Accuracy of frozen section diagnosis in ovarian tumors: Is there a change in the course of time?

Accuracy of frozen section diagnosis and factors associated with final pathological diagnosis upgrade of mucinous ovarian tumors

Objective

To determine the accuracy of frozen section diagnosis and factors associated with final pathological diagnosis upgrade in patients with mucinous ovarian tumors.

Methods

This study included 1,032 patients with mucinous ovarian tumors who underwent frozen section diagnosis during surgery. Sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of frozen section diagnosis was calculated. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed to determine factors associated with diagnosis upgrade in the final pathology report.

Results

The sensitivity and specificity of frozen section diagnosis were 99.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]=98%–99.6%) and 82.2% (95% CI=77.9%–85.7%), respectively, for benign mucinous tumors; 74.6% (95% CI=69.1%–79.4%) and 96.7% (95% CI=95.2%–97.8%), respectively, for mucinous borderline ovarian tumors; and 72.5% (95% CI=62.9%–80.3%) and 98.8% (95% CI=97.9%–99.3%), respectively, for invasive mucinous carcinomas. The multivariate analysis revealed that mixed tumor histology (odds ratio [OR]=2.8; 95% CI=1.3–6.3; p=0.012), tumor size >12 cm (OR=2.5; 95% CI=1.5–4.3; p=0.001), multilocular tumor (OR=2.9; 95% CI=1.4–6.0; p=0.006), and presence of a solid component in the tumor (OR=3.1; 95% CI=1.8–5.1; p<0.001) were independent risk factors for final pathological diagnosis upgrade.

Conclusions

Mixed tumor histology, tumor size >12 cm, multilocular tumor, and presence of a solid component in the tumor were independent risk factors for final pathological diagnosis upgrade based on frozen section diagnosis.

Ovarian masses in the child and adolescent: An American Pediatric Surgical Association Outcomes and Evidence-Based Practice Committee systematic review

BACKGROUND

The treatment of ovarian masses in pediatric patients should balance appropriate surgical management with the preservation of future reproductive capability. Preoperative estimation of malignant potential is essential to planning an optimal surgical strategy.

METHODS

The American Pediatric Surgical Association Outcomes and Evidence-Based Practice Committee drafted three consensus-based questions regarding the evaluation and treatment of ovarian masses in pediatric patients. A search of PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science was performed and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed to identify articles for review.

RESULTS

Preoperative tumor markers, ultrasound malignancy indices, and the presence or absence of the ovarian crescent sign on imaging can help estimate malignant potential prior to surgical resection. Frozen section also plays a role in operative strategy. Surgical staging is useful for directing chemotherapy and for prognostication. Both unilateral oophorectomy and cystectomy have been used successfully for germ cell and borderline ovarian tumors, although cystectomy may be associated with higher rates of local recurrence.

CONCLUSIONS

Malignant potential of ovarian masses can be estimated preoperatively, and fertility-sparing techniques may be appropriate depending on the type of tumor. This review provides recommendations based on a critical evaluation of recent literature.

TYPE OF STUDY

Systematic review of level 1-4 studies.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level 1-4 (mainly 3-4).

Factors associated with misdiagnosis of frozen section of mucinous borderline ovarian tumor

Objective

This study was performed to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of frozen section (FS) of mucinous borderline ovarian tumors (mBOTs) and the diagnostic value of various risk factors for misdiagnosis.

Methods

Patients with either an FS or permanent pathologic diagnosis of mBOT were included. Optimum cut-off values for serum tumor markers and maximal tumor diameter were determined, and risk factors for underdiagnosis of mucinous malignant ovarian tumors (mMOTs) were evaluated. The sensitivity, specificity, Youden’s index, and diagnostic odds ratio of the risk factors were assessed to determine their diagnostic value for mMOTs.

