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Nikfar M, Razizadeh M, Zhang J, Paul R, Wu ZJ, Liu Y. Prediction of mechanical hemolysis in medical devices via a Lagrangian strain-based multiscale model. Artif Organs 2020; 44:E348-E368. [PMID: 32017130 DOI: 10.1111/aor.13663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This work introduces a new Lagrangian strain-based model to predict the shear-induced hemolysis in biomedical devices. Current computational models for device-induced hemolysis usually utilize empirical fitting of the released free hemoglobin (Hb) in plasma from damaged red blood cells (RBCs). These empirical correlations contain parameters that depend on specific device and operating conditions, thus cannot be used to predict hemolysis in a general device. The proposed algorithm does not have any empirical parameters, thus can presumably be used for hemolysis prediction in various blood-wetting medical devices. In contrast to empirical correlations in which the Hb release is related to the shear stress and exposure time without considering the physical processes, the proposed model links flow-induced deformation of the RBC membrane to membrane permeabilization and Hb release. In this approach, once the steady-state numerical solution of blood flow in the device is obtained under a prescribed operating condition, sample path lines are traced from the inlet of the device to the outlet to calculate the history of the shear stress tensor. In solving the fluid flow, it is assumed that RBCs do not have any influence on the flow pattern. Along each path line, shear stress tensor will be input into a coarse-grained (CG) RBC model to calculate the RBC deformation. Then the correlations obtained from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are applied to relate the local areal RBC deformation to the perforated area on the RBC membrane. Finally, Hb released out of transient pores is calculated over each path line via a diffusion equation considering the effects of the steric hindrance and increased hydrodynamic drag due to the size of the Hb molecule. The total index of hemolysis (IH) is calculated by integration of released Hb over all the path lines in the computational domain. Hemolysis generated in the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) nozzle and two blood pumps, that is, a CentriMag blood pump (a centrifugal pump) and HeartMate II (an axial pump), for different flow regimes including the laminar and turbulent flows are calculated via the proposed algorithm. In all the simulations, the numerical predicted IH is close to the range of experimental data. The results promisingly indicate that this multiscale approach can be used as a tool for predicting hemolysis and optimizing the hematologic design of other types of blood-wetting devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Nikfar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Meghdad Razizadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Jiafeng Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ratul Paul
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Zhongjun J Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yaling Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
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Dumitru AC, Poncin MA, Conrard L, Dufrêne YF, Tyteca D, Alsteens D. Nanoscale membrane architecture of healthy and pathological red blood cells. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2018; 3:293-304. [PMID: 32254077 DOI: 10.1039/c7nh00187h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Red blood cells feature remarkable mechanical properties while navigating through microcirculation vessels and during spleen filtration. An unusual combination of plasma membrane and cytoskeleton physical properties allows red blood cells to undergo extensive deformation. Here we used atomic force microscopy multiparametric imaging to probe how cellular organization influences nanoscale and global mechanical properties of cells in both physiological and pathological conditions. Our data obtained in native conditions confirmed that, compared to healthy cells, cells from patients with hereditary spherocytosis are stiffer. Through vertical segmentation of the cell elasticity, we found that healthy and pathological cells display nanoscale architecture with an increasing stiffness along the direction of the applied force. By decoupling the mechanical response of the plasma membrane from its underlying cytoskeleton, we find that both components show altered properties in pathological conditions. Nanoscale multiparametric imaging also revealed lipid domains that exhibit differential mechanical properties than the bulk membrane in both healthy and pathological conditions. Thanks to correlated AFM-fluorescence imaging, we identified submicrometric sphingomyelin-enriched lipid domains of variable stiffness at the red blood cell surface. Our experiments provide novel insights into the interplay between nanoscale organization of red blood cell plasma membrane and their nanomechanical properties. Overall, this work contributes to a better understanding of the complex relationship between cellular nanoscale organization, cellular nanomechanics and how this 3D organization is altered in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andra C Dumitru
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Life Sciences, Croix du Sud 4-5, bte L7.07.06, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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Flow-Induced Damage to Blood Cells in Aortic Valve Stenosis. Ann Biomed Eng 2016; 44:2724-36. [PMID: 27048168 PMCID: PMC9924290 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-016-1577-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Valvular hemolysis and thrombosis are common complications associated with stenotic heart valves. This study aims to determine the extent to which hemodynamics induce such traumatic events. The viscous shear stress downstream of a severely calcified bioprosthetic valve was evaluated via in vitro 2D particle image velocimetry measurements. The blood cell membrane response to the measured stresses was then quantified using 3D immersed-boundary computational simulations. The shear stress level at the boundary layer of the jet flow formed downstream of the valve orifice was observed to reach a maximum of 1000-1700 dyn/cm(2), which was beyond the threshold values reported for platelet activation (100-1000 dyn/cm(2)) and within the range of thresholds reported for red blood cell (RBC) damage (1000-2000 dyn/cm(2)). Computational simulations demonstrated that the resultant tensions at the RBC membrane surface were unlikely to cause instant rupture, but likely to lead to membrane plastic failure. The resultant tensions at the platelet surface were also calculated and the potential damage was discussed. It was concluded that although shear-induced thrombotic trauma is very likely in stenotic heart valves, instant hemolysis is unlikely and the shear-induced damage to RBCs is mostly subhemolytic.
