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Praska CE, Tamburrini R, Danobeitia JS. Innate immune modulation in transplantation: mechanisms, challenges, and opportunities. FRONTIERS IN TRANSPLANTATION 2023; 2:1277669. [PMID: 38993914 PMCID: PMC11235239 DOI: 10.3389/frtra.2023.1277669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Organ transplantation is characterized by a sequence of steps that involve operative trauma, organ preservation, and ischemia-reperfusion injury in the transplant recipient. During this process, the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) promotes the activation of innate immune cells via engagement of the toll-like receptor (TLR) system, the complement system, and coagulation cascade. Different classes of effector responses are then carried out by specialized populations of macrophages, dendritic cells, and T and B lymphocytes; these play a central role in the orchestration and regulation of the inflammatory response and modulation of the ensuing adaptive immune response to transplant allografts. Organ function and rejection of human allografts have traditionally been studied through the lens of adaptive immunity; however, an increasing body of work has provided a more comprehensive picture of the pivotal role of innate regulation of adaptive immune responses in transplant and the potential therapeutic implications. Herein we review literature that examines the repercussions of inflammatory injury to transplantable organs. We highlight novel concepts in the pathophysiology and mechanisms involved in innate control of adaptive immunity and rejection. Furthermore, we discuss existing evidence on novel therapies aimed at innate immunomodulation and how this could be harnessed in the transplant setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne E. Praska
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Riccardo Tamburrini
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Juan Sebastian Danobeitia
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- Baylor Annette C. and Harold C. Simmons Transplant Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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Alkhaleq HA, Karram T, Fokra A, Hamoud S, Kabala A, Abassi Z. The Protective Pathways Activated in Kidneys of αMUPA Transgenic Mice Following Ischemia\Reperfusion-Induced Acute Kidney Injury. Cells 2023; 12:2497. [PMID: 37887341 PMCID: PMC10605904 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the high prevalence of acute kidney injury (AKI), the therapeutic approaches for AKI are disappointing. This deficiency stems from the poor understanding of the pathogenesis of AKI. Recent studies demonstrate that αMUPA, alpha murine urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) transgenic mice, display a cardioprotective pathway following myocardial ischemia. We hypothesize that these mice also possess protective renal pathways. Male and female αMUPA mice and their wild type were subjected to 30 min of bilateral ischemic AKI. Blood samples and kidneys were harvested 48 h following AKI for biomarkers of kidney function, renal injury, inflammatory response, and intracellular pathways sensing or responding to AKI. αMUPA mice, especially females, exhibited attenuated renal damage in response to AKI, as was evident from lower SCr and BUN, normal renal histology, and attenuated expression of NGAL and KIM-1. Notably, αMUPA females did not show a significant change in renal inflammatory and fibrotic markers following AKI as compared with wild-type (WT) mice and αMUPA males. Moreover, αMUPA female mice exhibited the lowest levels of renal apoptotic and autophagy markers during normal conditions and following AKI. αMUPA mice, especially the females, showed remarkable expression of PGC1α and eNOS following AKI. Furthermore, MUPA mice showed a significant elevation in renal leptin expression before and following AKI. Pretreatment of αMUPA with leptin-neutralizing antibodies prior to AKI abolished their resistance to AKI. Collectively, the kidneys of αMUPA mice, especially those of females, are less susceptible to ischemic I/R injury compared to WT mice, and this is due to nephroprotective actions mediated by the upregulation of leptin, eNOS, ACE2, and PGC1α along with impaired inflammatory, fibrotic, and autophagy processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Abd Alkhaleq
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel; (H.A.A.); (A.F.); (A.K.)
| | - Tony Karram
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 3109601, Israel;
| | - Ahmad Fokra
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel; (H.A.A.); (A.F.); (A.K.)
| | - Shadi Hamoud
- Internal Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 3109601, Israel;
| | - Aviva Kabala
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel; (H.A.A.); (A.F.); (A.K.)
| | - Zaid Abassi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel; (H.A.A.); (A.F.); (A.K.)