Results

Of 121 included patients, 97 were diagnosed with mBOTs by FS. Relatively abnormal cancer antigen 125 (CA125), carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels; bilateral tumors; and specific pathological features showed significant associations with underdiagnosis of mMOTs in the univariate analysis. The presence of specific pathological features was the only significant risk factor in the multivariate analysis. The CA125, CA19-9, and CEA levels and specific pathological features demonstrated certain diagnostic value in detecting malignant cases among FS-diagnosed mBOTs.

Conclusions

In patients with FS-diagnosed mBOT, significant predictors of malignancy were relatively higher CA125, CA19-9, and CEA levels; bilateral tumors; and tumors with specific pathological features.

Diagnostic accuracy of frozen section analysis of borderline ovarian tumors: a meta-analysis with emphasis on misdiagnosis factors

Objective: First, to evaluate the sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) of intra-operative frozen section (FS) diagnosis in borderline ovarian tumors (BOTs), and to explore the factors affecting the diagnostic accuracy. Second, to assess the clinical outcomes of misdiagnosed BOT patients.

Methods: We performed a retrospective study of all patients diagnosed as BOT through FS or paraffin section (PS) at Qilu Hospital between January 2005 and December 2015. Clinical and pathologic data were extracted. Univariate analysis was performed using standard two-sided statistical tests. We also performed a meta-analysis to further validate the findings.

Results: In our retrospective study, 155 patients were included. Agreement between FS and PS diagnosis was observed in 127/155 (81.9%) patients, yielding a sensitivity of 92.7% and a PPV of 87.6%. Under-diagnosis and over-diagnosis occurred in 22 cases (14.2%) and 6 cases (3.9%), respectively. In our univariate analysis of our retrospective study, tumor size (p=0.048) and surgery approach (p=0.024) were significantly associated with misdiagnosis.

The pooled analysis of 13 studies including 1,577 patients indicated that the accuracy (69.2%), sensitivity (82.5%), and PPV (81.1%) were low; also under-diagnosis (20.2%) and over-diagnosis (10.5%) were frequent. The meta-analysis results showed that mucinous histology (p < 0.0001, OR=2.03 [1.47-2.81]) and unilateral tumors (p=0.001, OR=2.39 [1.41-4.06]) were associated with the misdiagnosis of BOT. In our retrospective study, there was no statistical significance of clinical outcome such as extent of surgery (p=0.838), recurrence (p=0.586), fertility (p=0.560), death (p=0.362) between misdiagnosed and accurately diagnosed BOT patients.

Conclusions: FS analysis of BOTs has low accuracy, sensitivity, and PPV. Under-diagnosis and over-diagnosis are frequent. Meta-analysis results verify that mucinous histology and unilateral tumors are associated with misdiagnosis of FS. Nevertheless, misdiagnosed patients have a good clinical outcome despite the high frequency of misdiagnosis through FS.

Intraoperative frozen section analysis for the diagnosis of early stage ovarian cancer in suspicious pelvic masses

BACKGROUND

Women with suspected early-stage ovarian cancer need surgical staging which involves taking samples from areas within the abdominal cavity and retroperitoneal lymph nodes in order to inform further treatment. One potential strategy is to surgically stage all women with suspicious ovarian masses, without any histological information during surgery. This avoids incomplete staging, but puts more women at risk of potential surgical over-treatment.A second strategy is to perform a two-stage procedure to remove the pelvic mass and subject it to paraffin sectioning, which involves formal tissue fixing with formalin and paraffin embedding, prior to ultrathin sectioning and multiple site sampling of the tumour. Surgeons may then base further surgical staging on this histology, reducing the rate of over-treatment, but conferring additional surgical and anaesthetic morbidity.A third strategy is to perform a rapid histological analysis on the ovarian mass during surgery, known as 'frozen section'. Tissues are snap frozen to allow fine tissue sections to be cut and basic histochemical staining to be performed. Surgeons can perform or avoid the full surgical staging procedure depending on the results. However, this is a relatively crude test compared to paraffin sections, which take many hours to perform. With frozen section there is therefore a risk of misdiagnosing malignancy and understaging women subsequently found to have a presumed early-stage malignancy (false negative), or overstaging women without a malignancy (false positive). Therefore it is important to evaluate the accuracy and usefulness of adding frozen section to the clinical decision-making process.

