody libraries to renounce animal immunization, multiple-analyte test-kits and high-throughput multiplexing, and determination of masked mycotoxins, including stereoisomeric degradation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Cui Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Jianlong Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Dietmar Knopp
- Chair for Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technische Universitat München, Elisabeth-Winterhalter-Weg 6, D-81377 München, Germany
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Wang Y, Jiang J, Fotina H, Zhang H, Chen J. Advances in Antibody Preparation Techniques for Immunoassays of Total Aflatoxin in Food. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184113. [PMID: 32916811 PMCID: PMC7571119 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin (AF) contamination is a major concern in the food and feed industry because of its prevalence and toxicity. Improved aflatoxin detection methods are still needed. Immunoassays are an important method for total aflatoxin (TAF) analysis in food due to its technical advantages such as high specificity, sensitivity, and simplicity, but require high-quality antibodies. Here, we first review the three ways to prepare high-quality antibodies for TAF immunoassay, second, compare the advantages and disadvantages of antigen synthesis methods for B-group and G-group aflatoxins, and third, describe the status of novel genetic engineering antibodies. This review can provide new methods and ideas for the development of TAF immunoassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (Y.W.); (H.Z.); (J.C.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sumy National Agrarian University, 40021 Sumy, Ukraine
| | - Jinqing Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (Y.W.); (H.Z.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence: (J.J.); (H.F.); Tel.: +86-135-2508-3536 (J.J.)
| | - Hanna Fotina
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sumy National Agrarian University, 40021 Sumy, Ukraine
- Correspondence: (J.J.); (H.F.); Tel.: +86-135-2508-3536 (J.J.)
| | - Haitang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (Y.W.); (H.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Junjie Chen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (Y.W.); (H.Z.); (J.C.)
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4
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Schubert M, Spiegel H, Schillberg S, Nölke G. Aspergillus-specific antibodies - Targets and applications. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1167-1184. [PMID: 29608951 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus is a fungal genus comprising several hundred species, many of which can damage the health of plants, animals and humans by direct infection and/or due to the production of toxic secondary metabolites known as mycotoxins. Aspergillus-specific antibodies have been generated against polypeptides, polysaccharides and secondary metabolites found in the cell wall or secretions, and these can be used to detect and monitor infections or to quantify mycotoxin contamination in food and feed. However, most Aspergillus-specific antibodies are generated against heterogeneous antigen preparations and the specific target remains unknown. Target identification is important because this can help to characterize fungal morphology, confirm host penetration by opportunistic pathogens, detect specific disease-related biomarkers, identify new candidate targets for antifungal drug design, and qualify antibodies for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. In this review, we discuss how antibodies are raised against heterogeneous Aspergillus antigen preparations and how they can be characterized, focusing on strategies to identify their specific antigens and epitopes. We also discuss the therapeutic, diagnostic and biotechnological applications of Aspergillus-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Schubert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Holger Spiegel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Schillberg
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Institute for Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, Phytopathology Department, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Greta Nölke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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5
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Pei SC, Li YH, Zhang YY, Cai L, Lee WJ. Detection of Aflatoxin B1 in Corn, Rice, and Barley by ELISA, Using a Heavy-Chain IgG2bIsotype Monoclonal Antibody. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-2010-0115-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shi Chun Pei
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin
- Food College, The HLJ August First Land Reclamation University, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Yu Hua Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Yuan Zhang
- Food College, The HLJ August First Land Reclamation University, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Lin Cai
- Food College, The HLJ August First Land Reclamation University, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Won Jong Lee
- Department of Food Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
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6
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Competitive immunoassay for Ochratoxin a based on FRET from quantum dot-labeled antibody to rhodamine-coated magnetic silica nanoparticles. Mikrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-016-1951-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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7
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Ertekin Ö, Öztürk S, Öztürk ZZ. Label Free QCM Immunobiosensor for AFB1 Detection Using Monoclonal IgA Antibody as Recognition Element. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16081274. [PMID: 27529243 PMCID: PMC5017439 DOI: 10.3390/s16081274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study introduces the use of an IgA isotype aflatoxin (AF) specific monoclonal antibody for the development of a highly sensitive Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) immunobiosensor for the detection of AF in inhibitory immunoassay format. The higher molecular weight of IgA antibodies proved an advantage over commonly used IgG antibodies in label free immunobiosensor measurements. IgA and IgG antibodies with similar affinity for AF were used in the comparative studies. Sensor surface was prepared by covalent immobilization of AFB1, using self assembled monolayer (SAM) formed on gold coated Quartz Crystal, with 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide/N-hydroxy succinimide (EDC/NHS) method using a diamine linker. Nonspecific binding to the surface was decreased by minimizing the duration of EDC/NHS activation. Sensor surface was chemically blocked after AF immobilization without any need for protein blocking. This protein free sensor chip endured harsh solutions with strong ionic detergent at high pH, which is required for the regeneration of the high affinity antibody-antigen interaction. According to the obtained results, the detection range with IgA antibodies was higher than IgG antibodies in QCM immunosensor developed for AFB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özlem Ertekin
- TÜBİTAK, The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, Marmara Research Center, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Gebze, 41470 Kocaeli, Turkey.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Selma Öztürk
- TÜBİTAK, The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, Marmara Research Center, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Gebze, 41470 Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Zafer Ziya Öztürk
- Department of Physics, Gebze Technical University, 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey.