- Laboratory Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 3109601, Israel
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Wei C, Spear R, Hahm E, Reiser J. suPAR, a Circulating Kidney Disease Factor. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:745838. [PMID: 34692736 PMCID: PMC8526732 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.745838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is a multifaceted, GPI-anchored three-domain protein. Release of the receptor results in variable levels of soluble uPAR (suPAR) in the blood circulation. suPAR levels have been linked to many disease states. In this mini-review, we discuss suPAR as a key circulating molecule mediating kidney disease with a particular focus on differently spliced isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changli Wei
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ryan Spear
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Eunsil Hahm
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jochen Reiser
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
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Yaron JR, Zhang L, Guo Q, Haydel SE, Lucas AR. Fibrinolytic Serine Proteases, Therapeutic Serpins and Inflammation: Fire Dancers and Firestorms. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:648947. [PMID: 33869309 PMCID: PMC8044766 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.648947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The making and breaking of clots orchestrated by the thrombotic and thrombolytic serine protease cascades are critical determinants of morbidity and mortality during infection and with vascular or tissue injury. Both the clot forming (thrombotic) and the clot dissolving (thrombolytic or fibrinolytic) cascades are composed of a highly sensitive and complex relationship of sequentially activated serine proteases and their regulatory inhibitors in the circulating blood. The proteases and inhibitors interact continuously throughout all branches of the cardiovascular system in the human body, representing one of the most abundant groups of proteins in the blood. There is an intricate interaction of the coagulation cascades with endothelial cell surface receptors lining the vascular tree, circulating immune cells, platelets and connective tissue encasing the arterial layers. Beyond their role in control of bleeding and clotting, the thrombotic and thrombolytic cascades initiate immune cell responses, representing a front line, "off-the-shelf" system for inducing inflammatory responses. These hemostatic pathways are one of the first response systems after injury with the fibrinolytic cascade being one of the earliest to evolve in primordial immune responses. An equally important contributor and parallel ancient component of these thrombotic and thrombolytic serine protease cascades are the serine protease inhibitors, termed serpins. Serpins are metastable suicide inhibitors with ubiquitous roles in coagulation and fibrinolysis as well as multiple central regulatory pathways throughout the body. Serpins are now known to also modulate the immune response, either via control of thrombotic and thrombolytic cascades or via direct effects on cellular phenotypes, among many other functions. Here we review the co-evolution of the thrombolytic cascade and the immune response in disease and in treatment. We will focus on the relevance of these recent advances in the context of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 is a "respiratory" coronavirus that causes extensive cardiovascular pathogenesis, with microthrombi throughout the vascular tree, resulting in severe and potentially fatal coagulopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R. Yaron
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Liqiang Zhang
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Qiuyun Guo
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Shelley E. Haydel
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Alexandra R. Lucas
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
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Stallone G, Pontrelli P, Rascio F, Castellano G, Gesualdo L, Grandaliano G. Coagulation and Fibrinolysis in Kidney Graft Rejection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1807. [PMID: 32983089 PMCID: PMC7477357 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulation system is currently considered an integrated part of innate immunity. Clotting activation in response to bacterial surface along with complement cascade priming represents the first line of defense against pathogens. In the last three decades, we learned that several coagulation factors, including factor II or thrombin and factor X, can interact with specific cell surface receptors activated by an unusual proteolytic mechanism and belonging to a novel class of G-protein-coupled receptors known as protease-activated receptors (PARs). PARs are expressed by a variety of cells, including monocytes, dendritic cells, and endothelial cells and may play a key role in the modulation of innate immunity and in the regulation of its interaction with the adaptive branch of the immune system. Also, the fibrinolytic system, in which activation is controlled by coagulation, can interact with innate immunity, and it is a key modulator of extracellular matrix deposition eventually leading to scarring and fibrosis. In the setting of kidney transplantation, coagulation and fibrinolytic systems have been shown to play key roles in the ischemia/reperfusion injury featuring delayed graft function and in the pathogenesis of tissue damage following acute and chronic rejection. In the present review, we aim to describe the mechanisms leading to coagulation and fibrinolysis activation in this setting and their interaction with the priming of the innate immune response and their role in kidney graft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Stallone
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Paola Pontrelli
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Federica Rascio
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Castellano
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Loreto Gesualdo
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Grandaliano
- Nephrology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Can components of the plasminogen activation system predict the outcome of kidney transplants? Cent Eur J Immunol 2018; 43:222-230. [PMID: 30135637 PMCID: PMC6102612 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2018.77394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic and antiproteolytic enzymes play a critical role in the physiology and pathology of different stages of human life. One of the important members of the proteolytic family is the plasminogen activation system (PAS), which includes several elements crucial for this review: the 50 kDa glycoprotein plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) that inhibits tissue-type (tPA) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA). These two convert plasminogen into its active form named plasmin that can lyse a broad spectrum of proteins. Urokinase receptor (uPAR) is the binding site of uPA. This glycoprotein on the cell surface facilitates urokinase activation of plasminogen, creating high proteolytic activity close to the cell surface. PAS activities have been reported to predict the outcome of kidney transplants. However, reports on expression of PAS in kidney transplants seem to be controversial. On the one hand there are reports that impaired proteolytic activity leads to induction of chronic allograft nephropathy, while on the other hand treatment with uPA and tPA can restore function of acute renal transplants. In this comprehensive review we describe the complexity of the PAS as well as biological effects of the PAS on renal allografts, and provide a possible explanation of the reported controversy.
