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Beamish JA, Watts JA, Dressler GR. Gene regulation in regeneration after acute kidney injury. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107520. [PMID: 38950862 PMCID: PMC11325799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common condition associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and cost. Injured kidney tissue can regenerate after many forms of AKI. However, there are no treatments in routine clinical practice to encourage recovery. In part, this shortcoming is due to an incomplete understanding of the genetic mechanisms that orchestrate kidney recovery. The advent of high-throughput sequencing technologies and genetic mouse models has opened an unprecedented window into the transcriptional dynamics that accompany both successful and maladaptive repair. AKI recovery shares similar cell-state transformations with kidney development, which can suggest common mechanisms of gene regulation. Several powerful bioinformatic strategies have been developed to infer the activity of gene regulatory networks by combining multiple forms of sequencing data at single-cell resolution. These studies highlight not only shared stress responses but also key changes in gene regulatory networks controlling metabolism. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation studies in injured kidneys have revealed dynamic epigenetic modifications at enhancer elements near target genes. This review will highlight how these studies have enhanced our understanding of gene regulation in injury response and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Beamish
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jason A Watts
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gregory R Dressler
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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2
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Beamish JA, Telang AC, McElliott MC, Al-Suraimi A, Chowdhury M, Ference-Salo JT, Otto EA, Menon R, Soofi A, Weinberg JM, Patel SR, Dressler GR. Pax protein depletion in proximal tubules triggers conserved mechanisms of resistance to acute ischemic kidney injury preventing transition to chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2024; 105:312-327. [PMID: 37977366 PMCID: PMC10958455 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common condition that lacks effective treatments. In part, this shortcoming is due to an incomplete understanding of the genetic mechanisms that control pathogenesis and recovery. Identifying the molecular and genetic regulators unique to nephron segments that dictate vulnerability to injury and regenerative potential could lead to new therapeutic targets to treat ischemic kidney injury. Pax2 and Pax8 are homologous transcription factors with overlapping functions that are critical for kidney development and are re-activated in AKI. Here, we examined the role of Pax2 and Pax8 in recovery from ischemic AKI and found them upregulated after severe AKI and correlated with chronic injury. Surprisingly, proximal-tubule-selective deletion of Pax2 and Pax8 resulted in a less severe chronic injury phenotype. This effect was mediated by protection against the acute insult, similar to pre-conditioning. Prior to injury, Pax2 and Pax8 mutant mice develop a unique subpopulation of proximal tubule cells in the S3 segment that displayed features usually seen only in acute or chronic injury. The expression signature of these cells was strongly enriched with genes associated with other mechanisms of protection against ischemic AKI including caloric restriction, hypoxic pre-conditioning, and female sex. Thus, our results identified a novel role for Pax2 and Pax8 in mature proximal tubules that regulates critical genes and pathways involved in both the injury response and protection from ischemic AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Beamish
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
| | - Asha C Telang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Madison C McElliott
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Anas Al-Suraimi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mahboob Chowdhury
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jenna T Ference-Salo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Edgar A Otto
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rajasree Menon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Abdul Soofi
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Joel M Weinberg
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sanjeevkumar R Patel
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Gregory R Dressler
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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3
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Bahrami M, Darabi S, Roozbahany NA, Abbaszadeh HA, Moghadasali R. Great potential of renal progenitor cells in kidney: From the development to clinic. Exp Cell Res 2024; 434:113875. [PMID: 38092345 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian renal organ represents a pinnacle of complexity, housing functional filtering units known as nephrons. During embryogenesis, the depletion of niches containing renal progenitor cells (RPCs) and the subsequent incapacity of adult kidneys to generate new nephrons have prompted the formulation of protocols aimed at isolating residual RPCs from mature kidneys and inducing their generation from diverse cell sources, notably pluripotent stem cells. Recent strides in the realm of regenerative medicine and the repair of tissues using stem cells have unveiled critical signaling pathways essential for the maintenance and generation of human RPCs in vitro. These findings have ushered in a new era for exploring novel strategies for renal protection. The present investigation delves into potential transcription factors and signaling cascades implicated in the realm of renal progenitor cells, focusing on their protection and differentiation. The discourse herein elucidates contemporary research endeavors dedicated to the acquisition of progenitor cells, offering crucial insights into the developmental mechanisms of these cells within the renal milieu and paving the way for the formulation of innovative treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Bahrami
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Laser Applications in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Darabi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | | | - Hojjat Allah Abbaszadeh
- Laser Applications in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Moghadasali
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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4
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Matouk AI, Awad EM, Mousa AAK, Abdelhafez SMN, Fahmy UA, El-Moselhy MA, Abdel-Naim AB, Anter A. Dihydromyricetin protects against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity via upregulation of renal SIRT3 and PAX2. Life Sci 2024; 336:122318. [PMID: 38035992 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM Gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity limits its widespread use as an effective antibacterial agent. Oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines and apoptotic cell death are major participants in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. We therefore, investigated whether dihydromyricetin (DHM), the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory flavonoid, could protect against the nephrotoxic effects of gentamicin. METHODS Male Wistar rats administrated gentamicin (100 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for 8 days. DHM (400 mg/kg, p.o.) was concurrently given with gentamicin for 8 days. Control group received the vehicle of DHM and gentamicin. Histopathological examinations, biochemical measurements and immunohistochemical analyses were done at the end of the study. KEY FINDINGS Treatment with DHM improved the gentamicin induced deterioration of renal functions; serum levels of urea, creatinine and cystatin-C as well as urinary levels of Kim-1 and NGAL, the sensitive indicators for early renal damage, were declined. Additionally, DHM abrogated gentamicin-induced changes in kidney morphology. These nephroprotective effects were possibly mediated via decreasing renal gentamicin buildup, activating the antioxidant enzymes GSH, SOD and CAT and decreasing lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide levels. Further, DHM suppressed renal inflammation and apoptotic cell death by decreasing the expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), TNF-alpha and caspase-3. These effects were correlated to the upregulation of renal SIRT3 expression. Also, DHM activated the regeneration and replacement of injured tubular cells with new ones via enhancing PAX2 expression. SIGNIFICANCE DHM is a promising therapeutic target that could prevent acute renal injury induced by gentamicin and help renal tubular cells to recover through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa I Matouk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt.
| | - Eman M Awad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Amr A K Mousa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Sara M N Abdelhafez
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Usama A Fahmy
- Center of Research Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A El-Moselhy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt; Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology Department, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf B Abdel-Naim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aliaa Anter
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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5
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Fazilaty H, Basler K. Reactivation of embryonic genetic programs in tissue regeneration and disease. Nat Genet 2023; 55:1792-1806. [PMID: 37904052 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01526-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic genetic programs are reactivated in response to various types of tissue damage, providing cell plasticity for tissue regeneration or disease progression. In acute conditions, these programs remedy the damage and then halt to allow a return to homeostasis. In chronic situations, including inflammatory diseases, fibrosis and cancer, prolonged activation of embryonic programs leads to disease progression and tissue deterioration. Induction of progenitor identity and cell plasticity, for example, epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity, are critical outcomes of reactivated embryonic programs. In this Review, we describe molecular players governing reactivated embryonic genetic programs, their role during disease progression, their similarities and differences and lineage reversion in pathology and discuss associated therapeutics and drug-resistance mechanisms across many organs. We also discuss the diversity of reactivated programs in different disease contexts. A comprehensive overview of commonalities between development and disease will provide better understanding of the biology and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Fazilaty
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Konrad Basler
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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6
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Beamish JA, Telang AC, McElliott MC, Al-Suraimi A, Chowdhury M, Ference-Salo JT, Otto EA, Menon R, Soofi A, Weinberg JM, Patel SR, Dressler GR. Pax Protein Depletion in Proximal Tubules Triggers Conserved Mechanisms of Resistance to Acute Ischemic Kidney Injury and Prevents Transition to Chronic Kidney Disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.03.559511. [PMID: 37873377 PMCID: PMC10592940 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.03.559511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common condition that lacks effective treatments. In part this shortcoming is due to an incomplete understanding of the genetic mechanisms that control pathogenesis and recovery. Pax2 and Pax8 are homologous transcription factors with overlapping functions that are critical for kidney development and are re-activated in AKI. In this report, we examined the role of Pax2 and Pax8 in recovery from ischemic AKI. We found that Pax2 and Pax8 are upregulated after severe AKI and correlate with chronic injury. Surprisingly, we then discovered that proximal-tubule-selective deletion of Pax2 and Pax8 resulted in a less severe chronic injury phenotype. This effect was mediated by protection against the acute insult, similar to preconditioning. Prior to injury, Pax2 and Pax8 mutant mice develop a unique subpopulation of S3 proximal tubule cells that display features usually seen only in acute or chronic injury. The expression signature of these cells was strongly enriched with genes associated with other mechanisms of protection against ischemic AKI including caloric restriction, hypoxic preconditioning, and female sex. Taken together, our results identify a novel role for Pax2 and Pax8 in mature proximal tubules that regulates critical genes and pathways involved in both injury response and protection from ischemic AKI. TRANSLATIONAL STATEMENT Identifying the molecular and genetic regulators unique to the nephron that dictate vulnerability to injury and regenerative potential could lead to new therapeutic targets to treat ischemic kidney injury. Pax2 and Pax8 are two homologous nephron-specific transcription factors that are critical for kidney development and physiology. Here we report that proximal-tubule-selective depletion of Pax2 and Pax8 protects against both acute and chronic injury and induces an expression profile in the S3 proximal tubule with common features shared among diverse conditions that protect against ischemia. These findings highlight a new role for Pax proteins as potential therapeutic targets to treat AKI.