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Dong S, Zhang C, Zhang X, Liu Y, Zhong J, Xie Y, Xu C, Ding Y, Zhang L, Liu X. Production and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibody Broadly Recognizing Cry1 Toxins by Use of Designed Polypeptide as Hapten. Anal Chem 2016; 88:7023-32. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sa Dong
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory
of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory
Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for
Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, and Institute
of Food Quality Safety and Detection Research, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014 Nanjing, Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Cunzheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory
of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory
Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for
Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, and Institute
of Food Quality Safety and Detection Research, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014 Nanjing, Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory
of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory
Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for
Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, and Institute
of Food Quality Safety and Detection Research, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014 Nanjing, Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory
of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory
Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for
Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, and Institute
of Food Quality Safety and Detection Research, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014 Nanjing, Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Zhong
- Key Laboratory
of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory
Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for
Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, and Institute
of Food Quality Safety and Detection Research, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014 Nanjing, Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Yajing Xie
- Key Laboratory
of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory
Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for
Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, and Institute
of Food Quality Safety and Detection Research, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014 Nanjing, Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Chongxin Xu
- Key Laboratory
of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory
Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for
Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, and Institute
of Food Quality Safety and Detection Research, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014 Nanjing, Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Ding
- Key Laboratory
of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory
Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for
Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, and Institute
of Food Quality Safety and Detection Research, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014 Nanjing, Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Liuquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory
of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory
Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for
Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, and Institute
of Food Quality Safety and Detection Research, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014 Nanjing, Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianjin Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory
of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory
Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for
Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, and Institute
of Food Quality Safety and Detection Research, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014 Nanjing, Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
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Monoclonal IgA Antibodies for Aflatoxin Immunoassays. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8050148. [PMID: 27187470 PMCID: PMC4885063 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8050148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody based techniques are widely used for the detection of aflatoxins which are potent toxins with a high rate of occurrence in many crops. We developed a murine monoclonal antibody of immunoglobulin A (IgA) isotype with a strong binding affinity to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), aflatoxin G2 (AFG2) and aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). The antibody was effectively used in immunoaffinity column (IAC) and ELISA kit development. The performance of the IACs was compatible with AOAC performance standards for affinity columns (Test Method: AOAC 991.31). The total binding capacity of the IACs containing our antibody was 111 ng, 70 ng, 114 ng and 73 ng for AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1 andAFG2, respectively. Furthermore, the recovery rates of 5 ng of each AF derivative loaded to the IACs were determined as 104.9%, 82.4%, 85.5% and 70.7% for AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2, respectively. As for the ELISA kit developed using non-oriented, purified IgA antibody, we observed a detection range of 2–50 µg/L with 40 min total test time. The monoclonal antibody developed in this research is hitherto the first presentation of quadruple antigen binding IgA monoclonal antibodies in mycotoxin analysis and also the first study of their utilization in ELISA and IACs. IgA antibodies are valuable alternatives for immunoassay development, in terms of both sensitivity and ease of preparation, since they do not require any orientation effort.
