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Jagiełło A, Lim M, Botvinick E. Dermal fibroblasts and triple-negative mammary epithelial cancer cells differentially stiffen their local matrix. APL Bioeng 2020; 4:046105. [PMID: 33305163 PMCID: PMC7719046 DOI: 10.1063/5.0021030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The bulk measurement of extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness is commonly used in mechanobiology. However, past studies by our group show that peri-cellular stiffness is quite heterogeneous and divergent from the bulk. We use optical tweezers active microrheology (AMR) to quantify how two phenotypically distinct migratory cell lines establish dissimilar patterns of peri-cellular stiffness. Dermal fibroblasts (DFs) and triple-negative human breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 (MDAs) were embedded within type 1 collagen (T1C) hydrogels polymerized at two concentrations: 1.0 mg/ml and 1.5 mg/ml. We found DFs increase the local stiffness of 1.0 mg/ml T1C hydrogels but, surprisingly, do not alter the stiffness of 1.5 mg/ml T1C hydrogels. In contrast, MDAs predominantly do not stiffen T1C hydrogels as compared to cell-free controls. The results suggest that MDAs adapt to the bulk ECM stiffness, while DFs regulate local stiffness to levels they intrinsically prefer. In other experiments, cells were treated with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), glucose, or ROCK inhibitor Y27632, which have known effects on DFs and MDAs related to migration, proliferation, and contractility. The results show that TGF-β1 alters stiffness anisotropy, while glucose increases stiffness magnitude around DFs but not MDAs and Y27632 treatment inhibits cell-mediated stiffening. Both cell lines exhibit an elongated morphology and local stiffness anisotropy, where the stiffer axis depends on the cell line, T1C concentration, and treatment. In summary, our findings demonstrate that AMR reveals otherwise masked mechanical properties such as spatial gradients and anisotropy, which are known to affect cell behavior at the macro-scale. The same properties manifest with similar magnitude around single cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Jagiełło
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Micah Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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Cytokine and Growth Factor mRNA Expression Patterns Associated with the Hypercontracted, Hyperpigmented Healing Phenotype of Red Duroc Pigs: A Model of Abnormal Human Scar Development? J Cutan Med Surg 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/120347540500900403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background: Skin wounds in red Duroc pigs heal with the formation of hypercontractile, hyperpigmented scars, similar in some respects to human hypertrophic scars. ObjectiveThe goal of this study was to characterize the mRNA expression patterns for a subset of relevant cytokines, growth factors, receptors, and transcription factors involved in the red Duroc scarring phenotype. Methods: Full-thickness and deep dermal wounds were created on the backs of juvenile female red Duroc pigs. Samples were taken every two weeks postwounding and total RNA and DNA were extracted and quantified. RT-PCR was performed using porcine gene-specific primers for 15 relevant molecules. Results: The majority of molecules examined exhibited a biphasic pattern of expression, with peaks of expression at days 14 and 56 postinjury. Conclusions: The molecular expression pattern observed correlates well with the gross healing phenotype and matrix molecule expression patterns previously reported in red Duroc pigs. These findings enhance our understanding of the processes associated with fibroproliferative scar-formation.