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7
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Gao WW, Chun SY, Kim BS, Ha YS, Lee JN, Lee EH, Kim IY, You S, Kwon TG. Locally transplanted human urine-induced nephron progenitor cells contribute to renal repair in mice kidney with diabetic nephropathy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 629:128-134. [PMID: 36116375 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is increasingly recognized as a global public health issue. Diabetic nephropathy (DN), also known as diabetic kidney disease, is a leading cause of CKD. Regenerative medicine strategy employing nephron progenitor cells (NPCs) is worthy of consideration as an alternative to shortage of donor organs for kidney transplantation. In previous study, we successfully generated induced NPCs (iNPCs) from human urine-derived cells that resembled human embryonic stem cell-derived NPCs. Here, we aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of iNPCs in DN animal model. The results revealed the therapeutic effect of iNPCs as follows: (1) diminished glomerular hypertrophy, (2) reduced tubulointerstitial fibrosis, (3) low blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine and albuminuria value, (4) decreased inflammation/fibrosis, (5) enhanced renal regeneration and (6) confirmed safety. This study demonstrates that human iNPCs have a therapeutic potential as a cell source for transplantation in patients with kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Gao
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea; Institute of Future Medicine, STEMLAB, Inc., Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - So Young Chun
- BioMedical Research Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, 41940, South Korea
| | - Bum Soo Kim
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41405, South Korea
| | - Yun-Sok Ha
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41405, South Korea
| | - Jun Nyung Lee
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41405, South Korea
| | - Eun Hye Lee
- Joint Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41940, Republic of Korea
| | - In Yong Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea.
| | - Seungkwon You
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea.
| | - Tae Gyun Kwon
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41405, South Korea.
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8
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Yamamura Y, Iwata Y, Furuichi K, Kato T, Yamamoto N, Horikoshi K, Ogura H, Sato K, Oshima M, Nakagawa S, Miyagawa T, Kitajima S, Toyama T, Hara A, Sakai N, Shimizu M, Horike S, Daikoku T, Nishinakamura R, Wada T. Kif26b contributes to the progression of interstitial fibrosis via migration and myofibroblast differentiation in renal fibroblast. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22606. [PMID: 36250931 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200355r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Kinesin family member 26b (Kif26b) is essential for kidney development, and its deletion in mice leads to kidney agenesis. However, the roles of this gene in adult settings remain elusive. Thus, this study aims to investigate the role of Kif26b in the progression of renal fibrosis. A renal fibrosis model with adenine administration using Kif26b heterozygous mice and wild-type mice was established. Renal fibrosis and the underlying mechanism were investigated. The underlying pathways and functions of Kif26b were evaluated in an in vitro model using primary renal fibroblasts. Kif26b heterozygous mice were protected from renal fibrosis with adenine administration. Renal expressions of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and myofibroblast accumulation were reduced in Kif26b heterozygous mice. The expression of nonmuscle myosin heavy chain II (NMHCII), which binds to the C-terminus of Kif26b protein, was also suppressed in Kif26b heterozygous mice. The in vitro study revealed reduced expressions of CTGF, α-smooth muscle actin, and myosin heavy chain 9 (Myh9) via transfection with siRNAs targeting Kif26b in renal fibroblasts (RFB). RFBs, which were transfected by the expression vector of Kif26b, demonstrated higher expressions of these genes than non-transfected cells. Finally, Kif26b suppression and NMHCII blockage led to reduced abilities of migration and collagen gel contraction in renal fibroblasts. Taken together, Kif26b contributes to the progression of interstitial fibrosis via migration and myofibroblast differentiation through Myh9 in the renal fibrosis model. Blockage of this pathway at appropriate timing might be a therapeutic approach for renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Yamamura
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yasunori Iwata
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,Division of Infection Control, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kengo Furuichi
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kato
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Keisuke Horikoshi
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hisayuki Ogura
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Koichi Sato
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Megumi Oshima
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shiori Nakagawa
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Taro Miyagawa
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shinji Kitajima
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,Division of Blood Purification, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kahoku, Japan
| | - Tadashi Toyama
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Akinori Hara
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Norihiko Sakai
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,Division of Blood Purification, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kahoku, Japan
| | - Miho Shimizu
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shinichi Horike
- Research Center for Experimental Modeling of Human Disease, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takiko Daikoku
- Research Center for Experimental Modeling of Human Disease, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nishinakamura
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Wada
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Airik M, Phua YL, Huynh AB, McCourt BT, Rush BM, Tan RJ, Vockley J, Murray SL, Dorman A, Conlon PJ, Airik R. Persistent DNA damage underlies tubular cell polyploidization and progression to chronic kidney disease in kidneys deficient in the DNA repair protein FAN1. Kidney Int 2022; 102:1042-1056. [PMID: 35931300 PMCID: PMC9588672 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Defective DNA repair pathways contribute to the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in humans. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying DNA damage-induced CKD pathogenesis are not well understood. Here, we investigated the role of tubular cell DNA damage in the pathogenesis of CKD using mice in which the DNA repair protein Fan1 was knocked out. The phenotype of these mice is orthologous to the human DNA damage syndrome, karyomegalic interstitial nephritis (KIN). Inactivation of Fan1 in kidney proximal tubule cells sensitized the kidneys to genotoxic and obstructive injury characterized by replication stress and persistent DNA damage response activity. Accumulation of DNA damage in Fan1 tubular cells induced epithelial dedifferentiation and tubular injury. Characteristic to KIN, cells with chronic DNA damage failed to complete mitosis and underwent polyploidization. In vitro and in vivo studies showed that polyploidization was caused by the overexpression of DNA replication factors CDT1 and CDC6 in FAN1 deficient cells. Mechanistically, inhibiting DNA replication with Roscovitine reduced tubular injury, blocked the development of KIN and mitigated kidney function in these Fan1 knockout mice. Thus, our data delineate a mechanistic pathway by which persistent DNA damage in the kidney tubular cells leads to kidney injury and development of CKD. Furthermore, therapeutic modulation of cell cycle activity may provide an opportunity to mitigate the DNA damage response induced CKD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlin Airik
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yu Leng Phua
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Amy B Huynh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Blake T McCourt
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brittney M Rush
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Roderick J Tan
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jerry Vockley
- Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Susan L Murray
- Department of Nephrology, Beaumont Hospital and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anthony Dorman
- Department of Nephrology, Beaumont Hospital and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Peter J Conlon
- Department of Nephrology, Beaumont Hospital and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rannar Airik
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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10
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Brown BJ, Boekell KL, Stotter BR, Talbot BE, Schlondorff JS. Gain-of-function, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis Trpc6 mutation minimally affects susceptibility to renal injury in several mouse models. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272313. [PMID: 35913909 PMCID: PMC9342776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in TRPC6 are a cause of autosomal dominant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in humans. Many of these mutations are known to have a gain-of-function effect on the non-specific cation channel function of TRPC6. In vitro studies have suggested these mutations affect several signaling pathways, but in vivo studies have largely compared wild-type and Trpc6-deficient rodents. We developed mice carrying a gain-of-function Trpc6 mutation encoding an E896K amino acid change, corresponding to a known FSGS mutation in TRPC6. Homozygous mutant Trpc6 animals have no appreciable renal pathology, and do not develop albuminuria until very advanced age. The Trpc6E896K mutation does not impart susceptibility to PAN nephrosis. The animals show a slight delay in recovery from the albumin overload model. In response to chronic angiotensin II infusion, Trpc6E896K/E896K mice have slightly greater albuminuria initially compared to wild-type animals, an effect that is lost at later time points, and a statistically non-significant trend toward more glomerular injury. This phenotype is nearly opposite to that of Trpc6-deficient animals previously described. The Trpc6 mutation does not appreciably impact renal interstitial fibrosis in response to either angiotensin II infusion, or folate-induced kidney injury. TRPC6 protein and TRPC6-agonist induced calcium influx could not be detected in glomeruli. In sum, these findings suggest that a gain-of-function Trpc6 mutation confers only a mild susceptibility to glomerular injury in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney J. Brown
- Division of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kimber L. Boekell
- Division of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Brian R. Stotter
- Division of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Brianna E. Talbot
- Division of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Johannes S. Schlondorff