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Kalarestaghi A, Bayat M, Hashemi SJ, Razavilar V. Highly Sensitive FRET-Based Fluorescence Immunoassay for Detecting of Aflatoxin B1 Using Magnetic/Silica Core-Shell as a Signal Intensifier. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 13:25-31. [PMID: 28959296 DOI: 10.15171/ijb.1170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, some new nanobiosensors using different nanoparticles or microarray systems for detection of mycotoxins have been designed . However, rapid, sensitive and early detection of aflatoxicosis would be very helpful to distinguish high-risk persons. OBJECTIVES We report a highly sensitive competitive immunoassay using magnetic/silica core shell as a signal intensifier for the determination of aflatoxin B1 using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from Cd/Te quantum dots (antiaflatoxin B1 antibody immobilized on the surface of Cd/Te quantum dots) to Rhodamine 123 (Rho 123-labeled aflatoxin B1 bound to albumin). The specific immune-reaction between the anti-aflatoxin B1 antibody on the QDs and the labeledaflatoxin B1 brings the Rho 123 fluorophore (acting as the acceptor) and the QDs (acting as the donor) in close spatial proximity and causes FRET to occur upon photo-excitation of the QDs. Using magnetic/silica core shell to intensify the obtained signal is the novelty of this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cd/Te QDs were synthesized by the simultaneous reduction of cadmium chloride and tellurium in the presence of sodium borohydride under nitrogen atmosphere. Magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized using FeSO4 and FeCl3 (1:2 molar ratio) and ammonia as an oxidizing agent under nitrogen atmosphere. The prepared magnetic nanoparticles shelled by silica using tetraethoxysilane in the presence of ammonia. Nanoparticles synthesis and monodispersity confirmed by TEM. Immobilization of Cd/Te QDs to antibodies and labeling of aflatoxin B1-albumin by Rho 123 were performed by EDC/NHS reaction in reaction mixture buffer, pH 6, at room temperature. RESULTS By using the magnetic/silica core shell sensitivity of the system changed from 2×10-11 in our previous study to 2×10-12 in this work. The feasibility of the method established by the detection of aflatoxin B1 in spiked human serum. There is a linear relationship between the decreased fluorescence intensity of Rho 123 with increasing concentration of aflatoxin B1 in spiked samples, over the range of 0.01-0.06 μmol.mL-1. CONCLUSIONS This homogeneous competitive detection scheme is simple, rapid and efficient, and does not require multiple separation steps and excessive washing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Kalarestaghi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Specialized Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansour Bayat
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Specialized Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Jamal Hashemi
- Food Microbiology Research center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vadood Razavilar
- Department of Food Higiene, Faculty of Veterinary Specialized Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Recent trends in rapid environmental monitoring of pathogens and toxicants: potential of nanoparticle-based biosensor and applications. ScientificWorldJournal 2015; 2015:510982. [PMID: 25884032 PMCID: PMC4390168 DOI: 10.1155/2015/510982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Of global concern, environmental pollution adversely affects human health and socioeconomic development. The presence of environmental contaminants, especially bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens and their toxins as well as chemical substances, poses serious public health concerns. Nanoparticle-based biosensors are considered as potential tools for rapid, specific, and highly sensitive detection of the analyte of interest (both biotic and abiotic contaminants). In particular, there are several limitations of conventional detection methods for water-borne pathogens due to low concentrations and interference with various enzymatic inhibitors in the environmental samples. The increase of cells to detection levels requires long incubation time. This review describes current state of biosensor nanotechnology, the advantage over conventional detection methods, and the challenges due to testing of environmental samples. The major approach is to use nanoparticles as signal reporter to increase output rather than spending time to increase cell concentrations. Trends in future development of novel detection devices and their advantages over other environmental monitoring methodologies are also discussed.
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Soukhtanloo M, Talebian E, Golchin M, Mohammadi M, Amirheidari B. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against aflatoxin B1. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2015; 35:335-43. [PMID: 24350626 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2013.863207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we embarked on production of mouse monoclonal antibodies against aflatoxin B1 which is the most commonly occurring fungal toxin in food and feed products. After immunization and fusion with myloma cells, two stable clones (A218 and B319) were selected. Isotyping showed that these monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were IgG2b with kappa light chains. The affinity of A218 and B319 clons were 5×10(11) M(-1) and 6×10(9) M(-1), respectively. Competitive indirect ELISA results indicated these mAbs had complete (100%) cross-reaction with four major types of aflatoxins: B1, B2, G1, and G2. These mAbs could be used for immunoassay measurement of aflatoxins with high affinity and low detection limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Soukhtanloo
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
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13
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Soy 11S Globulin Acid Subunits as the Novel Food Polymer Carrier. INT J POLYM SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1155/2015/250146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins were conjugated with soy 11S globulins acid subunits and the hapten-specific monoclonal antibodies (McAbs) cross-reactive with four major aflatoxins were achieved using indirect competitive ELISA screening procedure. The two antibodies (clones 1B2 and 2D3) had similar reaction efficiency with aflatoxins B1, B2, and G1 but showed a weak cross-reaction to G2. The clone 4C5 exhibited the highest sensitivity for all four aflatoxins. The concentrations of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 at 50% inhibition for 4C5 were 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, and 17.6 pg mL−1. The results indicated that soy 11S globulin acid subunits were suitable novel carriers for aflatoxin antigen in immunization experiments and clone 4C5 could be used for simultaneous analysis of total aflatoxins.