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Xia Y, Yuan M, Li S, Thuan UT, Nguyen TT, Kang TW, Liao W, Lian S, Jung YD. Apigenin Suppresses the IL-1β-Induced Expression of the Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor by Inhibiting MAPK-Mediated AP-1 and NF-κB Signaling in Human Bladder Cancer T24 Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:7663-7673. [PMID: 29945448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), a glycoprotein localized on the cell surface with a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, plays a crucial role in cell invasion, and the metastasis of several cancers, including bladder cancer, and its expression are significantly negatively correlated with patient survival rates. Apigenin, a naturally produced phytochemical compound found in fruits, vegetables, and plant leaves, has been shown to mediate a variety of cancer-metastasis-related molecules in various cancers. The effect of apigenin on uPAR expression is still unknown. In this study, we examined the effects of apigenin on IL-1β-induced uPAR expression and investigated its potential mechanisms. We discovered in this study that IL-1β could remarkably induce uPAR expression in bladder cancer T24 cells and that apigenin-inhibited IL-1β could induce uPAR expression concentration-dependently. Interestingly, NF-κB and AP-1 transcription factors were critically required for IL-1β-induced high uPAR expression. Apigenin suppressed the transcriptional activity of both AP-1 and NF-κB by inhibiting ERK1/2 and JNK signaling pathways. These results suggest that apigenin can exert anti-invasion effects by inhibiting uPAR expression via mediating (ERK1/2, JNK)/AP-1 and (ERK1/2, JNK)/NF-κB signaling pathways in human T24 cells. Our present study generated novel and valuable biological insight into anti-invasion through treatment with a small native compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xia
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Chonnam National University Medical School , Gwangju 501-190 , Republic of Korea
- Department of Urology , New York University School of Medicine , New York , New York 10016 , United States
| | | | - Shinan Li
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Chonnam National University Medical School , Gwangju 501-190 , Republic of Korea
| | - Ung Trong Thuan
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Chonnam National University Medical School , Gwangju 501-190 , Republic of Korea
| | - Thi Thinh Nguyen
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Chonnam National University Medical School , Gwangju 501-190 , Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Won Kang
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Chonnam National University Medical School , Gwangju 501-190 , Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sen Lian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochip , Guangzhou , 510515 , Guangdong , China
| | - Young Do Jung
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Chonnam National University Medical School , Gwangju 501-190 , Republic of Korea
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Staniszewska M, Dziedziejko V, Kwiatkowska E, Tkacz M, Puchałowicz K, Safranow K, Domanski L, Pawlik A. Plasma concentration of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor is a marker of kidney allograft function. Ir J Med Sci 2018; 187:1083-1087. [PMID: 29497975 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-018-1767-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is found in a variety of cell types including monocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages, and endothelial cells and plays an important role in fibrinolysis and in the activation and chemotaxis of neutrophils and lymphocytes. In this study, we examined the correlation between uPAR plasma concentration and kidney allograft function. AIMS This study enrolled 78 Caucasian deceased-donor renal transplant recipients. METHODS Plasma concentrations of uPAR were measured using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. RESULTS We observed elevated with borderline significance (p = 0.095) uPAR plasma concentrations in patients with tubular atrophy. Plasma concentrations of uPAR showed strong statistically significant positive correlations with serum creatinine or urea and strong negative correlation with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). There was also a borderline positive correlation between uPAR plasma concentration and protein concentration in urine as well as the duration of hemodialysis. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study indicate that uPAR plasma concentrations in kidney allograft recipients are significantly negatively correlated with graft function and may be elevated in patients with tubular atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Staniszewska
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstancow Wlkp. 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Violetta Dziedziejko
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstancow Wlkp. 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ewa Kwiatkowska
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstancow Wlkp. 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marta Tkacz
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstancow Wlkp. 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Kamila Puchałowicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstancow Wlkp. 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Safranow
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstancow Wlkp. 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Leszek Domanski
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstancow Wlkp. 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Pawlik
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstancow Wlkp. 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland.
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Svenningsen P, Hinrichs GR, Zachar R, Ydegaard R, Jensen BL. Physiology and pathophysiology of the plasminogen system in the kidney. Pflugers Arch 2017; 469:1415-1423. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2014-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Outinen TK, Mäkelä S, Huttunen R, Mäenpää N, Libraty D, Vaheri A, Mustonen J, Aittoniemi J. Urine soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor levels correlate with proteinuria in Puumala hantavirus infection. J Intern Med 2014; 276:387-95. [PMID: 24717117 PMCID: PMC4172514 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is upregulated during inflammation and known to bind to β3 -integrins, receptors used by pathogenic hantaviruses to enter endothelial cells. It has been proposed that soluble uPAR (suPAR) is a circulating factor that causes focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and proteinuria by activating β3 -integrin in kidney podocytes. Proteinuria is also a characteristic feature of hantavirus infections. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relation between urine suPAR levels and disease severity in acute Puumala hantavirus (PUUV) infection. DESIGN A single-centre, prospective cohort study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Urinary suPAR levels were measured twice during the acute phase and once during convalescence in 36 patients with serologically confirmed PUUV infection. Fractional excretion of suPAR (FE suPAR) and of albumin (FE alb) was calculated. RESULTS The FE suPAR was significantly elevated during the acute phase of PUUV infection compared to the convalescent phase (median 3.2%, range 0.8-52.0%, vs. median 1.9%, range 1.0-5.8%, P = 0.005). Maximum FE suPAR was correlated markedly with maximum FE alb (r = 0.812, P < 0.001) and with several other variables that reflect disease severity. There was a positive correlation with the length of hospitalization (r = 0.455, P = 0.009) and maximum plasma creatinine level (r = 0.780, P < 0.001) and an inverse correlation with minimum urinary output (r = -0.411, P = 0.030). There was no correlation between FE suPAR and plasma suPAR (r = 0.180, P = 0.324). CONCLUSION Urinary suPAR is markedly increased during acute PUUV infection and is correlated with proteinuria. High urine suPAR level may reflect local production of suPAR in the kidney during the acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Outinen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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Sinha A, Bajpai J, Saini S, Bhatia D, Gupta A, Puraswani M, Dinda AK, Agarwal SK, Sopory S, Pandey RM, Hari P, Bagga A. Serum-soluble urokinase receptor levels do not distinguish focal segmental glomerulosclerosis from other causes of nephrotic syndrome in children. Kidney Int 2014; 85:649-58. [PMID: 24429405 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2013.546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Pawlak K, Ulazka B, Mysliwiec M, Pawlak D. Vascular endothelial growth factor and uPA/suPAR system in early and advanced chronic kidney disease patients: a new link between angiogenesis and hyperfibrinolysis? Transl Res 2012; 160:346-54. [PMID: 22683425 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Disturbances in hemostasis and abnormal angiogenesis are components in the plaque growth and destabilization. The role of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the perturbation of hemostasis in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is still unknown. In this preliminary study, we investigate the relation between VEGF and the parameters of coagulation: tissue factor (TF), its inhibitor (TFPI), and fibrinolytic system: urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), its soluble receptor (suPAR), tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), plasmin/antiplasmin complexes (PAP) in the patients with mild-to-moderate, and severe CKD and healthy controls. All indices (except TFPI) were raised in CKD patients, particularly in those with severe CKD, compared with controls. The strong positive correlations were between VEGF and some parameters, both coagulation (TF, TFPI, TF/TFPI ratio) and fibrinolytic system (uPA, suPAR, PAP). The relationships were also between the individual hemostatic parameters. In multiple regression analysis, VEGF and kidney dysfunction markers (urea and creatinine levels) were independently associated with uPA, and VEGF was independently associated with suPAR levels. Moreover, PAP was independently associated with age and suPAR. This study represents the first to investigate the relation between VEGF and the activation both coagulation and fibrinolysis in CKD patients. VEGF and the parameters of hemostatic system activation were higher in the CKD group than in the controls with a significant correlation between them. VEGF was independently associated with uPA/suPAR system, whereas suPAR was independently related to PAP levels, suggesting a new link between abnormal angiogenesis and hyperfibrinolysis in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Pawlak
- Department of Monitored Pharmacotherapy, Medical University, Bialystok, Poland.