- Division of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Sako K, Furuichi K, Makiishi S, Yamamura Y, Okumura T, Le T, Kitajima S, Toyama T, Hara A, Iwata Y, Sakai N, Shimizu M, Niimura F, Matsusaka T, Kaneko S, Wada T. Cyclin-dependent kinase 4-related tubular epithelial cell proliferation is regulated by Paired box gene 2 in kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury. Kidney Int 2022; 102:45-57. [PMID: 35483529 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2022.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Paired box 2 (Pax2) is a transcription factor essential for kidney development and is reactivated in proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) during recovery from kidney injury. However, the role of Pax2 in this process is still unknown. Here the role of Pax2 reactivation during injury was examined in the proliferation of PTECs using an ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) mouse model. Kidney proximal tubule-specific Pax2 conditional knockout mice were generated by mating kidney androgen-regulated protein-Cre and Pax2 flox mice. The degree of cell proliferation and fibrosis was assessed and a Pax2 inhibitor (EG1) was used to evaluate the role of Pax2 in the hypoxic condition of cultured PTECs (O2 5%, 24 hours). The number of Pax2-positive cells and Pax2 mRNA increased after IRI. Sirius red staining indicated that the area of interstitial fibrosis was significantly larger in knockout mice 14 days after IRI. The number of Ki-67-positive cells (an index of proliferation) was significantly lower in knockout than in wild-type mice after IRI, whereas the number of TUNEL-positive cells (an index of apoptotic cells) was significantly higher in knockout mice four days after IRI. Expression analyses of cell cycle-related genes showed that cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) was significantly less expressed in the Pax2 knockout mice. In vitro data showed that the increase in CDK4 mRNA and protein expression induced by hypoxia was attenuated by EG1. Thus, Pax2 reactivation may be involved in PTEC proliferation by activating CDK4, thereby limiting kidney fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Sako
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kengo Furuichi
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Shohei Makiishi
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yuta Yamamura
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Toshiya Okumura
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Thu Le
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shinji Kitajima
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tadashi Toyama
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Akinori Hara
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yasunori Iwata
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Division of Infection Control, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Norihiko Sakai
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Miho Shimizu
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Fumio Niimura
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | - Taiji Matsusaka
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan; Institute of Medical Science, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | - Shuichi Kaneko
- Department of System Biology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Wada
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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12
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Stamellou E, Leuchtle K, Moeller MJ. Regenerating tubular epithelial cells of the kidney. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2021; 36:1968-1975. [PMID: 32666119 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfaa103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute tubular injury accounts for the most common intrinsic cause for acute kidney injury. Normally, the tubular epithelium is mitotically quiescent. However, upon injury, it can show a brisk capacity to regenerate and repair. The scattered tubular cell (STC) phenotype was discovered as a uniform reaction of tubule cells triggered by injury. The STC phenotype is characterized by a unique protein expression profile, increased robustness during tubular damage and increased proliferation. Nevertheless, the exact origin and identity of these cells have been unveiled only in part. Here, we discuss the classical concept of renal regeneration. According to this model, surviving cells dedifferentiate and divide to replace neighbouring lost tubular cells. However, this view has been challenged by the concept of a pre-existing and fixed population of intratubular progenitor cells. This review presents a significant body of previous work and animal studies using lineage-tracing methods that have investigated the regeneration of tubular cells. We review the experimental findings and discuss whether they support the progenitor hypothesis or the classical concept of renal tubular regeneration. We come to the conclusion that any proximal tubular cell may differentiate into the regenerative STC phenotype upon injury thus contributing to regeneration, and these cells differentiate back into tubular cells once regeneration is finished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Stamellou
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katja Leuchtle
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcus J Moeller
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
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13
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Little MH, Howden SE, Lawlor KT, Vanslambrouck JM. Determining lineage relationships in kidney development and disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2021; 18:8-21. [PMID: 34594045 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-021-00485-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The lineage relationships of cells provide information about the origins of component cell types during development and repair as well as the source of aberrant cells during disease. Genetic approaches to lineage tracing applied in the mouse have revealed much about how the mammalian kidney forms, including the identification of key progenitors for the nephrons and stromal compartments. Inducible Cre systems have also facilitated lineage tracing studies in the postnatal animal that illustrate the changes in cellular fate that can occur during kidney injury. With the advent of single-cell transcriptional profiling and trajectory analyses, predictions of cellular relationships across development are now being made in model systems, such as the mouse, as well as in human fetal kidney. Importantly, these approaches provide predictions of lineage relationships rather than definitive evidence. Although genetic approaches to the study of lineage have not previously been possible in a human setting, the application of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing of pluripotent stem cells is beginning to teach us about human lineage relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H Little
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Sara E Howden
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kynan T Lawlor
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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14
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Jin Y, Zhang M, Li M, Zhang H, Zhao L, Qian C, Li S, Zhang H, Gao M, Pan B, Li R, Wan X, Cao C. SIX1 Activation Is Involved in Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Anti-inflammation of Acute Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Mice. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:725319. [PMID: 34513929 PMCID: PMC8427868 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.725319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephrogenic proteins are re-expressed after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury; however, the role of these proteins is still unknown. We found that sine oculis homeobox 1 (SIX1), a developmentally regulated homeoprotein, is reactivated in tubular epithelial cells after I/R injury associated with cell proliferation/migration and anti-inflammation. We demonstrated that SIX1 promoted cell proliferation by upregulating cyclin and glycolytic genes, and might increase cell migration by upregulating the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) directly or indirectly in the cell model. Notably, SIX1 targeted the promoters of the amino-terminal enhancer of split (AES) and fused in sarcoma (FUS), which are cofactors of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) subunit RELA, and then inhibited the transactivation function of RELA. The expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) was decreased by the SIX1-mediated NF-κB pathway. Our results showed that the expression of cyclin, glycolytic genes, and MMP9 were significantly increased, and the infiltration of monocytes/macrophages (Mophs) was suppressed in SIX1 overexpression kidney at 1, 2, and 3 days after reperfusion. The overexpression of SIX1 resulted in reducing kidney damage from I/R injury in mice by promoting cell proliferation and migration and by inhibiting inflammation. Our study provides evidence that SIX1 involved in cell proliferation, migration, and anti-inflammation in the I/R model, which might be a potential therapeutic target that could be used to ameliorate kidney damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jin
- Department of Nephrology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Manling Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meishuang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lihua Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Department of Nephrology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shensen Li
- Department of Nephrology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Binbin Pan
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rongfeng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Wan
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Changchun Cao
- Department of Nephrology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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15
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Yamamura Y, Furuichi K, Murakawa Y, Hirabayashi S, Yoshihara M, Sako K, Kitajima S, Toyama T, Iwata Y, Sakai N, Hosomichi K, Murphy PM, Tajima A, Okita K, Osafune K, Kaneko S, Wada T. Identification of candidate PAX2-regulated genes implicated in human kidney development. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9123. [PMID: 33907292 PMCID: PMC8079710 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88743-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PAX2 is a transcription factor essential for kidney development and the main causative gene for renal coloboma syndrome (RCS). The mechanisms of PAX2 action during kidney development have been evaluated in mice but not in humans. This is a critical gap in knowledge since important differences have been reported in kidney development in the two species. In the present study, we hypothesized that key human PAX2-dependent kidney development genes are differentially expressed in nephron progenitor cells from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in patients with RCS relative to healthy individuals. Cap analysis of gene expression revealed 189 candidate promoters and 71 candidate enhancers that were differentially activated by PAX2 in this system in three patients with RCS with PAX2 mutations. By comparing this list with the list of candidate Pax2-regulated mouse kidney development genes obtained from the Functional Annotation of the Mouse/Mammalian (FANTOM) database, we prioritized 17 genes. Furthermore, we ranked three genes-PBX1, POSTN, and ITGA9-as the top candidates based on closely aligned expression kinetics with PAX2 in the iPSC culture system and susceptibility to suppression by a Pax2 inhibitor in cultured mouse embryonic kidney explants. Identification of these genes may provide important information to clarify the pathogenesis of RCS, human kidney development, and kidney regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Yamamura
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Kengo Furuichi
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Murakawa
- RIKEN Preventive Medicine and Diagnosis Innovation Program, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shigeki Hirabayashi
- RIKEN Preventive Medicine and Diagnosis Innovation Program, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masahito Yoshihara
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Keisuke Sako
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Shinji Kitajima
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Tadashi Toyama
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Yasunori Iwata
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Norihiko Sakai
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Hosomichi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Philip M Murphy
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Atsushi Tajima
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Keisuke Okita
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Osafune
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuichi Kaneko
- Department of System Biology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Wada
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan.