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Abstract
Aflatoxins are toxic carcinogenic secondary metabolites produced predominantly by two fungal species: Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. These fungal species are contaminants of foodstuff as well as feeds and are responsible for aflatoxin contamination of these agro products. The toxicity and potency of aflatoxins make them the primary health hazard as well as responsible for losses associated with contaminations of processed foods and feeds. Determination of aflatoxins concentration in food stuff and feeds is thus very important. However, due to their low concentration in foods and feedstuff, analytical methods for detection and quantification of aflatoxins have to be specific, sensitive, and simple to carry out. Several methods including thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), mass spectroscopy, enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA), and electrochemical immunosensor, among others, have been described for detecting and quantifying aflatoxins in foods. Each of these methods has advantages and limitations in aflatoxins analysis. This review critically examines each of the methods used for detection of aflatoxins in foodstuff, highlighting the advantages and limitations of each method. Finally, a way forward for overcoming such obstacles is suggested.
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15
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Lei J, Li P, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Ding X, Zang W. Anti-idiotypic nanobody-phage based real-time immuno-PCR for detection of hepatocarcinogen aflatoxin in grains and feedstuffs. Anal Chem 2014; 86:10841-6. [PMID: 25273352 DOI: 10.1021/ac5029424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are a group of extremely toxic small molecules that have been involved in human hepatic and extrahepatic carcinogenesis as causative agents. Herein, we developed a real-time immuno polymerase chain reaction (IPCR) assay for the accurately quantitative detection of aflatoxins in agri-products base on a M13 phage containing aflatoxin anti-idiotypic nanobody and its encoding DNA which was used to design the specific primers. The limit of detection (LOD) of the assay is 0.02 ng/mL, which exhibits a 4-fold improvement over traditional phage ELISA. The developed method was successfully validated with the samples of corn, rice, peanut, and feedstuff, which are major aflatoxin-contaminated agri-products. And the recoveries were from 77.05 to 122.16%. For further validation, the developed assay was also compared with a reference HPLC method for the analysis of aflatoxins in corn and peanuts, and concordant results (R(2) = 0.991) were obtained. In this context, this study provides a novel opportunity to analyze aflatoxins in agri-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Lei
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
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16
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Ren Q, Zhang H, Guo H, Jiang L, Tian M, Ren F. Detection of cow milk adulteration in yak milk by ELISA. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:6000-6. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Highly sensitive FRET-based fluorescence immunoassay for aflatoxin B1 using cadmium telluride quantum dots. Mikrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-013-1047-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Simultaneous Determination of Aflatoxin B1 and Aflatoxin M1 in Food Matrices by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-012-9484-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Sudini H, Gowda C, Waliyar F, Reddy S. Developing cost-effective aflatoxin detection kits. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1757-837x.2012.00154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Sudini
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics; Patancheru; India
| | - C.L.L. Gowda
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics; Patancheru; India
| | - F. Waliyar
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics; Bamako; Mali
| | - S.V. Reddy
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics; Patancheru; India
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Komala V, Ratnavathi C, Vijay Kumar B, Das I. Inhibition of aflatoxin B1 production by an antifungal component, eugenol in stored sorghum grains. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Rossi CN, Takabayashi CR, Ono MA, Saito GH, Itano EN, Kawamura O, Hirooka EY, Ono EYS. Immunoassay based on monoclonal antibody for aflatoxin detection in poultry feed. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Njumbe Ediage E, Di Mavungu JD, Goryacheva IY, Van Peteghem C, De Saeger S. Multiplex flow-through immunoassay formats for screening of mycotoxins in a variety of food matrices. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:265-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5803-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Characterisation of monoclonal antibody against aflatoxin B1 produced in hybridoma 2C12 and its single-chain variable fragment expressed in recombinant Escherichia coli. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.11.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Reddy KRN, Raghavender CR, Salleh B, Reddy CS, Reddy BN. Potential of aflatoxin B1 production by Aspergillus flavus strains on commercially important food grains. Int J Food Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2010.02468.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhang J, Li P, Zhang W, Zhang Q, Ding X, Chen X, Wu W, Zhang X. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against aflatoxin g(1). Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2010; 28:67-70. [PMID: 19239370 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2008.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Using semisolid methylcellulose HAT medium selection and non-competitive and competitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, three hybridomas that secreted antibodies for aflatoxin G(1) were selected after fusion of mouse SP2/0 myeloma cells with spleen cells isolated from BALB/c mice that had been immunized with the conjugate of aflatoxin G(1) (AFG(1)) and bovine serum albumin. The aflatoxin-modified protein used to immunize mice was produced chemically by activating aflatoxin G(1) to a 9,10-epoxide derivative, which then covalently bound to the protein. All of these antibodies were found to be specific to AFG(1), and reacted strongly with aflatoxin G(2). These antibodies were designated 1C8, 1C10, and DE7, and had affinities for AFG1 of 5.1 x 10(7), 2.7 x 10(8), and 1.1 x 10(8) liters mol(-1), respectively.