OBJECTIVES

To assess the diagnostic test accuracy of frozen section (index test) to diagnose histopathological ovarian cancer in women with suspicious pelvic masses as verified by paraffin section (reference standard).

SEARCH METHODS

We searched MEDLINE (January 1946 to January 2015), EMBASE (January 1980 to January 2015) and relevant Cochrane registers.

SELECTION CRITERIA

Studies that used frozen section for intraoperative diagnosis of ovarian masses suspicious of malignancy, provided there was sufficient data to construct 2 x 2 tables. We excluded articles without an available English translation.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Authors independently assessed the methodological quality of included studies using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies tool (QUADAS-2) domains: patient selection, index test, reference standard, flow and timing. Data extraction converted 3 x 3 tables of per patient results presented in articles into 2 x 2 tables, for two index test thresholds.

MAIN RESULTS

All studies were retrospective, and the majority reported consecutive sampling of cases. Sensitivity and specificity results were available from 38 studies involving 11,181 participants (3200 with invasive cancer, 1055 with borderline tumours and 6926 with benign tumours, determined by paraffin section as the reference standard). The median prevalence of malignancy was 29% (interquartile range (IQR) 23% to 36%, range 11% to 63%). We assessed test performance using two thresholds for the frozen section test. Firstly, we used a test threshold for frozen sections, defining positive test results as invasive cancer and negative test results as borderline and benign tumours. The average sensitivity was 90.0% (95% confidence interval (CI) 87.6% to 92.0%; with most studies typically reporting range of 71% to 100%), and average specificity was 99.5% (95% CI 99.2% to 99.7%; range 96% to 100%).Similarly, we analysed sensitivity and specificity using a second threshold for frozen section, where both invasive cancer and borderline tumours were considered test positive and benign cases were classified as negative. Average sensitivity was 96.5% (95% CI 95.5% to 97.3%; typical range 83% to 100%), and average specificity was 89.5% (95% CI 86.6% to 91.9%; typical range 58% to 99%).Results were available from the same 38 studies, including the subset of 3953 participants with a frozen section result of either borderline or invasive cancer, based on final diagnosis of malignancy. Studies with small numbers of disease-negative cases (borderline cases) had more variation in estimates of specificity. Average sensitivity was 94.0% (95% CI 92.0% to 95.5%; range 73% to 100%), and average specificity was 95.8% (95% CI 92.4% to 97.8%; typical range 81% to 100%).Our additional analyses showed that, if the frozen section showed a benign or invasive cancer, the final diagnosis would remain the same in, on average, 94% and 99% of cases, respectively.In cases where the frozen section diagnosis was a borderline tumour, on average 21% of the final diagnoses would turn out to be invasive cancer.In three studies, the same pathologist interpreted the index and reference standard tests, potentially causing bias. No studies reported blinding pathologists to index test results when reporting paraffin sections.In heterogeneity analyses, there were no statistically significant differences between studies with pathologists of different levels of expertise.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

In a hypothetical population of 1000 patients (290 with cancer and 80 with a borderline tumour), if a frozen section positive test result for invasive cancer alone was used to diagnose cancer, on average 261 women would have a correct diagnosis of a cancer, and 706 women would be correctly diagnosed without a cancer. However, 4 women would be incorrectly diagnosed with a cancer (false positive), and 29 with a cancer would be missed (false negative).If a frozen section result of either an invasive cancer or a borderline tumour was used as a positive test to diagnose cancer, on average 280 women would be correctly diagnosed with a cancer and 635 would be correctly diagnosed without. However, 75 women would be incorrectly diagnosed with a cancer and 10 women with a cancer would be missed.The largest discordance is within the reporting of frozen section borderline tumours. Investigation into factors leading to discordance within centres and standardisation of criteria for reporting borderline tumours may help improve accuracy. Some centres may choose to perform surgical staging in women with frozen section diagnosis of a borderline ovarian tumour to reduce the number of false positives. In their interpretation of this review, readers should evaluate results from studies most typical of their population of patients.