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Loftheim H, Midtvedt K, Hartmann A, Reisæter AV, Falck P, Holdaas H, Jenssen T, Reubsaet L, Asberg A. Urinary proteomic shotgun approach for identification of potential acute rejection biomarkers in renal transplant recipients. Transplant Res 2012; 1:9. [PMID: 23369437 PMCID: PMC3561036 DOI: 10.1186/2047-1440-1-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Acute rejection (AR) episodes in renal transplant recipients are suspected when plasma creatinine is elevated and other potential causes out ruled. Graft biopsies are however needed for definite diagnosis. Non-invasive AR-biomarkers is an unmet clinical need. The urinary proteome is an interesting source in the search for such a biomarker in this population. METHODS In this proof of principle study, serial urine samples in the early post transplant phase from 6 patients with biopsy verified acute rejections and 6 age-matched controls without clinical signs of rejection were analyzed by shotgun proteomics. RESULTS Eleven proteins fulfilled predefined criteria for regulation in association with AR. They presented detectable regulation already several days before clinical suspicion of AR (increased plasma creatinine). The regulated proteins could be grouped by their biological function; proteins related to growth and proteins related to immune response. Growth-related proteins (IGFBP7, Vasorin, EGF and Galectin-3-binding protein) were significantly up-regulated in association with AR (P = 0.03) while proteins related to immune response (MASP2, C3, CD59, Ceruloplasmin, PiGR and CD74) tended to be up-regulated ( P = 0.13). CONCLUSION The use of shotgun proteomics provides a robust and sensitive method for identification of potentially predictive urinary biomarkers of AR. Further validation of the current findings is needed to establish their potential clinical role with regards to clinical AR diagnosis. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT00139009.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håvard Loftheim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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14
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Serum and urinary biomarkers in acute kidney transplant rejection. Nephrol Ther 2012; 8:13-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2011.07.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Vallabhaneni KC, Tkachuk S, Kiyan Y, Shushakova N, Haller H, Dumler I, Eden G. Urokinase receptor mediates mobilization, migration, and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 90:113-21. [PMID: 21088115 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have regenerative properties and are recognized as putative players in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. The underlying molecular mechanisms remain, however, sparsely explored. Our study was designed to elucidate a probable role for the multifunctional urokinase (uPA)/urokinase receptor (uPAR) system in MSC regulation. Though uPAR has been implicated in a broad spectrum of pathophysiological processes, nothing is known about uPAR in MSCs. METHODS AND RESULTS uPAR was required to mobilize MSCs from the bone marrow (BM) of mice stimulated with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in vivo. An insignificant amount of MSCs was mobilized in uPAR(-/-) C57BL/6J mice, whereas in wild-type animals G-CSF induced an eight-fold increase of mobilized MSCs. uPAR(-/-) mice revealed up-regulated expression of G-CSF and stromal cell-derived factor 1 (CXCR4) receptors in BM. uPAR down-regulation leads to inhibition of human MSC migration, as shown in different migration assays. uPAR down- or up-regulation resulted in inhibition or stimulation of MSC differentiation into vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) correspondingly, as monitored by changes in cell morphology and expression of specific marker proteins. Injection of fluorescently labelled MSCs in non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice after femoral artery wire injury demonstrated impaired engraftment of uPAR-deficient MSCs at the place of injury. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest a multifaceted function of uPAR in MSC biology contributing to vascular repair. uPAR might guide and control the trafficking of MSCs to the vascular wall in response to injury or ischaemia and their differentiation towards functional VSMCs at the site of arterial injury.
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Targeting NF-κB in infantile hemangioma-derived stem cells reduces VEGF-A expression. Angiogenesis 2010; 13:327-35. [PMID: 20872175 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-010-9189-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND infantile hemangioma (IH) is a most common tumor of infancy. Using infantile hemangioma-derived stem cells (HemSCs), we recently demonstrated that corticosteroids suppress the expression of VEGF-A, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), and interleukin-6 (IL-6); each of these are known targets of the transcription factor nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). In the present study, we examined the expression of these NF-κB target genes in IH tissue specimens and the effect of NF-κB regulation on the expression of pro-angiogenic cytokines, and in particular VEGF-A, in HemSCs. MATERIALS AND METHODS RNA extracted from IH tissue and hemangioma-derived stem cells (HemSCs) was used to analyze NF-κB target gene expression by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The effects of NF-κB blockade were examined in HemSCs. Immunostaining, immunoblotting and ELISA were used to assess protein expression. RESULTS MCP-1, uPAR, and IL-6 were found to be differentially expressed in proliferating versus involuting IH. Corticosteroids suppressed NF-κB activity of HemSCs. Velcade (Bortezomib), a proteosome inhibitor that can indirectly inhibit NF-κB, impaired HemSCs viability and expression of pro-angiogenic factors. Furthermore, specific inhibition of NF-κB resulted in suppression of VEGF-A. CONCLUSIONS we demonstrate expression of NF-κB target genes in proliferating IH. In addition, we show that the expression of several pro-angiogenic factors in HemSCs, and in particular VEGF-A, is regulated by NF-B activity.