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Reddy K, Reddy C, Salleh B. Varietal differences in accumulation of aflatoxin B1 in Indian rice cultivars. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2010. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2010.1226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rice (paddy) seeds are known to be colonised by Aspergillus flavus in the field or under storage conditions and contaminated with aflatoxins which have impact on human and animal health. In this study, we investigated the varietal differences in 30 Indian healthy rice cultivars used for human consumption (15 normal and 15 basmati) for accumulation of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) after inoculation with aflatoxin-producing A. flavus (DRAf 009). Significant varietal differences in AFB1 accumulation were observed in normal and basmati rice cultivars. Comparatively, the accumulation of AFB1 is higher in normal cultivars, ranging from 3-628 µg/kg, than in basmati cultivars, ranging from 0.2-7.2 µg/kg. The highest accumulation of AFB1 in normal cultivars was observed in PR 106 (628 µg/kg) and the lowest in IR 64 (3 µg/kg). In basmati rice cultivars, the highest accumulation of AFB1 was observed in Ranbir basmati (7.2 µg/kg) and the lowest in Vasumati (0.2 µg/kg). All these cultivars were evaluated for their total phenolic content (TPC) in rice bran using the Folin-Ciocalteau method. The results indicated that the TPC of normal and basmati cultivars was in the range of 1.96-2.45 and 2.13-2.65 mg gallic acid equivalent (mg/g of bran), respectively. This study may be used as a basis to develop A. flavus resistant rice cultivars and proper storage structures to produce aflatoxin-free rice. This is the first report on the evaluation of various rice cultivars for accumulation of AFB1 after inoculation with A. flavus.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Reddy
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
| | - C. Reddy
- Plant Pathology, Directorate of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - B. Salleh
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
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Reddy KRN, Salleh B. A preliminary study on the occurrence of Aspergillus spp. and aflatoxin B1 in imported wheat and barley in Penang, Malaysia. Mycotoxin Res 2010; 26:267-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-010-0065-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 07/04/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Pei SC, Zhang YY, Eremin SA, Lee WJ. Detection of aflatoxin M1 in milk products from China by ELISA using monoclonal antibodies. Food Control 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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31
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Production of ultrasensitive generic monoclonal antibodies against major aflatoxins using a modified two-step screening procedure. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 636:63-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Revised: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Huang JQ, Jiang HF, Zhou YQ, Lei Y, Wang SY, Liao BS. Ethylene inhibited aflatoxin biosynthesis is due to oxidative stress alleviation and related to glutathione redox state changes in Aspergillus flavus. Int J Food Microbiol 2009; 130:17-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Revised: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Reddy K, Reddy C, Muralidharan K. Potential of botanicals and biocontrol agents on growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus infecting rice grains. Food Control 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2008.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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MAb Against Aflatoxin G 1. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2009. [DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2008.0083.mab] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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35
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Waliyar F, Reddy SV, Lava-Kumar P. Review of Immunological Methods for the Quantification of Aflatoxins in Peanut and Other Foods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3146/at07-007.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination is widespread in staple crops like peanut, maize, sorghum, pearl millet, chillies, pistachio, cassava etc., and compromises the safety of food and feed supplies. It is important to be able to detect and quantify aflatoxins in commodities to protect human and animal health. Many different methods, including antibody-based ones, are available for quantitative estimation of aflatoxins. However, most of these methods such as HPLC, HPTLC, and TLC are expensive and/or difficult to use in developed countries. Using the state-of-the-art facilities at ICRISAT, we developed polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for the detection of total aflatoxins, aflatoxin B1 and M1 (secreted in milk). These were used to develop a simple and inexpensive competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (cELISA) that has lower detection limits (1.0 µg/kg) and cost (about $1 per sample) less than other available methods. More than 100 samples can be analyzed in a day. These tests have provided a unique opportunity for ICRISAT and its partners to conduct field studies to select resistant genotypes, identify high risk populations and determine the dietary sources to stimulate appropriate interventions to enhance the food and human health safety, trade and thereby farmers' income.