The utility of tumor markers and neutrophil lymphocyte ratio in patients with an intraoperative diagnosis of mucinous borderline ovarian tumor

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the utility of tumor markers and complete blood count to increase the diagnostic accuracy to detect malignant cases that are intraoperatively reported as mucinous borderline ovarian tumors (BOT).

STUDY DESIGN

Patients who underwent laparotomy at our gynecologic oncology clinic between 2007 and 2015 for evaluation of an adnexal mass with an intraoperative frozen section report of mucinous BOT were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were grouped according to the final pathological diagnoses (malignant, borderline and benign), and were compared in terms of tumor marker levels and complete blood count parameters. Significant parameters were evaluated together with frozen section results, and were assessed for diagnostic accuracy.

RESULTS

A total of 63 patients were included in the study. Of these, 41 patients had borderline, 11 patients had benign, and 11 patients had malignant mucinous ovarian tumors. Patient age, menopausal status, hemoglobin, platelet and lymphocyte counts were similar among the groups (p>0.05). On the other hand, white blood cell, neutrophil counts and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were significantly higher in malignant cases (p<0.05). Similarly, CA125 and CA19-9 were significantly higher in malignant group (p<0.05). When evaluated with the frozen section results, CA19-9 and NLR had the highest sensitivity to detect mucinous cancers (81 and 78 percent, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

In patients who have an intraoperative frozen section diagnosis of borderline mucinous ovarian tumors, CA19-9, NLR and CA125 were significant predictors of malignancy. In light of larger future studies, we believe that integrating these parameters into routine clinical practice may decrease the rate of under diagnosis.

CEA in evaluation of adnexal mass: retrospective cohort analysis and review of the literature

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to estimate the diagnostic accuracy of serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels in conjunction with Ca125 in the triage of adnexal masses.

METHODS

This retrospective cohort study was carried out in 495 patients referred to the Gynecology Department at Carmel Medical Center due to adnexal mass, between 2005 and 2012. All patients underwent surgery with histopathologically confirmed diagnosis and preoperative measurements of serum Ca125 and CEA. For each marker, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and risk ratio were calculated.

RESULTS

Combination of CEA with Ca125, compared with Ca125 levels alone, yielded a nonsignificant effect on sensitivity (87.4% vs. 88.9%, respectively, p = 0.64) and specificity (79.3% vs. 74.3%, p = 0.18) in differentiating malignant from benign adnexal masses. CEA levels were higher in mucinous histological types, but were not helpful in detection of borderline tumors. Significantly higher CEA (21.4 ± 53.6 vs. 3.2 ± 11.9 ng/mL, p = 0.0002) and lower Ca125 values (103.9 ± 84.9 vs. 796 ± 1,331.5 U/mL, p = 0.0338) were demonstrated in the 17 metastatic cases compared with 181 primary ovarian malignancies.

CONCLUSIONS

The combination of the tumor markers CEA and Ca125 did not contribute significantly to the detection of malignant adnexal masses compared with Ca125 alone. As our results suggest that higher CEA levels could be useful in differentiating metastatic tumors from primary ovarian malignancy and in diagnosis of mucinous histology, this issue should be investigated in large, well-designed, prospective cohort trials.

Accuracy of intraoperative frozen section in the evaluation of patients with adnexal mass: retrospective analysis of 748 cases with multivariate regression analysis

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the accuracy of intraoperative frozen section in the evaluation of patients with adnexal mass and to define the clinicopathological factors associated with misdiagnosis during frozen section evaluation.

METHODS

The clinicopathological data of patients who underwent exploratory laparotomy for adnexal mass were reviewed. Results of the intraoperative frozen section and permanent histology reports were compared. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to reveal factors associated with misdiagnosis.