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16
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Soofi A, Kutschat AP, Azam M, Laszczyk AM, Dressler GR. Regeneration after acute kidney injury requires PTIP-mediated epigenetic modifications. JCI Insight 2020; 5:130204. [PMID: 31917689 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.130204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A terminally differentiated cellular phenotype is thought to be maintained, at least in part, by both active and repressive histone marks. However, it is unclear whether regenerating cells after injury need to replicate such epigenetic marks to recover. To test whether renal epithelial cell regeneration is dependent on histone H3K4 methylation, we generated a mouse model that deleted the Paxip1 gene in mature renal proximal tubules. Paxip1 encodes PTIP, an essential protein in the Mll3/4 histone H3K4 methyltransferase complex. Mice with PTIP deletions in the adult kidney proximal tubules were viable and fertile. Upon acute kidney injury, such mice failed to regenerate damaged tubules, leading to scarring and interstitial fibrosis. The inability to repair damage was likely due to a failure to reenter mitosis and reactivate regulatory genes such as Sox9. PTIP deletion reduced histone H3K4 methylation in uninjured adult kidneys but did not significantly affect function or the expression of epithelial specific markers. Strikingly, cell lineage tracing revealed that surviving PTIP mutant cells could alter their phenotype and lose epithelial markers. These data demonstrate that PTIP and associated MLL3/4-mediated histone methylation are needed for regenerating proximal tubules and to maintain or reestablish the cellular epithelial phenotype.
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17
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Andrianova NV, Buyan MI, Zorova LD, Pevzner IB, Popkov VA, Babenko VA, Silachev DN, Plotnikov EY, Zorov DB. Kidney Cells Regeneration: Dedifferentiation of Tubular Epithelium, Resident Stem Cells and Possible Niches for Renal Progenitors. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246326. [PMID: 31847447 PMCID: PMC6941132 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A kidney is an organ with relatively low basal cellular regenerative potential. However, renal cells have a pronounced ability to proliferate after injury, which undermines that the kidney cells are able to regenerate under induced conditions. The majority of studies explain yielded regeneration either by the dedifferentiation of the mature tubular epithelium or by the presence of a resident pool of progenitor cells in the kidney tissue. Whether cells responsible for the regeneration of the kidney initially have progenitor properties or if they obtain a “progenitor phenotype” during dedifferentiation after an injury, still stays the open question. The major stumbling block in resolving the issue is the lack of specific methods for distinguishing between dedifferentiated cells and resident progenitor cells. Transgenic animals, single-cell transcriptomics, and other recent approaches could be powerful tools to solve this problem. This review examines the main mechanisms of kidney regeneration: dedifferentiation of epithelial cells and activation of progenitor cells with special attention to potential niches of kidney progenitor cells. We attempted to give a detailed description of the most controversial topics in this field and ways to resolve these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezda V. Andrianova
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina I. Buyan
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ljubava D. Zorova
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina B. Pevzner
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vasily A. Popkov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentina A. Babenko
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis N. Silachev
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Egor Y. Plotnikov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (E.Y.P.); (D.B.Z.); Tel.: +7-495-939-5944 (E.Y.P.)
| | - Dmitry B. Zorov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (E.Y.P.); (D.B.Z.); Tel.: +7-495-939-5944 (E.Y.P.)
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18
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Chang-Panesso M, Kadyrov FF, Lalli M, Wu H, Ikeda S, Kefaloyianni E, Abdelmageed MM, Herrlich A, Kobayashi A, Humphreys BD. FOXM1 drives proximal tubule proliferation during repair from acute ischemic kidney injury. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:5501-5517. [PMID: 31710314 PMCID: PMC6877314 DOI: 10.1172/jci125519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The proximal tubule has a remarkable capacity for repair after acute injury, but the cellular lineage and molecular mechanisms underlying this repair response are incompletely understood. Here, we developed a Kim1-GFPCreERt2 knockin mouse line (Kim1-GCE) in order to perform genetic lineage tracing of dedifferentiated cells while measuring the cellular transcriptome of proximal tubule during repair. Acutely injured genetically labeled clones coexpressed KIM1, VIMENTIN, SOX9, and KI67, indicating a dedifferentiated and proliferative state. Clonal analysis revealed clonal expansion of Kim1+ cells, indicating that acutely injured, dedifferentiated proximal tubule cells, rather than fixed tubular progenitor cells, account for repair. Translational profiling during injury and repair revealed signatures of both successful and unsuccessful maladaptive repair. The transcription factor Foxm1 was induced early in injury, was required for epithelial proliferation in vitro, and was dependent on epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) stimulation. In conclusion, dedifferentiated proximal tubule cells effect proximal tubule repair, and we reveal an EGFR/FOXM1-dependent signaling pathway that drives proliferative repair after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew Lalli
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Haojia Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Shiyo Ikeda
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, and
| | | | - Mai M. Abdelmageed
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Akio Kobayashi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Benjamin D. Humphreys
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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19
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Huilgol D, Venkataramani P, Nandi S, Bhattacharjee S. Transcription Factors That Govern Development and Disease: An Achilles Heel in Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E794. [PMID: 31614829 PMCID: PMC6826716 DOI: 10.3390/genes10100794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Development requires the careful orchestration of several biological events in order to create any structure and, eventually, to build an entire organism. On the other hand, the fate transformation of terminally differentiated cells is a consequence of erroneous development, and ultimately leads to cancer. In this review, we elaborate how development and cancer share several biological processes, including molecular controls. Transcription factors (TF) are at the helm of both these processes, among many others, and are evolutionarily conserved, ranging from yeast to humans. Here, we discuss four families of TFs that play a pivotal role and have been studied extensively in both embryonic development and cancer-high mobility group box (HMG), GATA, paired box (PAX) and basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) in the context of their role in development, cancer, and their conservation across several species. Finally, we review TFs as possible therapeutic targets for cancer and reflect on the importance of natural resistance against cancer in certain organisms, yielding knowledge regarding TF function and cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay Huilgol
- Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY 11724, USA.
| | | | - Saikat Nandi
- Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY 11724, USA.
| | - Sonali Bhattacharjee
- Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY 11724, USA.
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20
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Improved differentiation of human enriched CD133+CD24 + renal progenitor cells derived from embryonic stem cell with embryonic mouse kidney-derived mesenchymal stem cells co-culture. Differentiation 2019; 109:1-8. [PMID: 31323479 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is a major global public health issue. In the past decade, regenerative medicine and cell-based therapies were recommended for treatment of devastating diseases like ESRD. Renal progenitor (RP) cells are essential players in such treatment approaches. The major practical difficulties in application of RP cells are generation of these cells and preservation of their self-renewal capacity; also, they should lack identified appropriate cell surface markers. To identify and isolate RP cells, two cell surface markers namely, CD133 and CD24 were recently used. In this study, we used these markers to facilitate selection and purification of RP cells from embryoid bodies (EBs), and assessed the impact of the use of bFGF on frequency of CD133+CD24+ expression in cells presented in EBs. Moreover, following isolation of CD133+CD24+ cells from EBs, we evaluated the effect of embryonic, neonatal and adult mouse kidney-derived mesenchymal stem cells (E-KMSC, N-KMSC and A-KMSC respectively) and fibronectin on further differentiation of the sorted cells. Hence, we cultured undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in suspension state in the presence or absence of bFGF and determined maximum number of CD133+CD24+ cells in bFGF-treated EBs on day 7. Then, we tested the effect of E-KMSC co-culture and seeding on fibronectin-coated plated on differentiation of the sorted cells into renal epithelial cells. Results revealed down-regulation of several RP cells, markers in CD133+CD24+ cells. In contrast, renal epithelial marker gene expressions were up-regulated after 7 days of co-culture with E-KMSC. Furthermore, fibronectin resulted in higher expression of renal epithelial markers compared to the E-KMSC co-cultured cells. All in all, bFGF could enhance the number of RP cells expressing CD133 and CD24 markers, in human EBs. We suggest E-KMSC and fibronectin as a promising supplementary factor to further induce differentiation of RP cells into renal epithelial cells.