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36
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Genetic variability of aflatoxin B1 producing Aspergillus flavus strains isolated from discolored rice grains. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-008-9857-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zhou Y, Wu J, Yu W, Xu Y, Wang P, Xie B, Chen F. Preparation for aflatoxin B(1)-cationized bovine serum albumin based on Mannich-type reaction. J Immunol Methods 2007; 328:79-88. [PMID: 17904574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2007.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Revised: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 08/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)), which is commonly found in agricultural commodities, is one of the most potent carcinogenic mycotoxins. To ensure food safety, rapid and low-cost immunological methods have been applied to detect AFB(1) worldwide. A key step in these immunological methods is coupling AFB(1) to carrier proteins; AFB(1) is usually deviated to AFB(1)-oxime and coupled to carrier proteins to form the AFB(1)-oxime-protein conjugate. In the current research, AFB(1) was directly coupled with cationized bovine serum albumin (cBSA) using a method based on Mannich-type principles. The coupling effects were investigated with different initial molar ratios of AFB(1) to cBSA. The conjugate molar ratio was 6.4:1 when the initial molar ratio was 40:1. The cationized proteins and their conjugates were identified by UV-Vis and FT-IR spectra, which showed the characteristic bands of the ethylendiamine group and AFB(1), respectively. After BALB/c mice were immunized with AFB(1)-cBSA, a quicker immunological response and a similar sensitivity of antisera against AFB(1) were observed, compared with immunization by AFB(1)-oxime-BSA. This suggests that the Mannich-type reaction might be an alternative method of preparation for AFB(1)-protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youxiang Zhou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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38
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Cervino C, Knopp D, Weller MG, Niessner R. Novel aflatoxin derivatives and protein conjugates. Molecules 2007; 12:641-53. [PMID: 17851418 PMCID: PMC6149377 DOI: 10.3390/12030641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2007] [Revised: 03/25/2007] [Accepted: 03/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins, a group of structurally related mycotoxins, are well known for their toxic and carcinogenic effects in humans and animals. Aflatoxin derivatives and protein conjugates are needed for diverse analytical applications. This work describes a reliable and fast synthesis of novel aflatoxin derivatives, purification by preparative HPLC and characterisation by ESI-MS and one- and two-dimensional NMR. Novel aflatoxin bovine serum albumin conjugates were prepared and characterised by UV absorption and MALDI-MS. These aflatoxin protein conjugates are potentially interesting as immunogens for the generation of aflatoxin selective antibodies with novel specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Cervino
- Institute of Hydrochemistry, Chair for Analytical Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 17, 81377 München, Germany; E-mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail:
| | - Dietmar Knopp
- Institute of Hydrochemistry, Chair for Analytical Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 17, 81377 München, Germany; E-mail:
| | - Michael G. Weller
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Division I.5 (Bioanalytics), Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany; E-mail:
| | - Reinhard Niessner
- Institute of Hydrochemistry, Chair for Analytical Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 17, 81377 München, Germany; E-mail:
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Krishnamurthy YL, Shashikala J. Inhibition of aflatoxin B production of Aspergillus flavus, isolated from soybean seeds by certain natural plant products. Lett Appl Microbiol 2006; 43:469-74. [PMID: 17032218 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2006.02011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The inhibitory effect of cowdung fumes, Captan, leaf powder of Withania somnifera, Hyptis suaveolens, Eucalyptus citriodora, peel powder of Citrus sinensis, Citrus medica and Punica granatum, neem cake and pongamia cake and spore suspension of Trichoderma harzianum and Aspergillus niger on aflatoxin B(1) production by toxigenic strain of Aspergillus flavus isolated from soybean seeds was investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS Soybean seed was treated with different natural products and fungicide captan and was inoculated with toxigenic strain of A. flavus and incubated for different periods. The results showed that all the treatments were effective in controlling aflatoxin B(1) production. Captan, neem cake, spore suspension of T. harzianum, A. niger and combination of both reduced the level of aflatoxin B(1) to a great extent. Leaf powder of W. somnifera, H. suaveolens, peel powder of C. sinensis, C. medica and pongamia cake also controlled the aflatoxin B(1) production. CONCLUSIONS All the natural product treatments applied were significantly effective in inhibiting aflatoxin B(1) production on soybean seeds by A. flavus. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These natural plant products may successfully replace chemical fungicides and provide an alternative method to protect soybean and other agricultural commodities from aflatoxin B(1) production by A. flavus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Krishnamurthy
- Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Applied Botany, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, Shimoga District, Karnataka, India.