RESULTS

The study group consisted of 748 patients. Of these patients, 509 (68.0%) had benign, 43 (5.7%) had borderline, 196 (26.2%) had malignant histological diagnosis at permanent section. The overall agreement between intraoperative frozen section and permanent pathology was 96.8%. Twenty four out of 745 cases (3.8%) were misdiagnosed by frozen section. Univariate analysis showed that borderline histology (p < 0.0001) and tumor size larger than 10 cm (p = 0.012) were associated with misdiagnosis. According to multivariate analysis, borderline histology (OR: 22.6, p < 0.0001) was the only independent predictor for misdiagnosis during frozen examination.

CONCLUSION

The frozen section evaluation of the adnexal mass is highly accurate. However, tumor size greater than 10 cm and borderline histology are the factors that adversely influence the accuracy of intraoperative frozen section. Clinicians must be aware of these pitfalls during intraoperative decision making following frozen section report.

Role of frozen section in intraoperative assessment of ovarian masses: a tertiary oncology center experience

Surgical management of ovarian lesions vary considerably depending on the nature of the lesion. As the preoperative imaging and serum tumor marker levels are of limited value in the proper categorization of ovarian lesions, intraoperative pathological assessment is commonly requested for a primary diagnosis. Aim of the study is to assess the accuracy of the frozen section in the diagnosis of ovarian masses in our center and to analyze the causes of diagnostic discrepancies. In this retrospective study, frozen section diagnosis of 233 cases of ovarian masses was compared with the permanent section diagnosis. The overall accuracy of frozen section was 91.85 %. The sensitivity of frozen section diagnosis for benign, borderline and malignant tumors was 99.2, 88.46 and 82.95 % respectively. The corresponding specificity was 96.5, 93.23 and 99.3 %. There were 19 discordant cases including 18 false negative cases and one false positive case. Frozen section is an important diagnostic tool to determine the nature of ovarian masses. Careful macroscopic examination, evaluation of multiple sections along with clinical and radiological findings helps to reduce false positive and false negative results. Frozen section examination has limitations especially in cases of borderline tumors. This modality is most effective when the pathologist and surgeon are aware of the advantages and limitations.

Intraoperative Consultation in Gynecologic Pathology: A 6-Year Audit at a Tertiary Care Medical Center

Background:

Most of the literature on intraoperative consultation (IOC) in gynecologic pathology focuses on the accuracy of this technique. This study addresses a wide range of quality assurance issues regarding this practice through a comprehensive audit of our experience.

Design:

The anatomic pathology database was searched between 1999 and 2005 for all gynecologic cases who received IOCs. Seven hundred thirty-one IOCs rendered were identified and analyzed. The accuracy of IOC by gynecologic pathologists was comparable to that of surgical pathologists.

Results:

Patient care was potentially negatively impacted in 14 IOCs; 2 were conducted by the former and 12 by the latter group. Management of ovarian tumors with borderline features significantly improved when the terminology of "at least borderline" was used. Intraoperative consultation by gross inspection only had a low accuracy of 94.7%. Intraoperative consultation was able to definitively and correctly answer the question of whether an ovarian tumor was primary or metastatic in only 35% of patients. As a result of the IOC, the surgical procedure proceeded as originally intended in 96% of patients, was modified in 2%, and was terminated in 2%.

Conclusions:

This audit identifies certain procedural and communication strategies that can increase accuracy. It also highlights the situations where IOC could be less reliable. Patient's safety can increase by improving the communication between the surgeons and the consultant pathologist, consulting with gynecologic pathologists in oncology cases whenever feasible, and using the term of "at least borderline" rather than "borderline."

Factors influencing the use and accuracy of frozen section diagnosis of epithelial ovarian tumors

OBJECTIVE

The objective of the study was to study factors influencing the use and accuracy of frozen section diagnosis (FSD) of ovarian tumors.

STUDY DESIGN

Surgery was performed in 414 patients with epithelial ovarian tumors between 2001 and 2006. Factors were identified by univariate and multivariate analysis.