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21
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Brilli Skvarca L, Han HI, Espiritu EB, Missinato MA, Rochon ER, McDaniels MD, Bais AS, Roman BL, Waxman JS, Watkins SC, Davidson AJ, Tsang M, Hukriede NA. Enhancing regeneration after acute kidney injury by promoting cellular dedifferentiation in zebrafish. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm.037390. [PMID: 30890583 PMCID: PMC6505474 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.037390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious disorder for which there are limited treatment options. Following injury, native nephrons display limited regenerative capabilities, relying on the dedifferentiation and proliferation of renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs) that survive the insult. Previously, we identified 4-(phenylthio)butanoic acid (PTBA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDI), as an enhancer of renal recovery, and showed that PTBA treatment increased RTEC proliferation and reduced renal fibrosis. Here, we investigated the regenerative mechanisms of PTBA in zebrafish models of larval renal injury and adult cardiac injury. With respect to renal injury, we showed that delivery of PTBA using an esterified prodrug (UPHD25) increases the reactivation of the renal progenitor gene Pax2a, enhances dedifferentiation of RTECs, reduces Kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1) expression, and lowers the number of infiltrating macrophages. Further, we found that the effects of PTBA on RTEC proliferation depend upon retinoic acid signaling and demonstrate that the therapeutic properties of PTBA are not restricted to the kidney but also increase cardiomyocyte proliferation and decrease fibrosis following cardiac injury in adult zebrafish. These studies provide key mechanistic insights into how PTBA enhances tissue repair in models of acute injury and lay the groundwork for translating this novel HDI into the clinic. This article has an associated First Person interview with the joint first authors of the paper. Summary: Mortality associated with AKI is in part due to limited treatments available to ameliorate injury. The authors identify a compound that accelerates AKI recovery and promotes cellular dedifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Brilli Skvarca
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Hwa In Han
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Eugenel B Espiritu
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Maria A Missinato
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.,Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Rochon
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Michael D McDaniels
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Abha S Bais
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Beth L Roman
- Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Joshua S Waxman
- Heart Institute, Molecular Cardiovascular Biology Division, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Biological Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Alan J Davidson
- Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael Tsang
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Neil A Hukriede
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA .,Center for Critical Care Nephrology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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22
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Begum S, Ahmed N, Mubarak M, Mateen SM, Khalid N, Rizvi SAH. Modulation of Renal Parenchyma in Response to Allogeneic Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Transplantation in Acute Kidney Injury. Int J Stem Cells 2019; 12:125-138. [PMID: 30836723 PMCID: PMC6457705 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc18091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES In regenerative medicine, mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissues (Ad-MSCs) are a very attractive target to treat many diseases. In relation to nephrology, the aim of the current study is to investigate the effects of Ad-MSCs for the amelioration of acute kidney injury and to explore the mechanism of renal parenchymal changes in response to allogeneic transplantation of Ad-MSCs. METHODS AND RESULTS The nephrotoxicity was induced by cisplatin (CP) in balb/c mice according to RIFLE Class and AKIN Stage 3. PCR, qRT-PCR and fluorescent labeled cells infusion, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, functional analyses were used for genes and proteins expressions data acquisition respectively. We demonstrated that single intravenous infusion of 2.5×107/kg mAd-MSCs in mice pre-injected with CP recruited to the kidney, restored the renal structure, and function, which resulted in progressive survival of mice. The renal tissue morphology was recovered in terms of diminished necrosis or epithelial cells damage, protein casts formation, infiltration of inflammatory cells, tubular dilatation, and restoration of brush border protein; Megalin and decreased Kim-1 expressions in mAd-MSCs transplanted mice. Significant reduction in serum creatinine with slashed urea and urinary protein levels were observed. Anti-BrdU staining displayed enhanced tubular cells proliferation. Predominantly, downgrade expressions of TNF-α and TGF-β1 were observed post seven days in mAd-MSCs transplanted mice. CONCLUSIONS Ad-MSCs exerts pro-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic effects. Ad-MSCs transplantation without any chemical or genetic manipulation can provide the evidence of therapeutic strategy for the origin of regeneration and overall an improved survival of the system in functionally deprived failed kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumreen Begum
- Stem Cells Research Laboratory (SCRL), Karachi,
Pakistan
| | - Nazia Ahmed
- Stem Cells Research Laboratory (SCRL), Karachi,
Pakistan
| | | | | | - Nida Khalid
- Stem Cells Research Laboratory (SCRL), Karachi,
Pakistan
| | - Syed Adibul Hasan Rizvi
- Department of Urology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT), Karachi,
Pakistan
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23
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Sallustio F, Gesualdo L, Pisignano D. The Heterogeneity of Renal Stem Cells and Their Interaction with Bio- and Nano-materials. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1123:195-216. [PMID: 31016602 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11096-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
For a long time, the kidney has been considered incapable of regeneration. Instead, in recent years, studies have supported the existence of heterogeneity of renal stem/progenitor cells with the ability to regenerate both glomerular and tubular epithelial cells. Indeed, several studies evidence that renal progenitor cells, releasing chemokines, growth factors, microvesicles, and transcription factors through paracrine mechanisms, can induce tissue regeneration and block pathological processes of the kidney. In this chapter the potentiality of the kidney regenerative processes is considered and reviewed, and the main classes of stem/progenitor cells that might contribute to the renal tissue renewal is analyzed. Moreover, we evaluate the role of biomaterials in the regulation of cellular functions, specifically addressing renal stem/progenitor cells. Materials can be synthesized and tailored in order to recreate a finely structured microenvironment (by nanostructures, nanofibers, bioactive compounds, etc.) with which the cells can interact actively. For instance, by patterning substrates in regions that alternately promote or prevent protein adsorption, cell adhesion and spreading processes can be controlled in space. We illustrate the potentiality of nanotechnologies and engineered biomaterials in affecting and enhancing the behavior of renal stem/progenitor cells. Although there are still many challenges for the translation of novel therapeutics, advances in biomaterials and nanomedicine have the potential to drastically change the clinical and therapeutic landscape, even in combination with stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Sallustio
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy. .,Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.
| | - Loreto Gesualdo
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Dario Pisignano
- Dipartimento di Fisica 'E. Fermi', University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,NEST CNR-Istituto Nanoscienze Piazza S. Silvestro 12, Pisa, Italy
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24
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Effect of inhibition of CBP-coactivated β-catenin-mediated Wnt signalling in uremic rats with vascular calcifications. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201936. [PMID: 30075015 PMCID: PMC6075782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Uremic vascular calcification is a regulated cell-mediated process wherein cells in the arterial wall transdifferentiate to actively calcifying cells resulting in a process resembling bone formation. Wnt signalling is established as a major driver for vessel formation and maturation and for embryonic bone formation, and disturbed Wnt signalling might play a role in vascular calcification. ICG-001 is a small molecule Wnt inhibitor that specifically targets the coactivator CREB binding protein (CBP)/β-catenin-mediated signalling. In the present investigation we examined the effect of ICG-001 on vascular calcification in uremic rats. Uremic vascular calcification was induced in adult male rats by 5/6-nephrectomy, high phosphate diet and alfacalcidol. The presence of uremic vascular calcification in the aorta was associated with induction of gene expression of the Wnt target gene and marker of proliferation, cyclinD1; the mediator of canonical Wnt signalling, β-catenin and the matricellular proteins, fibronectin and periostin. Furthermore, genes from fibrosis-related pathways, TGF-β and activin A, as well as factors related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition, snail1 and vimentin were induced. ICG-001 treatment had significant effects on gene expression in kidney and aorta from healthy rats. These effects were however limited in uremic rats, and treatment with ICG-001 did not reduce the Ca-content of the uremic vasculature.
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25
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Wnt4 is significantly upregulated during the early phases of cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10555. [PMID: 30002385 PMCID: PMC6043520 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28595-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt4 is a secreted growth factor associated with renal tubulogenesis. Our previous studies identified that renal and urinary Wnt4 are upregulated following ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice, but the roles of Wnt4 in other forms of acute kidney injury (AKI) remain unclear. Here, we investigated the changes in Wnt4 expression using a cisplatin-induced AKI model. We found that renal and urinary Wnt4 expression increased as early as 12 hours, peaked at day 4 following cisplatin-induced AKI and was closely correlated with histopathological alterations. By contrast, the serum creatinine level was significantly elevated until day 3, indicating that Wnt4 is more sensitive to early tubular injury than serum creatinine. In addition, renal Wnt4 was co-stained with aquaporin-1 and thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter, suggesting that Wnt4 can detect both proximal and distal tubular injuries. These data were further confirmed in a clinical study. Increased urinary Wnt4 expression was detected earlier than serum creatinine and eGFR in patients with contrast-induced AKI after vascular intervention. This study is the first to demonstrate that increased expression of renal and urinary Wnt4 can be detected earlier than serum creatinine after drug-induced AKI. In particular, urinary Wnt4 can potentially serve as a noninvasive biomarker for monitoring patients with tubular injury.