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Olson FJ, Thurison T, Ryndel M, Høyer-Hansen G, Fagerberg B. Soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor forms in plasma as markers of atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability. Clin Biochem 2010; 43:124-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2009.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Urokinase-receptor-mediated phenotypic changes in vascular smooth muscle cells require the involvement of membrane rafts. Biochem J 2009; 423:343-51. [PMID: 19691446 DOI: 10.1042/bj20090447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The cholesterol-enriched membrane microdomains lipid rafts play a key role in cell activation by recruiting and excluding specific signalling components of cell-surface receptors upon receptor engagement. Our previous studies have demonstrated that the GPI (glycosylphosphatidylinositol)-linked uPAR [uPA (urokinase-type plasminogen activator) receptor], which can be found in lipid rafts and in non-raft fractions, can mediate the differentiation of VSMCs (vascular smooth muscle cells) towards a pathophysiological de-differentiated phenotype. However, the mechanism by which uPAR and its ligand uPA regulate VSMC phenotypic changes is not known. In the present study, we provide evidence that the molecular machinery of uPAR-mediated VSMC differentiation employs lipid rafts. We show that the disruption of rafts in VSMCs by membrane cholesterol depletion using MCD (methyl-beta-cyclodextrin) or filipin leads to the up-regulation of uPAR and cell de-differentiation. uPAR silencing by means of interfering RNA resulted in an increased expression of contractile proteins. Consequently, disruption of lipid rafts impaired the expression of these proteins and transcriptional activity of related genes. We provide evidence that this effect was mediated by uPAR. Similar effects were observed in VSMCs isolated from Cav1Z(-/-) (caveolin-1-deficient) mice. Despite the level of uPAR being significantly higher after the disruption of the rafts, uPA/uPAR-dependent cell migration was impaired. However, caveolin-1 deficiency impaired only uPAR-dependent cell proliferation, whereas cell migration was strongly up-regulated in these cells. Our results provide evidence that rafts are required in the regulation of uPAR-mediated VSMC phenotypic modulations. These findings suggest further that, in the context of uPA/uPAR-dependent processes, caveolae-associated and non-associated rafts represent different signalling membrane domains.
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Kiyan J, Haller H, Dumler I. The tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 controls urokinase-dependent signaling and functions in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Exp Cell Res 2009; 315:1029-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Revised: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gueler F, Rong S, Mengel M, Park JK, Kiyan J, Kirsch T, Dumler I, Haller H, Shushakova N. Renal Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator (uPA) Receptor but not uPA Deficiency Strongly Attenuates Ischemia Reperfusion Injury and Acute Kidney Allograft Rejection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:1179-89. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.2.1179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zhang G, Eddy AA. Urokinase and its receptors in chronic kidney disease. FRONTIERS IN BIOSCIENCE : A JOURNAL AND VIRTUAL LIBRARY 2008; 13:5462-78. [PMID: 18508599 PMCID: PMC3142275 DOI: 10.2741/3093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the role of the serine protease urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its high affinity receptor uPAR/CD87 in chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression. An emerging theme is their organ- and site-specific effects. In addition to tubules, uPA is produced by macrophages and fibroblasts in CKD. By activating hepatocyte growth factor and degrading fibrinogen uPA may have anti-fibrotic effects. However renal fibrosis was similar between uPA wild-type and knockout mice in experimental CKD. The uPAR is expressed by renal parenchymal cells and inflammatory cells in a variety of kidney diseases. Such expression appears anti-fibrotic based on studies in uPAR-deficient mice. In CKD uPAR expression is associated with higher uPA activity but its most important effect appears to be due to effects on cell recruitment and migration that involve interactions with a variety of co-receptors and chemoattractant effects of soluble uPAR. Vitronectin and high molecular weight kininogen are alternate uPAR ligands, and receptors in addition to uPAR may also bind directly to uPA and activate cell signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Zhang
- University of Washington and Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Division of Nephrology, 4800 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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22
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Mas VR, Mas LA, Archer KJ, Yanek K, King AL, Gibney EM, Cotterell A, Fisher RA, Posner M, Maluf DG. Evaluation of gene panel mRNAs in urine samples of kidney transplant recipients as a non-invasive tool of graft function. Mol Med 2007. [PMID: 17622313 DOI: 10.2119/2007-00017.mas] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive monitoring may be useful after kidney transplantation (KT), particularly for predicting acute rejection (AR). It is less clear whether chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) is also associated with changes in urine cells. To identify non-invasive markers of allograft function in kidney transplant patients (KTP), mRNA levels of AGT, TGF-beta1, EGFR, IFN-gamma, TSP-1, and IL-10 in urine (Ur) samples were studied using QRT-PCR. Ninety-five KTP and 111 Ur samples were evaluated. Patients (Pts) were divided as, within six months (N = 31), and with more than six months post-KT (N = 64). KTP with more than six months post-KT were classified as KTP with stable kidney function (SKF) (N = 32), KTP with SKF (creatinine < 2 mg/dL) and proteinuria > 500 mg/24 h (N = 18), and KTP with biopsy proven CAN (N = 14). F-test was used to test for equality of variances between groups. IL-10 mRNA was decreased in Ur samples from KTP with less than six months post-KT (P = 0.005). For KTR groups with more than six months post-KT, AGT and EGFR mRNA were statistically different among KTP with SKF, KTP with SKF and proteinuria, and CAN Pts (P = 0.003, and P = 0.01), with KTP with SKF having higher mean expression. TSP-1 mRNA levels also were significantly different among these three groups (P = 0.04), with higher expression observed in CAN Pts. Using the random forest algorithm, AGT, EGFR, and TGF-beta1 were identified as predictors of CAN, SKF, SKF with proteinuria. A characteristic pattern of mRNA levels in the different KTP groups was observed indicating that the mRNA levels in Ur cells might reflect allograft function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria R Mas