RESULTS

FSD was requested in 274 patients: 152 benign, 55 borderline, and 67 malignant tumors. Age 50 years or older, tumor size 10 cm or greater, and preoperative evidence of malignancy were associated with FSD request. The sensitivity and specificity of FSD for benign, borderline, and malignant tumors were 97% and 81%, 62% and 96%, and 88% and 99%, respectively. The histologic type (mucinous), tumor size (less than 10 cm), the borderline component (less than 10%), and the pathologist's experience predicted misdiagnosis of borderline tumors. Spread outside the ovary was the only significant predictor of accurate FSD of malignant tumors.

CONCLUSION

FSD is less accurate for borderline than benign and malignant ovarian tumors. The pathologist's experience is a major determinant of diagnostic accuracy.

The role of frozen section evaluation in the diagnosis of adnexal mass

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of frozen section diagnosis in patients who were subjected to the exploratory laparotomy for pelvic mass. Overall, 207 patients were included in this study and the mean age of the patients was 50.9 ± 14.9 years (range, 18–84 years). Of these patients, 98 (47%) had benign, 16 (8%) had borderline, and 93 (45%) had malignant histologies at permanent section. The diagnosis at frozen section was deferred for three patients (1.4%) and these patients were excluded from the further analyses. The overall discordance rate was 5.3%. To calculate the sensitivity and specificity values, 2 × 2 contingency tables were constructed in two ways. In the first calculation, borderline histology was considered malignant, and the sensitivity and specificity rates were 97% and 92%, respectively. In the second analysis, it was accepted as benign, and these values were 100% and 98%, respectively. To determine the possible factors related with discordant diagnoses, age, menopausal status, tumoral size, laterality of tumors, and histologic diagnoses were analyzed. Significant association was noted for size and borderline and mucinous histologies. In patients with borderline histology, the discordance rate was 40%. This value for the remaining patients was 3.2% (P< 0.001). The rate of misdiagnosis was 17.4% for mucinous tumors, whereas it was 4.8% for the remaining epithelial tumors (P= 0.03). Frozen section evaluation revealed high sensitivity and specificity values in this study. To increase the accuracy of diagnosis, further diagnostic markers are needed especially for patients with large lesions, borderline tumors, and mucinous histologies.

"True" versus "apparent" stage I epithelial ovarian cancer: value of frozen section analysis

The aim of this prospective study was to determine the clinical benefits of introducing peroperative frozen section analysis into the surgical management policy of women referred with an adnexal mass suspicious of ovarian cancer. All women surgically managed at the Northern Gynaecological Oncology Centre, Gateshead, UK, between July 1, 2002, and June 30, 2003, where frozen section analysis had been utilized were included for analysis. Correlation was determined between cases surgically staged following the frozen section result and the clinical need for staging based on the pathologic diagnosis from the paraffin section. During the 12-month period, 130 women underwent frozen section analysis. Paraffin section diagnoses included 74 benign tumors, 11 borderline tumors, 34 primary epithelial cancers, 5 nonepithelial cancers, and 6 metastatic tumors. All primary epithelial ovarian cancers were correctly identified as requiring a staging procedure based on the frozen section result. Four of seventy-four cases reported as benign on frozen section analysis were underdiagnosed; two were later diagnosed on paraffin section as borderline tumors and a further two as malignant (one low-grade adenosarcoma and one primary peritoneal cancer). Of the 130 cases, 55 (42.3%) underwent a staging procedure based on the frozen section result. The value of frozen section analysis in determining the need for the performance of a staging procedure had the following statistical test results: sensitivity = 92%, specificity = 88%, positive predictive value = 82%, and negative predictive value = 95%. Excluding the borderline tumors, metastatic tumors, and primary peritoneal tumor where staging did not impact subsequent clinical management, the statistical test results for frozen section analysis in determining the need for a staging procedure were sensitivity = 97%, specificity = 95%, positive predictive value = 90%, and negative predictive value = 99%. The clinical benefits of introducing frozen section analysis in the surgical staging policy of women with an adnexal mass suspicious of ovarian malignancy included avoidance of a surgical staging procedure in 95% of cases identified on paraffin section analysis to be benign. This benefit was without compromising the avoidance of chemotherapy in true stage I epithelial ovarian cancer cases. Additional benefits included the confirmation of malignancy where extraovarian lesions were suggestive but not indicative of malignant disease, and the intraoperative identification of metastatic disease of nonovarian origin.