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26
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Gattai PP, Maquigussa E, da Silva Novaes A, da Silva Ribeiro R, Varela VA, Ormanji MS, Boim MA. miR‐26a modulates HGF and STAT3 effects on the kidney repair process in a glycerol‐induced AKI model in rats. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:7757-7766. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Paulo Gattai
- Medicine Department, Renal Division, Laboratory of Molecular Biology Federal University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Edgar Maquigussa
- Medicine Department, Renal Division, Laboratory of Molecular Biology Federal University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Antonio da Silva Novaes
- Medicine Department, Renal Division, Laboratory of Molecular Biology Federal University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Rosemara da Silva Ribeiro
- Medicine Department, Renal Division, Laboratory of Molecular Biology Federal University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Vanessa Araújo Varela
- Medicine Department, Renal Division, Laboratory of Molecular Biology Federal University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Milene Subtil Ormanji
- Medicine Department, Renal Division, Laboratory of Molecular Biology Federal University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Mirian Aparecida Boim
- Medicine Department, Renal Division, Laboratory of Molecular Biology Federal University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
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27
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Grimley E, Dressler GR. Are Pax proteins potential therapeutic targets in kidney disease and cancer? Kidney Int 2018; 94:259-267. [PMID: 29685496 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pax genes encode developmental regulators that are expressed in a variety of tissues and control critical events in morphogenesis. In the kidney, Pax2 and Pax8 are expressed in embryonic development and in specific renal diseases associated with aberrant epithelial cell proliferation. Prior genetic and cell biological studies suggest that reducing the activity of Pax proteins in renal cancer or in polycystic kidney disease can slow the progression of these conditions. The Pax proteins may be critical for providing tissue and locus specificity to recruit epigenetic modifiers that control gene expression and chromatin structure. Although they are nuclear, targeting Pax proteins to inhibit function may be feasible with small molecules. Such inhibition of Pax protein function may provide novel therapies for subsets of renal disorders that are tissue- and cell type-specific and avoid systemic effects on non-Pax-expressing cells and tissues. Given the paucity of effective treatments for renal cancer and cystic disease, the Pax family of proteins represents new pharmaceutical targets that merit exploration and further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Grimley
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Gregory R Dressler
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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28
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Kumar S. Cellular and molecular pathways of renal repair after acute kidney injury. Kidney Int 2018; 93:27-40. [PMID: 29291820 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The acutely injured mammalian kidney mounts a cellular and molecular response to repair itself. However, in patchy regions such intrinsic processes are impaired and dysregulated leading to chronic kidney disease. Currently, no therapy exists to treat established acute kidney injury per se. Strategies to augment human endogenous repair processes and retard associated profibrotic responses are urgently required. Recent studies have identified injury-induced activation of the intrinsic molecular driver of epithelial regeneration and induction of partial epithelial to the mesenchymal state, respectively. Activation of key developmental transcription factors drive such processes; however, whether these recruit comparable gene regulatory networks with target genes similar to those in nephrogenesis is unclear. Extensive complex molecular cross-talk between the nephron epithelia and immune, interstitial, and endothelial cells regulate renal recovery. In vitro-based M1/M2 macrophage subtypes have been increasingly linked to renal repair; however, the precise contribution of in vivo macrophage plasticity to repair responses is poorly understood. Endothelial cell-pericyte intimacy, balance of the angiocrine/antiangiocrine system, and endothelial cell-regulated inflammatory processes have an impact on renal recovery and fibrosis. Close scrutiny of cellular and molecular pathways in repairing human kidneys is imperative for the identification of promising therapeutic targets and biomarker of human renal repair processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Kumar
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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29
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Abstract
Chronic kidney disease affects more than 10% of the population. Programming studies have examined the interrelationship between environmental factors in early life and differences in morbidity and mortality between individuals. A number of important principles has been identified, namely permanent structural modifications of organs and cells, long-lasting adjustments of endocrine regulatory circuits, as well as altered gene transcription. Risk factors include intrauterine deficiencies by disturbed placental function or maternal malnutrition, prematurity, intrauterine and postnatal stress, intrauterine and postnatal overnutrition, as well as dietary dysbalances in postnatal life. This mini-review discusses critical developmental periods and long-term sequelae of renal programming in humans and presents studies examining the underlying mechanisms as well as interventional approaches to "re-program" renal susceptibility toward disease. Clinical manifestations of programmed kidney disease include arterial hypertension, proteinuria, aggravation of inflammatory glomerular disease, and loss of kidney function. Nephron number, regulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, renal sodium transport, vasomotor and endothelial function, myogenic response, and tubuloglomerular feedback have been identified as being vulnerable to environmental factors. Oxidative stress levels, metabolic pathways, including insulin, leptin, steroids, and arachidonic acid, DNA methylation, and histone configuration may be significantly altered by adverse environmental conditions. Studies on re-programming interventions focused on dietary or anti-oxidative approaches so far. Further studies that broaden our understanding of renal programming mechanisms are needed to ultimately develop preventive strategies. Targeted re-programming interventions in animal models focusing on known mechanisms will contribute to new concepts which finally will have to be translated to human application. Early nutritional concepts with specific modifications in macro- or micronutrients are among the most promising approaches to improve future renal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Nüsken
- Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörg Dötsch
- Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lutz T Weber
- Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kai-Dietrich Nüsken
- Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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30
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Gibier JB, Hémon B, Fanchon M, Gaudelot K, Pottier N, Ringot B, Van Seuningen I, Glowacki F, Cauffiez C, Blum D, Copin MC, Perrais M, Gnemmi V. Dual role of MUC1 mucin in kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury: Nephroprotector in early phase, but pro-fibrotic in late phase. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:1336-1349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
The Xenopus genus includes several members of aquatic frogs native to Africa but is perhaps best known for the species Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis. These species were popularized as model organisms from as early as the 1800s and have been instrumental in expanding several biological fields including cell biology, environmental toxicology, regenerative biology, and developmental biology. In fact, much of what we know about the formation and maturation of the vertebrate renal system has been acquired by examining the intricate genetic and morphological patterns that epitomize nephrogenesis in Xenopus. From these numerous reports, we have learned that the process of kidney development is as unique among organs as it is conserved among vertebrates. While development of most organs involves increases in size at a single location, development of the kidney occurs through a series of three increasingly complex nephric structures that are temporally distinct from one another and which occupy discrete spatial locales within the body. These three renal systems all serve to provide homeostatic, osmoregulatory, and excretory functions in animals. Importantly, the kidneys in amphibians, such as Xenopus, are less complex and more easily accessed than those in mammals, and thus tadpoles and frogs provide useful models for understanding our own kidney development. Several descriptive and mechanistic studies conducted with the Xenopus model system have allowed us to elucidate the cellular and molecular mediators of renal patterning and have also laid the foundation for our current understanding of kidney repair mechanisms in vertebrates. While some species-specific responses to renal injury have been observed, we still recognize the advantage of the Xenopus system due to its distinctive similarity to mammalian wound healing, reparative, and regenerative responses. In addition, the first evidence of renal regeneration in an amphibian system was recently demonstrated in Xenopus laevis. As genetic and molecular tools continue to advance, our appreciation for and utilization of this amphibian model organism can only intensify and will certainly provide ample opportunities to further our understanding of renal development and repair.
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32
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Abstract
Terminally differentiated cells can be reprogrammed to pluripotency or directly to another differentiated cell type in vitro, a capacity termed cellular plasticity. Plasticity is not limited to in vitro manipulations but rather represents an important aspect of the regenerative response to injury in organs. Differentiated adult cells retain the capacity to dedifferentiate, adopting a progenitor-like phenotype after injury or, alternatively, to transdifferentiate, directly converting to a different mature cell type. Emerging concepts on cellular plasticity have relevance to our understanding of repair after kidney injury, including epithelial regeneration. Here we discuss work published in the past 5 years on the cellular hierarchies and mechanisms underlying kidney injury and repair, with a particular focus on potential roles for cellular plasticity in this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Chang-Panesso
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, CB 8126, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Benjamin D Humphreys
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, CB 8126, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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33
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Eymael J, Smeets B. Origin and fate of the regenerating cells of the kidney. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 790:62-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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34
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Abstract
Over a decade ago, it was proposed that the regulation of tubular repair in the kidney might involve the recapitulation of developmental pathways. Although the kidney cannot generate new nephrons after birth, suggesting a low level of regenerative competence, the tubular epithelial cells of the nephrons can proliferate to repair the damage after AKI. However, the debate continues over whether this repair involves a persistent progenitor population or any mature epithelial cell remaining after injury. Recent reports have highlighted the expression of Sox9, a transcription factor critical for normal kidney development, during postnatal epithelial repair in the kidney. Indeed, the proliferative response of the epithelium involves expression of several pathways previously described as being involved in kidney development. In some instances, these pathways are also apparently involved in the maladaptive responses observed after repeated injury. Whether development and repair in the kidney are the same processes or we are misinterpreting the similar expression of genes under different circumstances remains unknown. Here, we review the evidence for this link, concluding that such parallels in expression may more correctly represent the use of the same pathways in a distinct context, likely triggered by similar stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Helen Little