- Division of Transplant, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
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Abstract
Acute rejection is one of the key factors which determine long-term graft function and survival in renal transplant patients. Timely detection and treatment of rejection is therefore, an important goal in the post-transplant surveillance. The standard care with serum creatinine measurements and biopsy upon allograft dysfunction implies that acute rejection is detected in an advanced stage. Therefore, non-invasive monitoring for acute rejection by markers in blood and urine has been tried over the past decades. This review describes the requirements that should be met by non-invasive markers. The experience with single biomarkers and with newer approaches--mRNA expression analysis, metabolomics, and proteomics--will be discussed, including future directions of necessary research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Gwinner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical School Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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24
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Mas VR, Mas LA, Archer KJ, Yanek K, King AL, Gibney EM, Cotterell A, Fisher RA, Posner M, Maluf DG. Evaluation of gene panel mRNAs in urine samples of kidney transplant recipients as a non-invasive tool of graft function. Mol Med 2007; 13:315-24. [PMID: 17622313 PMCID: PMC1906687 DOI: 10.2119/2007–00017.mas] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive monitoring may be useful after kidney transplantation (KT), particularly for predicting acute rejection (AR). It is less clear whether chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) is also associated with changes in urine cells. To identify non-invasive markers of allograft function in kidney transplant patients (KTP), mRNA levels of AGT, TGF-beta1, EGFR, IFN-gamma, TSP-1, and IL-10 in urine (Ur) samples were studied using QRT-PCR. Ninety-five KTP and 111 Ur samples were evaluated. Patients (Pts) were divided as, within six months (N = 31), and with more than six months post-KT (N = 64). KTP with more than six months post-KT were classified as KTP with stable kidney function (SKF) (N = 32), KTP with SKF (creatinine < 2 mg/dL) and proteinuria > 500 mg/24 h (N = 18), and KTP with biopsy proven CAN (N = 14). F-test was used to test for equality of variances between groups. IL-10 mRNA was decreased in Ur samples from KTP with less than six months post-KT (P = 0.005). For KTR groups with more than six months post-KT, AGT and EGFR mRNA were statistically different among KTP with SKF, KTP with SKF and proteinuria, and CAN Pts (P = 0.003, and P = 0.01), with KTP with SKF having higher mean expression. TSP-1 mRNA levels also were significantly different among these three groups (P = 0.04), with higher expression observed in CAN Pts. Using the random forest algorithm, AGT, EGFR, and TGF-beta1 were identified as predictors of CAN, SKF, SKF with proteinuria. A characteristic pattern of mRNA levels in the different KTP groups was observed indicating that the mRNA levels in Ur cells might reflect allograft function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria R Mas
- Division of Transplant, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
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Bailey TR, Paulsen DB, Sehgal I, Hosgood G. Immunohistochemical staining of urokinase plasminogen activator-like and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor-like proteins in the urinary tract of healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:1628-34. [PMID: 16948613 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.9.1628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine distribution of urokinase plasminogen activator-like protein and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor-like protein in urinary tract tissues of healthy dogs. ANIMALS 11 healthy dogs. PROCEDURES Necropsy specimens from kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra, prostate, and testis were obtained from 4 sexually intact female dogs, 5 sexually intact males, and 2 castrated males; dogs ranged in age from juvenile to adult. Urokinase plasminogen activator-like protein and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor-like protein in tissue lysates from kidney, prostate, and testis were identified by use of SDS-PAGE, western blot analysis, and immunoprecipitation. Urokinase plasminogen activator-like protein and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor-like protein in kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra, prostate, and testis were identified by use of immunohistochemical staining of tissue sections. RESULTS Urokinase plasminogen activator-like protein and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor-like protein in the molecular-weight range published for urokinase and urokinase receptor (53 and 33 kd for urokinase and 60 to 65 kd for urokinase receptor) were identified. Distribution of the proteins identified by use of immunohistochemical staining was comparable with published information for humans and mice for the urinary tract. Staining of these proteins was detected in more tissue types than reported in healthy humans. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Urokinase plasminogen activator-like protein and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor-like protein were detected in the urinary tract of healthy dogs. This information is important for further evaluation of the functions of urokinase and urokinase receptor in the canine urinary tract and the pathophysiologic features of urinary tract disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trina R Bailey
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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26
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Eddy AA, Fogo AB. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in chronic kidney disease: evidence and mechanisms of action. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17:2999-3012. [PMID: 17035608 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2006050503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Allison A Eddy
- Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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Renckens R, Roelofs JJTH, Florquin S, de Vos AF, Pater JM, Lijnen HR, Carmeliet P, van 't Veer C, van der Poll T. Endogenous tissue-type plasminogen activator is protective during Escherichia coli-induced abdominal sepsis in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:1189-96. [PMID: 16818777 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.2.1189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is associated with enhanced production of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA). We investigated the function of endogenous tPA in the immune responses to Escherichia coli-induced abdominal sepsis using tPA gene-deficient (tPA(-/-)) and normal wild-type (WT) mice. tPA(-/-) mice demonstrated an impaired defense against E. coli peritonitis as indicated by higher bacterial loads at the primary site of the infection, enhanced dissemination, and reduced survival. The protective function of tPA was independent of plasmin since plasminogen gene-deficient (Plg(-/-)) mice were indistinguishable from WT mice. Relative to WT mice, tPA(-/-) mice demonstrated similar neutrophil counts in the peritoneal cavity despite much higher bacterial loads and higher local concentrations of neutrophil attracting chemokines, suggesting a reduced migratory response. In line, tPA(-/-) mice demonstrated a reduced thioglycolate-induced neutrophil influx into the peritoneal cavity and i.p. injection of WT mice with a replication-defective adenoviral vector expressing tPA caused an enhanced cell migration to the peritoneal cavity during E. coli peritonitis. These findings identify a novel protective function of tPA in abdominal sepsis caused by E. coli that seems independent of its role in the generation of plasmin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemarijn Renckens
- Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Oetting WS, Rogers TB, Krick TP, Matas AJ, Ibrahim HN. Urinary β2-Microglobulin Is Associated With Acute Renal Allograft Rejection. Am J Kidney Dis 2006; 47:898-904. [PMID: 16632030 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2005] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying urinary biomarkers associated with acute rejection (AR) of kidney allografts could improve recipient care by allowing AR to be diagnosed noninvasively and treated earlier. We attempted to identify novel biomarkers associated with AR by analyzing urinary proteins by using matrix-associated laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS). METHODS Using MALDI-TOF MS, we analyzed urine samples from 30 renal allograft recipients with biopsy-proven AR, 15 allograft recipients without AR, preoperative samples from 29 kidney donors, and 10 subjects with proteinuric native kidney disease. RESULTS In samples obtained at the time of AR, we identified a protein peak at 11.7 kd that correlated strongly with AR. In regard to its predictive power for AR, this protein peak showed sensitivity of 83.3%, specificity of 80%, positive predictive value of 89%, and negative predictive value of 70.6%, suggesting that this protein is highly associated with AR. We identified this peak as being beta2-microglobulin. This was validated by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, which documented the presence of high urinary beta2-microglobulin levels in subjects with AR. CONCLUSION Beta2-microglobulin could be a strong biomarker for AR if used in conjunction with other biomarkers, producing an AR-specific urinary protein signature. This possibility must be confirmed in a larger cohort of kidney transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Oetting
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Renckens R, Roelofs JJTH, Florquin S, de Vos AF, Lijnen HR, van't Veer C, van der Poll T. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 deficiency impairs host defense against abdominal sepsis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:3735-41. [PMID: 16517742 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.6.3735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 is involved in extracellular matrix degradation and leukocyte migration. To determine the role of MMP-9 in the innate immune response to peritonitis, MMP-9 gene-deficient (MMP-9(-/-)) and normal wild-type mice were i.p. infected with Escherichia coli. MMP-9 mRNA and pro-MMP-9 protein levels increased rapidly upon induction of peritonitis. Although MMP-9(-/-) neutrophils showed a normal phagocytosis of E. coli in vitro, MMP-9(-/-) mice displayed a reduced resistance against E. coli peritonitis, as indicated by an enhanced bacterial outgrowth in the peritoneal cavity and increased dissemination of the infection. Furthermore, the cytokine response to LPS was not influenced by MMP-9 deficiency. However, during E. coli peritonitis, MMP-9(-/-) mice showed much higher peritoneal chemokine and cytokine levels compared with wild-type mice. Despite the increased local chemokine concentrations, MMP-9(-/-) mice displayed a diminished recruitment of leukocytes to the site of infection, indicating that cellular migration was impaired. Moreover, MMP-9(-/-) mice developed more severe distant organ damage during infection. These data suggest that MMP-9 is an essential component of an effective host response to E. coli peritonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemarijn Renckens
- Laboratory of Experimental Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center Rm. G2-132, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Liang L, Chen J, Vittal R, Selvanayagam ZE, McAteer JA, Deng L, Tischfield J, Chin KV, Sahota A. Expression Profiling of Crystal-Induced Injury in Human Kidney Epithelial Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 103:p53-62. [PMID: 16374038 DOI: 10.1159/000090503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2004] [Accepted: 09/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deposition of crystals within tubular lumens is a feature of many kidney stone diseases, including crystals of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) in primary hyperoxaluria and of 2,8-dihydroxyadenine (DHA) in adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency. Crystals are injurious to renal epithelial cells, but the molecular bases of cell injury have not been well characterized. METHODS We used a cDNA microarray to identify the time-dependent changes in gene expression associated with the interaction of COM or DHA crystals with primary cultures of normal human kidney cortical epithelial cells. RESULTS We observed gene expression changes that were common to both crystal types, as well as a number of crystal-specific responses. A subset of genes known to be aberrantly expressed in kidney tissue from stone formers also showed an altered expression in COM- or DHA-treated normal human kidney cortical epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that cultured epithelial cells exposed to COM or DHA crystals demonstrate cellular responses that may be physiologically relevant, thus suggesting that this experimental system may be useful for elucidating the mechanisms of crystal-induced renal cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liang