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Wang X, Ghasri P, Amir M, Hwang B, Hou Y, Khilili M, Lin A, Keene D, Uitto J, Woodley DT, Chen M. Topical application of recombinant type VII collagen incorporates into the dermal-epidermal junction and promotes wound closure. Mol Ther 2013; 21:1335-44. [PMID: 23670575 PMCID: PMC3704128 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) have incurable skin fragility, blistering, and skin wounds due to mutations in the gene that codes for type VII collagen (C7) that mediates dermal-epidermal adherence in human skin. In this study, we evaluated if topically applied human recombinant C7 (rC7) could restore C7 at the dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ) and enhance wound healing. We found that rC7 applied topically onto murine skin wounds stably incorporated into the newly formed DEJ of healed wounds and accelerated wound closure by increasing re-epithelialization. Topical rC7 decreased the expression of fibrogenic transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) and increased the expression of anti-fibrogenic TGF-β3. These were accompanied by the reduced expression of connective tissue growth factor, fewer α smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)-positive myofibroblasts, and less deposition of collagen in the healed neodermis, consistent with less scar formation. In addition, using a mouse model in which skin from C7 knock out mice was grafted onto immunodeficient mice, we showed that applying rC7 onto RDEB grafts with wounds restored C7 and anchoring fibrils (AFs) at the DEJ of the grafts and corrected the dermal-epidermal separation. The topical application of rC7 may be useful for treating patients with RDEB and patients who have chronic skin wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Wang
- Department of Dermatology, University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, California,
USA
| | - Pedram Ghasri
- Department of Dermatology, University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, California,
USA
| | - Mahsa Amir
- Department of Dermatology, University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, California,
USA
| | - Brian Hwang
- Department of Dermatology, University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, California,
USA
| | - Yingpin Hou
- Department of Dermatology, University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, California,
USA
| | - Michael Khilili
- Department of Dermatology, University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, California,
USA
| | - Andrew Lin
- Department of Dermatology, University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, California,
USA
| | - Douglas Keene
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics,
Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, Oregon,
USA
| | - Jouni Uitto
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous
Biology, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David T Woodley
- Department of Dermatology, University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, California,
USA
| | - Mei Chen
- Department of Dermatology, University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, California,
USA
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Gandham VD, Maddala RL, Rao V, Jin JY, Epstein DL, Hall RP, Zhang JY. Effects of Y27632 on keratinocyte procurement and wound healing. Clin Exp Dermatol 2013; 38:782-6. [PMID: 23675999 DOI: 10.1111/ced.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A number of Rho-kinase inhibitors have been developed for various clinical applications. We examined the effects of the Rho-kinase inhibitor Y27632 on keratinocyte proliferation and migration, and found that it promoted primary human keratinocyte proliferation and migration in both monolayer and skin explant cultures. In addition, topical application of Y27632 enhanced cutaneous wound closure in the majority of wounds in mice. The growth and migration effects of Y27632 appeared to be specific to keratinocytes compared with dermal fibroblasts, and required intact Jun kinase function. Y27632 seems to be a promising agent for keratinocyte procurement and wounding healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- V D Gandham
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Yan C, Zhou L, Han YP. Contribution of hepatic stellate cells and matrix metalloproteinase 9 in acute liver failure. Liver Int 2008; 28:959-71. [PMID: 18507761 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2008.01775.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Fulminant hepatitis or acute liver failure (ALF), initiated by viral infection or hepatic toxin, is a devastating medical complication without effective therapeutic treatment. In this study, we addressed the potential roles of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and their produced matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in development of ALF. METHODS Mice were given lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and beta-galactosamine (GA) or carbon tetrachloride to create ALF and establish the association of IL-1, MMP-9, and caspase-3 in acute liver failure. RESULTS In response to the hepatic toxin, IL-1 and MMP-9 were promptly induced within 1 hour, followed by caspase-3 activation at 2 hours, and dehiscence of sinusoids at 4 hours, and consequent lethality. In contrast, MMP-9 knockout mice were resistant to lethality and absent of caspase-3 activation, demonstrating an MMP-9-dependent activation of caspase in vivo. Further, IL-1-receptor knockout mice were resistant to lethality in MMP-9 dependent manner, indicating a causative relationship. Although many hepatic cells are capable to produce MMP-9 in vitro, HSCs were demonstrated here as the major hepatic cells to express MMP-9 in liver injury. To recapitulate the sinusoidal microenvironment we cultured primary HSCs in 3-dimensional ECM. In response to IL-1, massive MMP-9 was produced by the 3D culture concomitantly with degradation of type-IV collagen. CONCLUSIONS Based on these evidences, we propose a novel model to highlight the initiation of acute liver failure: IL-1-induced MMPs by HSCs within the space of Disse and thereafter ECM degradation may provoke the collapse of sinusoids, leading parenchymal cell death and loss of liver functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Yan