Managing Ovarian Masses During Pregnancy

The management of adnexal masses during pregnancy can be challenging for the patient and the clinician. The specter of a possible malignancy can sway the decision for intervention versus expectant management. The etiologies of ovarian masses are reflective of the patient's age; and, therefore, benign entities such as functional ovarian cysts, benign cystic teratomas, and serous cystadenomas predominate. In the unusual cases when cancer is present, they are typically germ cell and borderline ovarian tumors, and are commonly low stage and low grade. Ultrasound is the primary modality used to detect ovarian masses and to assess the risk of malignancy. Morphologic criteria more accurately identify benign cysts compared with malignant tumors. Tumor markers are used primarily to monitor disease status after treatment rather than establish the ovarian tumor diagnosis as a result of lack of specificity, because several markers can be elevated inherent to the pregnancy itself (eg, CA-125, beta-hCG). Expectant management is recommended for most pregnant patients with asymptomatic, nonsuspicious cystic ovarian masses. Surgical intervention during pregnancy is indicated for large and/or symptomatic tumors and those that appear highly suspicious for malignancy on imaging tests. The extent of surgery depends on the intraoperative diagnosis of a benign versus a malignant tumor. Conservative surgery is appropriate for benign masses and borderline ovarian tumors. More aggressive surgery is indicated for ovarian malignancies, including surgical staging. Although rarely necessary, chemotherapy has been used during pregnancy with minimal fetal toxicity in patients with advanced-stage ovarian cancer in which the risk of maternal mortality outweighs the fetal consequences.

Faisabilité et limites du traitement cœlioscopique des tumeurs frontières de l'ovaire

Borderline ovarian tumours (BOT) are mainly diagnosed in young women with early stage disease. Due to the absence of specific pre operative criteria for BOT, a laparoscopy is usually performed. A review of the literature found no pejorative data on laparoscopic approach for BOT. Strict surgical procedures must be performed to avoid incomplete surgical staging, cells dissemination and port-site metastases. The limits of the laparoscopic management are the stage of disease and the tumour size. Laparoscopic treatment of BOT for women with early stage disease is feasible. This treatment should be evaluated in specialized centres for women with advanced stage diseases and/or peritoneal implants.

MR imaging compared with intraoperative frozen-section examination for the diagnosis of adnexal tumors; correlation with final histology

The aim was to compare the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and intraoperative consultation (IC) for the diagnosis of adnexal masses, with reference to final histology. MRI was performed in 136 women with sonographically indeterminate adnexal masses. IC included macroscopic and frozen-section examination. Macroscopic examination and MRI determined size, nature, and presence of vegetations or solid portions within masses. All masses were characterized as benign or malignant according to previously published MR imaging and histopathologic criteria. Sensitivities, specificities, and predictive values for the diagnosis of malignancy of MRI and IC were assessed. Histology revealed 168 adnexal masses (99 benign, 23 borderline and 46 invasive). Frozen sections were examined in 151 cases. Among the 151 adnexal masses studied by both MRI and IC, respective sensitivities, specificities, positive and predictive values of both methods for the diagnosis of malignancy were 89.7% and 84.5%, 91.4% and 100%, 86.7% and 100%, and 93.4% and 91.3%. Sensitivities of MR imaging and frozen section for the diagnosis of serous versus mucinous borderline tumors were 33.3% and 93.3%, and 62.5% and 12.5%, respectively. MRI is less accurate than IC for characterizing adnexal masses. However, MRI may increase the relevance of IC for borderline mucinous tumors.

Fertility-sparing surgery for ovarian low malignant potential tumors

OBJECTIVE

Ovarian low malignant potential (LMP) tumors have an excellent prognosis when treated by surgical resection. Conservative management usually involves leaving behind the uterus and contralateral adnexa to allow future childbearing. The purpose of this study was to determine the outcome of women treated with fertility-sparing surgery.