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; and .,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Pamela Kairath
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; and.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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35
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Myszczyszyn A, Czarnecka AM, Matak D, Szymanski L, Lian F, Kornakiewicz A, Bartnik E, Kukwa W, Kieda C, Szczylik C. The Role of Hypoxia and Cancer Stem Cells in Renal Cell Carcinoma Pathogenesis. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2016. [PMID: 26210994 PMCID: PMC4653234 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-015-9611-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The cancer stem cell (CSC) model has recently been approached also in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). A few populations of putative renal tumor-initiating cells (TICs) were identified, but they are indifferently understood; however, the first and most thoroughly investigated are CD105-positive CSCs. The article presents a detailed comparison of all renal CSC-like populations identified by now as well as their presumable origin. Hypoxic activation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) contributes to tumor aggressiveness by multiple molecular pathways, including the governance of immature stem cell-like phenotype and related epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)/de-differentiation, and, as a result, poor prognosis. Due to intrinsic von Hippel-Lindau protein (pVHL) loss of function, clear-cell RCC (ccRCC) develops unique pathological intra-cellular pseudo-hypoxic phenotype with a constant HIF activation, regardless of oxygen level. Despite satisfactory evidence concerning pseudo-hypoxia importance in RCC biology, its influence on putative renal CSC-like largely remains unknown. Thus, the article discusses a current knowledge of HIF-1α/2α signaling pathways in the promotion of undifferentiated tumor phenotype in general, including some experimental findings specific for pseudo-hypoxic ccRCC, mostly dependent from HIF-2α oncogenic functions. Existing gaps in understanding both putative renal CSCs and their potential connection with hypoxia need to be filled in order to propose breakthrough strategies for RCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Myszczyszyn
- Department of Oncology with Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserow 128, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna M Czarnecka
- Department of Oncology with Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserow 128, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Damian Matak
- Department of Oncology with Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserow 128, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland.,School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lukasz Szymanski
- Department of Oncology with Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserow 128, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Fei Lian
- Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anna Kornakiewicz
- Department of Oncology with Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserow 128, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland.,School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of General Surgery and Transplantology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Bartnik
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kukwa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Czerniakowski Hospital, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Claudine Kieda
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, Orléans, France
| | - Cezary Szczylik
- Department of Oncology with Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserow 128, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland
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36
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De Chiara L, Crean J. Emerging Transcriptional Mechanisms in the Regulation of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition and Cellular Plasticity in the Kidney. J Clin Med 2016; 5:jcm5010006. [PMID: 26771648 PMCID: PMC4730131 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Notwithstanding controversies over the role of epithelial to mesenchymal transition in the pathogenesis of renal disease, the last decade has witnessed a revolution in our understanding of the regulation of renal cell plasticity. Significant parallels undoubtedly exist between ontogenic processes and the initiation and propagation of damage in the diseased kidney as evidenced by the reactivation of developmental programmes of gene expression, in particular with respect to TGFβ superfamily signaling. Indeed, multiple signaling pathways converge on a complex transcriptional regulatory nexus that additionally involves epigenetic activator and repressor mechanisms and microRNA regulatory networks that control renal cell plasticity. It is becoming increasingly apparent that differentiated cells can acquire an undifferentiated state akin to “stemness” which is leading us towards new models of complex cell behaviors and interactions. Here we discuss the latest findings that delineate new and novel interactions between this transcriptional regulatory network and highlight a hitherto poorly recognized role for the Polycomb Repressive Complex (PRC2) in the regulation of renal cell plasticity. A comprehensive understanding of how external stimuli interact with the epigenetic control of gene expression, in normal and diseased contexts, establishes a new therapeutic paradigm to promote the resolution of renal injury and regression of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia De Chiara
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - John Crean
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Sox9 Activation Highlights a Cellular Pathway of Renal Repair in the Acutely Injured Mammalian Kidney. Cell Rep 2015; 12:1325-38. [PMID: 26279573 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
After acute kidney injury (AKI), surviving cells within the nephron proliferate and repair. We identify Sox9 as an acute epithelial stress response in renal regeneration. Translational profiling after AKI revealed a rapid upregulation of Sox9 within proximal tubule (PT) cells, the nephron cell type most vulnerable to AKI. Descendants of Sox9(+) cells generate the bulk of the nephron during development and regenerate functional PT epithelium after AKI-induced reactivation of Sox9 after renal injury. After restoration of renal function post-AKI, persistent Sox9 expression highlights regions of unresolved damage within injured nephrons. Inactivation of Sox9 in PT cells pre-injury indicates that Sox9 is required for the normal course of post-AKI recovery. These findings link Sox9 to cell intrinsic mechanisms regulating development and repair of the mammalian nephron.
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38
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Feng J, Hu W, Feng C, Mao X, Jin K, Ye Y. Increasing Proliferation of Intrinsic Tubular Cells after Renal Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Adult Rat. Aging Dis 2015; 6:228-35. [PMID: 26236544 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2014.0917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The kidney is capable of regeneration following injury. However, whether renal stem/progenitor cells contribute to the repair process after injury, as well as the origin of the cells that repair and replace damaged renal tubule cells remains debated. Therefore, better understanding of the repair process will be critical to developing new strategies for the treatment of acute renal failure. Using an ischemia-reperfusion injury mode and an immunocytochemistry method, we counted the number of BrdU-positive cells in damged regions at different durations of reperfusion. We found that BrdU, a cell proliferative marker, was mainly incorporated in the tubular cells of both medulla and cortex 1 day after reperfusion. The number of BrdU-positive cells reached a peak at 3 days and lasted for two months after injury. BrdU-positive cells were barely found in the renal glomerulus and the parietal layer of Bowman's capsule after injury, and only a few were found in the intersititium. PAX2, an embryonic renal marker, was also increased in renal tubule cells. Confocal images show that BrdU-positive cells co-expressed PAX2, but not the activated form of caspase-3, a cell death marker. Our data suggest that renal stem-like cells or dedifferentiation of surviving renal tubular cells in both the medulla and cortex may predominantly contribute to the repair process after renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Feng
- Department of Nephrology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Weiming Hu
- Department of Nephrology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Chunyue Feng
- Department of Nephrology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - XiaoOu Mao
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA94945, USA
| | - Kunlin Jin
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX76107, USA
| | - Youxin Ye
- Department of Nephrology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310016, China
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39
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Pax genes in renal development, disease and regeneration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 44:97-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Sallustio F, Serino G, Schena FP. Potential Reparative Role of Resident Adult Renal Stem/Progenitor Cells in Acute Kidney Injury. Biores Open Access 2015; 4:326-33. [PMID: 26309808 PMCID: PMC4509615 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2015.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human kidney is particularly susceptible to ischemia and toxins with consequential tubular necrosis and activation of inflammatory processes. This process can lead to the acute renal injury, and even if the kidney has a great capacity for regeneration after tubular damage, in several circumstances, the normal renal repair program may not be sufficient to achieve a successful regeneration. Resident adult renal stem/progenitor cells could participate in this repair process and have the potentiality to enhance the renal regenerative mechanism. This could be achieved both directly, by means of their capacity to differentiate and integrate into the renal tissues, and by means of paracrine factors able to induce or improve the renal repair or regeneration. Recent genetic fate-tracing studies indicated that tubular damage is instead repaired by proliferative duplication of epithelial cells, acquiring a transient progenitor phenotype and by fate-restricted clonal cell progeny emerging from different nephron segments. In this review, we discuss about the properties and the reparative characteristics of high regenerative CD133(+)/CD24(+) cells, with a view to a future application of these cells for the treatment of acute renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Sallustio
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari , Bari, Italy . ; C.A.R.S.O. Consortium, Strada Prov. le Valenzano-Casamassima Km 3 , Valenzano, Italy . ; Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali (DiSTeBA), Università del Salento , Lecce-Monteroni, Lecce, Italy
| | - Grazia Serino
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari , Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Schena
- C.A.R.S.O. Consortium, Strada Prov. le Valenzano-Casamassima Km 3 , Valenzano, Italy . ; Schena Foundation, Research Center of Renal Diseases , Bari, Italy
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41
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Atlas of Cellular Dynamics during Zebrafish Adult Kidney Regeneration. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:547636. [PMID: 26089919 PMCID: PMC4451991 DOI: 10.1155/2015/547636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish is a useful animal model to study the signaling pathways that orchestrate kidney regeneration, as its renal nephrons are simple, yet they maintain the biological complexity inherent to that of higher vertebrate organisms including mammals. Recent studies have suggested that administration of the aminoglycoside antibiotic gentamicin in zebrafish mimics human acute kidney injury (AKI) through the induction of nephron damage, but the timing and details of critical phenotypic events associated with the regeneration process, particularly in existing nephrons, have not been characterized. Here, we mapped the temporal progression of cellular and molecular changes that occur during renal epithelial regeneration of the proximal tubule in the adult zebrafish using a platform of histological and expression analysis techniques. This work establishes the timing of renal cell death after gentamicin injury, identifies proliferative compartments within the kidney, and documents gene expression changes associated with the regenerative response of proliferating cells. These data provide an important descriptive atlas that documents the series of events that ensue after damage in the zebrafish kidney, thus availing a valuable resource for the scientific community that can facilitate the implementation of zebrafish research to delineate the mechanisms that control renal regeneration.