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Abstract
Contraction is a normal part of skin wound healing and wound closure; however, excessive contraction and severe scarring concern patients and physicians alike. The present study has investigated the degree and kinetics of wound contraction in a porcine model of wound healing, to elucidate the genetic and molecular basis for abnormal skin wound healing and scarring. Healing of excisional skin wounds in juvenile female Yorkshire pigs closely resembled normal healing in humans. In contrast, identical wounds in female red Duroc pigs contracted significantly more, forming hypercontracted, hyperpigmented scars. Yorkshire x red Duroc F1 animals healed without hyperpigmentation, but with significantly greater wound contraction than observed in either parent breed. To examine the genetic transmission of the hypercontractile phenotype, all F1 animals were bred to a single Yorkshire boar, generating 20 backcross animals. All backcross animals healed with significantly less contraction than the normal Yorkshire animals. These findings suggest that the genetic contribution to scar phenotype in this animal model is complex, with a limited number of major genes controlling wound contraction, and an unknown number of minor genes that appear to modulate the impact of the major genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrie L Gallant-Behm
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Grayson RE, Yamakoshi Y, Wood EJ, Agren MS. The effect of the amelogenin fraction of enamel matrix proteins on fibroblast-mediated collagen matrix reorganization. Biomaterials 2006; 27:2926-33. [PMID: 16443269 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2005] [Accepted: 12/07/2005] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Enamel matrix proteins (EMP), extracted from developing porcine teeth, promote not only periodontal regeneration but also cutaneous wound healing presumably via the amelogenin fraction. Because it is unclear whether the effect of EMP can be ascribed to amelogenins, we compared EMP with recombinant amelogenin in the relaxed dermal equivalent (DE) in vitro model for early wound contraction. EMP and recombinant porcine amelogenin (rP172) at 1 mg/ml were incorporated into DEs composed of human dermal fibroblasts and a type I collagen matrix. The area reduction, as a measure of contraction, as well as fibroblast numbers and TGF-beta1 levels, were quantified over 7 days in culture in the presence of 10% foetal bovine serum. Both EMP and recombinant amelogenin increased contraction (p < 0.005) and fibroblast numbers (p < 0.005) compared with controls (acetic acid vehicle and 1mg/ml porcine serum albumin) and the positive control TGF-beta1 added at 10 ng/ml. Increased contraction with EMP and recombinant amelogenin was most pronounced after the first day of incubation and was associated with elevated (p < 0.005) TGF-beta1 levels in conditioned medium. In conclusion, the amelogenin component of EMP augmented fibroblast-driven collagen matrix remodelling, at least partially, by increasing the endogenous production of TGF-beta1. These effects of EMP/amelogenin may be beneficial for cutaneous wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Grayson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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Rhee S, Grinnell F. P21-activated kinase 1: convergence point in PDGF- and LPA-stimulated collagen matrix contraction by human fibroblasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 172:423-32. [PMID: 16449192 PMCID: PMC2063651 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200505175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast three-dimensional collagen matrix culture provides a tissue-like model that can be used to analyze cell form and function. The physiological agonists platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) both stimulate human fibroblasts to contract floating collagen matrices. In this study, we show that the PDGF and LPA signaling pathways required for matrix contraction converge on p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) and its downstream effector cofilin1 and that contraction depends on cellular ruffling activity, rather than on the protrusion and retraction of cellular dendritic extensions. We also show that, depending on the agonist, different Rho effectors cooperate with PAK1 to regulate matrix contraction, Rho kinase in the case of PDGF and mDia1 in the case of LPA. These findings establish a unified framework for understanding the cell signaling pathways involved in fibroblast contraction of floating collagen matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangmyung Rhee
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Ji Q, Aoyama C, Chen PK, Stolz A, Liu P. Localization and altered expression of AKR1C family members in human ovarian tissues. Mol Cell Probes 2006; 19:261-6. [PMID: 15979276 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2005.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2004] [Revised: 12/21/2004] [Accepted: 03/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Relative expression of AKR1C family members and 5alphaR1 were determined using gene specific quantitative real-time PCR method. Both ARK1C1 and AKR1C2 were found significantly reduced in ovarian tumor tissues compared to ovarian normal tissues. In contrast, AKR1C3 and 5alphaR1 were kept the same transcriptional levels between ovarian tumor tissues and ovarian normal tissues. Immunohistochemical staining indicates that AKR1C1 shares the same localization with AKR1C3. Loss of ARK1C1 and AKR1C2 in ovarian cancerous tissues may enhance progesterone signaling in ovary itself by decreasing the ability of progesterone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ji