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Kolosova AY, Shim WB, Yang ZY, Eremin SA, Chung DH. Direct competitive ELISA based on a monoclonal antibody for detection of aflatoxin B1. Stabilization of ELISA kit components and application to grain samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 384:286-94. [PMID: 16254721 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0103-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2005] [Revised: 08/26/2005] [Accepted: 08/31/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on a monoclonal antibody has been developed and optimized for detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and an ELISA kit has been designed. This immunoassay was highly specific, sensitive, rapid, simple, and suitable for aflatoxin monitoring. AFB1 concentrations determinable by ELISA ranged from 0.1 to 10 microg L(-1). The IC50 value was 0.62 microg L(-1). Recovery from spiked rice samples averaged between 94 and 113%. The effect of different reagents on the stability of HRP-AFB1 conjugate solution was studied. The performance of a stabilized enzyme tracer in ELISA was determined and compared with that of a freshly prepared control solution of HRP-AFB(1) conjugate. The results showed that stabilizing media containing 0.02% BSA, 0.1% Kathon CG, and 0.05 mol L(-1) calcium chloride in 0.05 mol L(-1) Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.2) maintained the activity of HRP-AFB1 at a dilution of 1:1000 for a period of at least 12 months at room temperature whereas the reference conjugate solution without the additives lost its activity within a few days. Several additives were tested for their stabilizing effect on a monoclonal antibody (MAb) immobilized on the surface of polystyrene microtitre plates. It was shown that immobilized MAb, treated with post-coating solutions containing PVA, BSA, and combinations of these substances with trehalose, retained its activity for at least 4 months at 4 degrees C, whereas the untreated MAb-coated plate lost its activity within 2 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Yu Kolosova
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Group of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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Thirumala-Devi K, Mayo MA, Reddy G, Reddy DVR. Occurrence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in Indian poultry feeds. J Food Prot 2002; 65:1338-40. [PMID: 12182491 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-65.8.1338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
From 1998 to 2001, 216 ingredients intended for incorporation into chicken feed, which included groundnut cake, maize, millets, rice bran, sorghum, soybean, sunflower, and mixed feeds, were assayed for aflatoxins and ochratoxin A contamination using an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Thirty-eight percent of the samples were contaminated with aflatoxins and 6% with ochratoxin A. The incidence scores of aflatoxin contamination in excess of 10 microg/kg were 41 of 95 for maize, 18 of 30 for mixed feeds, 10 of 37 for groundnut, 6 of 29 for sorghum, 5 of 10 for sunflower, 3 of 14 for rice bran, and 1 of 8 for millet. Ochratoxin A contamination, in excess of 10 microg/kg, was found in 9 of 29 sorghum samples, 1 of 27 groundnut samples, 1 of 14 rice bran samples, 1 of 10 sunflower samples, and 2 of 8 millet samples. Ochratoxin A was not found in maize and mixed feeds. None of the three soybean samples contained ochratoxin A. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of co-occurrence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in Indian poultry feeds. The results confirm the importance of analysis of ingredients before incorporating them into mixed feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Thirumala-Devi
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Thirumala-Devi K, Mayo MA, Reddy G, Tangni EK, Larondelle Y, Reddy DV, Emmanuel KE. Occurrence of ochratoxin A in black pepper, coriander, ginger and turmeric in India. FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS 2001; 18:830-5. [PMID: 11552750 DOI: 10.1080/02652030117589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OA) contamination of black pepper, coriander seeds, powdered ginger and turmeric powder was estimated using indirect competitive ELISA. Samples (1 g) were extracted with 0.5% potassium chloride (KCl) in 70% methanol (5 ml) and diluted subsequently to give two-fold to ten-fold step-wise dilutions in phosphate-buffered saline