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McKee RA, Wingert RA. Zebrafish Renal Pathology: Emerging Models of Acute Kidney Injury. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015; 3:171-181. [PMID: 25973344 PMCID: PMC4419198 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-015-0082-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The renal system is vital to maintain homeostasis in the body, where the kidneys contain nephron functional units that remove metabolic waste from the bloodstream, regulate fluids, and balance electrolytes. Severe organ damage from toxins or ischemia that occurs abruptly can cause acute kidney injury (AKI) in which there is a rapid, life-threatening loss of these activities. Humans have a limited but poorly understood ability to regenerate damaged nephrons after AKI. However, researchers studying AKI in vertebrate animal models such as mammals, and more recently the zebrafish, have documented robust regeneration within the nephron blood filter and tubule following injury. Further, zebrafish kidneys contain progenitors that create new nephrons after AKI. Here, we review investigations in zebrafish which have established a series of exciting renal pathology paradigms that complement existing AKI models and can be implemented to discover insights into kidney regeneration and the roles of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. McKee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Zebrafish Research, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Rebecca A. Wingert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Zebrafish Research, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
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43
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Ranghini EJ, Dressler GR. Evidence for intermediate mesoderm and kidney progenitor cell specification by Pax2 and PTIP dependent mechanisms. Dev Biol 2015; 399:296-305. [PMID: 25617721 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the Pax2 gene marks the intermediate mesoderm shortly after gastrulation, as the mesoderm becomes compartmentalized into paraxial, intermediate, and lateral plate. Using an EGFP knock-in allele of Pax2 to identify and sort cells of the intermediate mesodermal lineage, we compared gene expression patterns in EGFP positive cells that were heterozygous or homozygous null for Pax2. Thus, we identified critical regulators of intermediate mesoderm and kidney development whose expression depended on Pax2 function. In cell culture models, Pax2 is thought to recruit epigenetic modifying complex to imprint activating histone methylation marks through interactions with the adaptor protein PTIP. In kidney organ culture, conditional PTIP deletion showed that many Pax2 target genes, which were activated early in renal progenitor cells, remained on once activated, whereas Pax2 target genes expressed later in kidney development were unable to be fully activated without PTIP. In Pax2 mutants, we also identified a set of genes whose expression was up-regulated in EGFP positive cells and whose expression was consistent with a cell fate transformation to paraxial mesoderm and its derivatives. These data provide evidence that Pax2 specifies the intermediate mesoderm and renal epithelial cells through epigenetic mechanisms and in part by repressing paraxial mesodermal fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egon J Ranghini
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gregory R Dressler
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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44
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Dressler GR, Patel SR. Epigenetics in kidney development and renal disease. Transl Res 2015; 165:166-76. [PMID: 24958601 PMCID: PMC4256142 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The study of epigenetics is intimately linked and inseparable from developmental biology. Many of the genes that imprint epigenetic information on chromatin function during the specification of cell lineages in the developing embryo. These include the histone methyltransferases and their cofactors of the Polycomb and Trithorax gene families. How histone methylation is established and what regulates the tissue and locus specificity of histone methylation is an emerging area of research. The embryonic kidney is used as a model to understand how DNA-binding proteins can specify cell lineages and how such proteins interact directly with the histone methylation machinery to generate a unique epigenome for particular tissues and cell types. In adult tissues, histone methylation marks must be maintained for normal gene expression patterns. In chronic and acute renal disease, epigenetic marks are being characterized and correlated with the establishment of metabolic memory, in part to explain the persistence of pathologies even when optimal treatment modalities are used. Thus, the state of the epigenome in adult cells must be considered when attempting to alleviate or alter gene expression patterns in disease.
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45
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Gerlach GF, Wingert RA. Zebrafish pronephros tubulogenesis and epithelial identity maintenance are reliant on the polarity proteins Prkc iota and zeta. Dev Biol 2014; 396:183-200. [PMID: 25446529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish pronephros provides an excellent in vivo system to study the mechanisms of vertebrate nephron development. When and how renal progenitors in the zebrafish embryo undergo tubulogenesis to form nephrons is poorly understood, but is known to involve a mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) and the acquisition of polarity. Here, we determined the precise timing of these events in pronephros tubulogenesis. As the ternary polarity complex is an essential regulator of epithelial cell polarity across tissues, we performed gene knockdown studies to assess the roles of the related factors atypical protein kinase C iota and zeta (prkcι, prkcζ). We found that prkcι and prkcζ serve partially redundant functions to establish pronephros tubule epithelium polarity. Further, the loss of prkcι or the combined knockdown of prkcι/ζ disrupted proximal tubule morphogenesis and podocyte migration due to cardiac defects that prevented normal fluid flow to the kidney. Surprisingly, tubule cells in prkcι/ζ morphants displayed ectopic expression of the transcription factor pax2a and the podocyte-associated genes wt1a, wt1b, and podxl, suggesting that prkcι/ζ are needed to maintain renal epithelial identity. Knockdown of genes essential for cardiac contractility and vascular flow to the kidney, such as tnnt2a, or elimination of pronephros fluid output through knockdown of the intraflagellar transport gene ift88, was not associated with ectopic pronephros gene expression, thus suggesting a unique role for prkcι/ζ in maintaining tubule epithelial identity separate from the consequence of disruptions to renal fluid flow. Interestingly, knockdown of pax2a, but not wt1a, was sufficient to rescue ectopic tubule gene expression in prkcι/ζ morphants. These data suggest a model in which the redundant activities of prkcι and prkcζ are essential to establish tubule epithelial polarity and also serve to maintain proper epithelial cell type identity in the tubule by inhibiting pax2a expression. These studies provide a valuable foundation for further analysis of MET during nephrogenesis, and have implications for understanding the pathways that affect nephron epithelial cells during kidney disease and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary F Gerlach
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, 100 Galvin Life Sciences, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Rebecca A Wingert
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, 100 Galvin Life Sciences, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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46
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Kopan R, Chen S, Little M. Nephron progenitor cells: shifting the balance of self-renewal and differentiation. Curr Top Dev Biol 2014; 107:293-331. [PMID: 24439811 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416022-4.00011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Within the developing mammalian kidney, several populations of progenitors form the discrete cellular components of the final organ. Fate mapping experiments revealed the cap mesenchyme (CM) to be the progenitor population for all nephron epithelial cells, whereas the neighboring stromal mesenchyme gives rise to mesangial, pericytic, renin-producing and interstitial cells. The collecting ducts are derived from a population of progenitors at the ureteric bud (UB) tip and a proportion of the endothelium is also derived from a dedicated mesenchymal progenitor. The stroma, CM, and UB interact to create spatially defined niches at the periphery of the developing organ. While the UB tip population persist, the CM represents a transient progenitor population that is exhausted to set the final organ size. The timing of CM exhaustion, and hence the final organ structure, is sensitive to disruptions such as premature birth. Here we will discuss our current understanding of the molecular processes allowing these populations to balance cell survival, self-renewal, support of branching, and maintain capacity to commit to differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Kopan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Melissa Little
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
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47
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Abstract
Renal tubule epithelial cells can regenerate in response to acute injury. Although this process remains poorly understood, it appears to involve the reactivation of pathways that are operative during embryonic kidney formation. A better understanding of renal regeneration may lead to the development of new therapies that can attenuate acute kidney injury or expedite recovery. The zebrafish is being used as a model to understand renal regeneration. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on zebrafish kidney formation, describe methods for inducing acute injury, and focus on the unique capacity of the zebrafish adult kidney to undergo de novo nephron formation in response to damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Sander
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alan J Davidson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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48
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Abstract
The development of the mammalian kidney has been studied at the genetic, biochemical, and cell biological level for more than 40 years. As such, detailed mechanisms governing early patterning, cell lineages, and inductive interactions have been well described. How genes interact to specify the renal epithelial cells of the nephrons and how this specification is relevant to maintaining normal renal function is discussed. Implicit in the development of the kidney are epigenetic mechanisms that mark renal cell types and connect certain developmental regulatory factors to chromatin modifications that control gene expression patterns and cellular physiology. In adults, such regulatory factors and their epigenetic pathways may function in regeneration and may be disturbed in disease processes.
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49
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Abstract
The mammalian kidney has an intrinsic ability to repair after significant injury. However, this process is inefficient: patients are at high risk for the loss of kidney function in later life. No therapy exists to treat established acute kidney injury (AKI) per se: strategies to promote endogenous repair processes and retard associated fibrosis are a high priority. Whole-organ gene expression profiling has been used to identify repair responses initiated with AKI, and factors that may promote the transition from AKI to chronic kidney disease. Transcriptional profiling has shown molecular markers and potential regulatory pathways of renal repair. Activation of a few key developmental pathways has been reported during repair. Whether these are comparable networks with similar target genes with those in earlier nephrogenesis remains unclear. Altered microRNA profiles, persistent tubular injury responses, and distinct late inflammatory responses highlight continuing kidney pathology. Additional insights into injury and repair processes will be gained by study of the repair transcriptome and cell-specific translatome using high-resolution technologies such as RNA sequencing and translational profiling tailored to specific cellular compartments within the kidney. An enhanced understanding holds promise for both the identification of novel therapeutic targets and biomarker-based evaluation of the damage-repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad-California Institute of Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, The Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad-California Institute of Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, The Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Andrew P McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad-California Institute of Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, The Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
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50
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Regenerative medicine for the kidney: renotropic factors, renal stem/progenitor cells, and stem cell therapy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:595493. [PMID: 24895592 PMCID: PMC4034406 DOI: 10.1155/2014/595493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The kidney has the capacity for regeneration and repair after a variety of insults. Over the past few decades, factors that promote repair of the injured kidney have been extensively investigated. By using kidney injury animal models, the role of intrinsic and extrinsic growth factors, transcription factors, and extracellular matrix in this process has been examined. The identification of renal stem cells in the adult kidney as well as in the embryonic kidney is an active area of research. Cell populations expressing putative stem cell markers or possessing stem cell properties have been found in the tubules, interstitium, and glomeruli of the normal kidney. Cell therapies with bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, endothelial progenitor cells, and amniotic fluid-derived stem cells have been highly effective for the treatment of acute or chronic renal failure in animals. Embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells are also utilized for the construction of artificial kidneys or renal components. In this review, we highlight the advances in regenerative medicine for the kidney from the perspective of renotropic factors, renal stem/progenitor cells, and stem cell therapies and discuss the issues to be solved to realize regenerative therapy for kidney diseases in humans.
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