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Gallant-Behm CL, Olson ME, Hart DA. Cytokine and Growth Factor mRNA Expression Patterns Associated with the Hypercontracted, Hyperpigmented Healing Phenotype of Red Duroc Pigs: A Model of Abnormal Human Scar Development? J Cutan Med Surg 2006; 9:165-77. [PMID: 16502202 DOI: 10.1007/s10227-005-0105-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin wounds in red Duroc pigs heal with the formation of hypercontractile, hyperpigmented scars, similar in some respects to human hypertrophic scars. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to characterize the mRNA expression patterns for a subset of relevant cytokines, growth factors, receptors, and transcription factors involved in the red Duroc scarring phenotype. METHODS Full-thickness and deep dermal wounds were created on the backs of juvenile female red Duroc pigs. Samples were taken every two weeks postwounding and total RNA and DNA were extracted and quantified. RT-PCR was performed using porcine gene-specific primers for 15 relevant molecules. RESULTS The majority of molecules examined exhibited a biphasic pattern of expression, with peaks of expression at days 14 and 56 postinjury. CONCLUSIONS The molecular expression pattern observed correlates well with the gross healing phenotype and matrix molecule expression patterns previously reported in red Duroc pigs. These findings enhance our understanding of the processes associated with fibroproliferative scar-formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrie L Gallant-Behm
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Gallant-Behm CL, Tsao H, Reno C, Olson ME, Hart DA. Skin wound healing in the first generation (F1) offspring of Yorkshire and red Duroc pigs: evidence for genetic inheritance of wound phenotype. Burns 2006; 32:180-93. [PMID: 16448761 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2005.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2005] [Accepted: 10/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fibroproliferative scars in humans often demonstrate familial inheritance patterns, and genetics may contribute to healing and scarring. Genetic factors may also influence the scarring phenotype in a porcine model. Healing of full thickness excisional skin wounds in Yorkshire pigs closely resembles normal healing in humans, while identical wounds in red Duroc pigs form hypercontracted, hyperpigmented scars. The present study has evaluated the healing process in the first generation cross (F1) of red Duroc and Yorkshire pigs. Gross and histologic analysis revealed that the F1 animals exhibit an intermediate healing phenotype, with some features of each parent breed. F1 full thickness wounds were significantly hypercontracted and fibrotic, but apigmented. Analysis of mRNA expression patterns for a panel of relevant molecules (N=32) in the F1 animals revealed some similarities to each parent breed, as well as unique patterns for other molecules. Furthermore, a depth dependency to the healing response was observed at the gross, histologic, and molecular levels, with deep dermal wounds healing similar to Yorkshire wounds. These findings suggest that the genetic contribution to scar phenotype in this animal model is complex. However, the results indicate that further understanding in this model may provide insights into risk factors for hypertrophic scarring in human burn patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Gallant-Behm
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta., Canada
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Gallant-Behm CL, Hart DA. Genetic analysis of skin wound healing and scarring in a porcine model. Wound Repair Regen 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2005.00087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ji Q, Aoyama C, Nien YD, Liu PI, Chen PK, Chang L, Stanczyk FZ, Stolz A. Selective loss of AKR1C1 and AKR1C2 in breast cancer and their potential effect on progesterone signaling. Cancer Res 2004; 64:7610-7. [PMID: 15492289 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-1608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone plays an essential role in breast development and cancer formation. The local metabolism of progesterone may limit its interactions with the progesterone receptor (PR) and thereby act as a prereceptor regulator. Selective loss of AKR1C1, which encodes a 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase [20alpha-HSD (EC 1.1.1.149)], and AKR1C2, which encodes a 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase [3alpha-HSD (EC 1.1.1.52)], was found in 24 paired breast cancer samples as compared with paired normal tissues from the same individuals. In contrast, AKR1C3, which shares 84% sequence identity, and 5alpha-reductase type I (SRD5A1) were minimally affected. Breast cancer cell lines T-47D and MCF-7 also expressed reduced AKR1C1, whereas the breast epithelial cell line MCF-10A expressed AKR1C1 at levels comparable with those of normal breast tissues. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed loss of AKR1C1 expression in breast tumors. AKR1C3 and AKR1C1 were localized on the same myoepithelial and luminal epithelial cell layers. Suppression of ARK1C1 and AKR1C2 by selective small interfering RNAs inhibited production of 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone and was associated with increased progesterone in MCF-10A cells. Suppression of AKR1C1 alone or with AKR1C2 in T-47D cells led to decreased growth in the presence of progesterone. Overexpression of AKR1C1 and, to a lesser extent, AKR1C2 (but not AKR1C3) decreased progesterone-dependent PR activation of a mouse mammary tumor virus promoter in both prostate (PC-3) and breast (T-47D) cancer cell lines. We speculate that loss of AKR1C1 and AKR1C2 in breast cancer results in decreased progesterone catabolism, which, in combination with increased PR expression, may augment progesterone signaling by its nuclear receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ji
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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