METHODS

All patients diagnosed with ovarian LMP tumors between 1984 and 2003 were identified at three institutions. Data were retrospectively extracted from clinical records.

RESULTS

Thirty-eight (15%) of 249 women with LMP tumors underwent fertility-sparing surgery. Twenty-three were nulliparous and four primiparous. Thirty-three (87%) underwent unilateral salpingo-ophorectomy and five (13%) cystectomy. Fourteen patients also had contralateral cystectomy or biopsy. Thirty-four (89%) were stage I, one (3%) stage II and three (8%) stage III. Most tumors had serous (55%) or mucinous (42%) histology. No patients received adjuvant therapy. Six (16%) of 38 recurred after a median follow-up of 26 months: five in the remaining ovary were salvaged with surgical resection alone, and none died from recurrent LMP tumor. Five women delivered six term infants during post-treatment surveillance.

CONCLUSION

Fertility-sparing surgery for ovarian LMP tumors is an option for motivated patients. Preservation of the contralateral adnexa increases the risk of recurrence, but surgical resection is usually curative.

Accuracy of frozen-section analysis in the diagnosis of ovarian tumors: a systematic quantitative review

A quantitative systematic review was performed to estimate the diagnostic accuracy of frozen sections in ovarian tumors. Studies that compared frozen sections and paraffin sections within subjects for diagnosis of ovarian tumors were included. Fourteen primary studies were analyzed, which included 3 659 women. For benign ovarian vs borderline/malignant tumor cases, the occurrence of a positive frozen-section result for benignity (pooled likelihood ratio [LR], 8.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 7.3-10.4) and posttest probability for benign diagnosis was 95% (95% CI, 94-96%). A positive frozen-section result for malignant vs benign diagnosis (pooled LR, 303; 95% CI, 101-605) increased the probability of ovarian cancer to 98% (95% CI, 97-99%). In borderline vs benign ovarian tumor cases, a positive frozen-section result (pooled LR, 69; 95% CI, 45-106) increased the probability of borderline tumors to 79% (95% CI, 71-85%). In borderline vs malignant ovarian tumor cases, a positive frozen-section result (pooled LR, 18; 95% CI, 13-26) increased the probability of borderline tumors to 51% (95% CI, 42-60%). We conclude that diagnostic accuracy rates for frozen-section analysis is high for malignant and benign ovarian tumors, but the accuracy rates in borderline tumors remain relatively low.

The accuracy of frozen section (intraoperative consultation) in the diagnosis of ovarian masses

OBJECTIVE

Frozen section is an important and helpful adjunct in the intraoperative diagnosis of ovarian tumors. This retrospective study was undertaken to determine the accuracy of frozen section diagnosis of ovarian masses and the reasons of discordance.

METHODS

From January 1995 to December 2003, 1494 ovarian specimens were received for histopathological evaluation, and 617 of them were submitted for frozen section examination. RESULTS.: The final paraffin section diagnoses of these 617 cases were a nonneoplastic lesion in 18.3% of the cases, benign tumor in 56.1%, borderline tumor in 6.2%, and malignant tumor in 19.4%. The overall accuracy was 97%. Twenty-one cases were incorrectly diagnosed by frozen section. All of them were false negatives. There were no deferred cases. The majority of the cases of disagreement were mucinous and borderline tumors. The sensitivity for benign, borderline, and malignant tumors were 100%, 87%, and 87%, respectively. The specificity for benign tumors was 97%; for borderline tumors 98%; and for malignant tumors 100%.

CONCLUSION

Our data confirm that frozen section diagnosis is a reliable method for the surgical management of patients with an ovarian mass. However, diagnostic problems can occur in mucinous and borderline tumors during frozen section examination. The clinicians and pathologists must be aware of the pitfalls of this method; therefore, a good communication established between them is necessary to obtain more accurate results and to minimize the number of deferred cases.