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Roelofs JJTH, Rouschop KMA, Leemans JC, Claessen N, de Boer AM, Frederiks WM, Lijnen HR, Weening JJ, Florquin S. Tissue-type plasminogen activator modulates inflammatory responses and renal function in ischemia reperfusion injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 17:131-40. [PMID: 16291841 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2005010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute renal failure is often the result of ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Neutrophil influx is an important damaging event in I/R. Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) not only is a major fibrinolytic agent but also is involved in inflammatory processes. A distinct upregulation of tPA after I/R, with de novo tPA production by proximal renal tubules, was found. For investigating the role of tPA in I/R, renal ischemia was induced in tPA-/- and wild-type (WT) mice by clamping both renal arteries for 35 min followed by reperfusion. Mice were killed 1, 5, and 10 d after reperfusion. After 1 d, tPA-/- mice displayed significantly less neutrophil influx into the interstitial area compared with WT mice. In addition, tPA-/- mice showed quicker recovery of renal function than WT mice. The protocol was repeated after injection of tPA-antisense oligonucleotides into WT mice, leading to even more explicit results: Antisense-treated mice showed less histologic damage, better renal function, and less neutrophil influx than control mice. Surprising, complement C3 concentration, levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression, and matrix metalloproteinase activity were similar in WT and tPA-/- mice. Plasmin activity levels in WT and tPA-/- kidneys were also comparable, indicating that tPA influences neutrophil influx into ischemic renal tissue independent from plasmin generation. This study shows that targeting tPA could be of therapeutic importance in treating I/R injury by diminishing neutrophil influx and preserving renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris J T H Roelofs
- Department of Pathology, Room H2-131, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Wittke S, Haubitz M, Walden M, Rohde F, Schwarz A, Mengel M, Mischak H, Haller H, Gwinner W. Detection of acute tubulointerstitial rejection by proteomic analysis of urinary samples in renal transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2005; 5:2479-88. [PMID: 16162198 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.01053.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates proteomic analysis of urinary samples as a non-invasive method to detect acute rejection of renal allografts. Capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry (CE-MS) was used to analyze urinary samples in 19 patients with different grades of subclinical or clinical acute rejection (BANFF Ia to IIb), 10 patients with urinary tract infection and 29 patients without evidence of rejection or infection. A distinct urinary polypeptide pattern identified 16 out of 17 cases of acute tubolointerstitial rejection, but was absent in two cases of vascular rejection. Urinary tract infection resulted in a different polypeptide pattern that allowed to differentiate between infection and acute rejection in all cases. Potentially confounding variables such as acute tubular lesions, tubular atrophy, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, calcineurin inhibitor toxicity, proteinuria, hematuria, allograft function and different immunosuppressive regimens did not interfere with test results. Blinded analysis of samples with and without rejection showed correct diagnosis by CE-MS in the majority of cases. Detection of acute rejection by CE-MS offers a promising non-invasive tool for the surveillance of renal allograft recipients. Further investigation is needed to establish polypeptide patterns in vascular rejection and to explore whether changes in the urinary proteome occur before the onset of histologically discernible rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wittke
- Mosaiques-diagnostics and therapeutics AG, Hannover, Germany
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Sung B, Jung KJ, Song HS, Son MJ, Yu BP, Chung HY. cDNA representational difference analysis used in the identification of genes related to the aging process in rat kidney. Mech Ageing Dev 2005; 126:882-91. [PMID: 15893360 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2005.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a complex physiological process by which the functions of many organ systems deteriorate. Growing evidence shows that age-related changes and damage are causally related to oxidative stress and inflammatory responses from reactive species. The aim of this study was to identify differentially expressed genes in old and young kidneys of Fisher 344 male rats during the aging process using complementary DNA representational difference analysis (cDNA RDA). cDNA RDA is a subtractive technique for identifying a focused set of differentially expressed genes. The distinctive advantage of this technique is its capability of detecting differences in gene expressions at less than one copy per cell and identifying genes not previously described in the database. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction with specific primers was applied to confirm the differences found by RDA. Twenty-one putative differentially expressed genes were identified. Sixteen genes were up-regulated during aging and were associated with stress-response and inflammatory reactions, while five genes were down-regulated. These data suggested that the inflammatory process is a plausible cause of the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokyung Sung
- College of Pharmacy, Aging Tissue Bank, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-ku, Busan 609-735, South Korea
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Yue SQ, Yang YL, Zhou JS, Li KZ, Dou KF. Relationship between urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor and vascular endothelial growth factor expression and metastasis of gallbladder cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10:2750-2. [PMID: 15309734 PMCID: PMC4572208 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i18.2750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the relationship of urokinase type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression with clinical and pathological characteristics of human gallbladder cancer.
METHODS: uPAR and VEGF expressions in 68 gallbladder cancer tissues were detected with anti-receptor immunohistochemical stain.
RESULTS: Expression rate of uPAR was 57.4% (39/68), and VEGF 51.5% (35/68) in gallbladder cancer tissues. Expression of both uPAR and VEGF was significantly related to metastasis, but not significantly correlated with differentiation stage and size of gallbladder cancer.
CONCLUSION: Expression of uPAR and VEGF may be an invasive phenotype of gallbladder cancer and indicator for predicting prognoses, and uPAR expression is significantly correlated with the expression of VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Qiang Yue
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
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