containing 0.05% Tween 20 and 0.2% bovine serum albumin (PBS-T BSA). For extracts from the spices analysed, ELISA estimates of OA concentrations were compared with those made by HPLC. All estimates were within 1-2 standard deviation of the ELISA values. More than 90% of OA added to spice samples was recovered from samples containing between 5 and 100 microg/kg OA. Extracts of OA-free spice samples contained substances that interfered with ELISA, presumably because of non-specific reactions. This effect was avoided by preparing all the test solutions in extracts of OA-free spice samples. In 126 samples obtained from retail shops, OA was found to exceed 10 microg/kg in 14 (in the range of 15-69 microg/kg) of 26 black pepper samples, 20 (in the range of 10-51 microg/kg) of 50 coriander samples, two (23 microg/kg and 80 microg/kg) of 25 ginger samples and nine (in the range of 11-102 microg/kg) of 25 turmeric samples. This is the first record in India of the occurrence of OA in what are some of the most widely used spices in Indian cooking.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Thirumala-Devi
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Reddy SV, Mayi DK, Reddy MU, Thirumala-Devi K, Reddy DV. Aflatoxins B1 in different grades of chillies (Capsicum annum L.) in India as determined by indirect competitive-ELISA. FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS 2001; 18:553-8. [PMID: 11407753 DOI: 10.1080/02652030119491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Samples of the three grades of chilli pod (grades 1 to 3) were collected during surveys in 1998 and 1999 from the principal market yards and cold storage facilities of the major chilli-growing areas of Andhra Pradesh (AP), India. Chilli powders were collected from different supermarkets in Hyderabad, AP. They were analysed for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) content by an indirect competitive ELISA. To avoid the influence of interfering substances present in chilli extracts, it was necessary to prepare the aflatoxin standards in methanol extracts of chillies free from aflatoxins. For nine representative samples there was good agreement between ELISA and HPLC estimations of AFB1 and the results suggested that the ELISA procedure adopted was dependable. Of the 182 chilli samples tested, 59% of the samples were contaminated with AFB1 and 18% contained the toxin at non-permissible levels. The highest AFB1 concentration of 969 microg/kg was found in one sample representing grade 3. Overall the maximum percentage of chilli pods showing AFB1 levels higher than 30 microg/kg (non-permissible levels) was in grade 3. Chilli pods stored in refrigerated rooms showed the lowest proportion of samples containing aflatoxin. Nearly 9% of the chilli powders sold in supermarkets contained non-permissible aflatoxin levels. This report highlights the importance of using grade 1 chilli pods to minimize aflatoxin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Reddy
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi Arid Tropics, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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Thirumala-Devi K, Miller JS, Reddy G, Reddy DV, Mayo MA. Phage-displayed peptides that mimic aflatoxin B1 in serological reactivity. J Appl Microbiol 2001; 90:330-6. [PMID: 11298226 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To test phage-displayed random peptide libraries as sources of peptides that mimic the binding of aflatoxin B1 to monoclonal antibodies raised against the toxin. METHODS AND RESULTS For two of the three MAbs tested, clones were obtained by panning, producing phage that bound specifically to MAb 13D1-1D9 (MAb 24; specific for aflatoxins B1 and G1) and MAb 6E12-1E9 (MAb 13; specific for aflatoxins B1, G1 and B2) in ELISA. The amino acid sequences of the binding peptides varied. Those binding to MAb 24 contained the sequence of '...YMD...', and those that bound to MAb 13 contained the dipeptide 'PW'. Mimotope phage was used in a competition ELISA format for assaying aflatoxin concentrations. CONCLUSION The results show that mimotope preparations are effective substitutes for pure toxin in these ELISA procedures. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These results should contribute significantly to enhancing the safety and diminishing the costs of aflatoxin assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Thirumala-Devi
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India
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