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A New Approach for Semiempirical Modeling of Mechanical Blood Trauma. Int J Artif Organs 2016; 39:171-7. [DOI: 10.5301/ijao.5000474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Two semi-empirical models were recently published, both making use of existing literature data, but each taking into account different physical phenomena that trigger hemolysis. In the first model, hemoglobin (Hb) release is described as a permeation procedure across the membrane, assuming a shear stress-dependent process (sublethal model). The second model only accounts for hemoglobin release that is caused by cell membrane breakdown, which occurs when red blood cells (RBC) undergo mechanically induced shearing for a period longer than the threshold time (nonuniform threshold model). In this paper, we introduce a model that considers the hemolysis generated by both these possible phenomena. Methods Since hemolysis can possibly be caused by permeation of hemoglobin through the RBC functional membrane as well as by release of hemoglobin from RBC membrane breakdown, our proposed model combines both these models. An experimental setup consisting of a Couette device was utilized for validation of our proposed model. Results A comparison is presented between the damage index (DI) predicted by the proposed model vs. the sublethal model vs. the nonthreshold model and experimental datasets. This comparison covers a wide range of shear stress for both human and porcine blood. An appropriate agreement between the measured DI and the DI predicted by the present model was obtained. Conclusions The semiempirical hemolysis model introduced in this paper aims for significantly enhanced conformity with experimental data. Two phenomenological outcomes become possible with the proposed approach: an estimation of the average time after which cell membrane breakdown occurs under the applied conditions, and a prediction of the ratio between the phenomena involved in hemolysis.
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Saito M, Watanabe-Nakayama T, Machida S, Osada T, Afrin R, Ikai A. Spectrin-ankyrin interaction mechanics: A key force balance factor in the red blood cell membrane skeleton. Biophys Chem 2015; 200-201:1-8. [PMID: 25866912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
As major components of red blood cell (RBC) cytoskeleton, spectrin and F-actin form a network that covers the entire cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane. The cross-linked two layered structure, called the membrane skeleton, keeps the structural integrity of RBC under drastically changing mechanical environment during circulation. We performed force spectroscopy experiments on the atomic force microscope (AFM) as a means to clarify the mechanical characteristics of spectrin-ankyrin interaction, a key factor in the force balance of the RBC cytoskeletal structure. An AFM tip was functionalized with ANK1-62k and used to probe spectrin crosslinked to mica surface. A force spectroscopy study gave a mean unbinding force of ~30 pN under our experimental conditions. Two energy barriers were identified in the unbinding process. The result was related to the well-known flexibility of spectrin tetramer and participation of ankyrin 1-spectrin interaction in the overall balance of membrane skeleton dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Saito
- Innovation Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Watanabe-Nakayama
- Innovation Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Shinichi Machida
- Innovation Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Toshiya Osada
- Depertment of Life Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B-2 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Rehana Afrin
- Innovation Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan; Biofrontier Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ikai
- Innovation Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
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Vitale F, Nam J, Turchetti L, Behr M, Raphael R, Annesini MC, Pasquali M. A multiscale, biophysical model of flow-induced red blood cell damage. AIChE J 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.14318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Vitale
- Dept. of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Rice University; Houston TX 77005
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Materials and Environment; University of Rome “La Sapienza”; Via Eudossiana 18 00184 Rome Italy
| | - Jaewook Nam
- Dept. of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Rice University; Houston TX 77005
- School of Chemical Engineering; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon Korea 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746 Korea
| | - Luca Turchetti
- Faculty of Engineering; Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma; Via Àlvaro del Portillo 21 00128 Rome Italy
| | - Marek Behr
- Chair for Computational Analysis of Technical Systems (CATS), Center for Computational Engineering Science (CCES); RWTH Aachen University; 52056 Aachen Germany
| | - Robert Raphael
- Dept. of Bioengineering; Rice University; Houston TX 77005
- Ken Kennedy Institute for Information Technology; Rice University; Houston TX 77005
- The Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology; Rice University; Houston TX 77005
| | - Maria Cristina Annesini
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Materials and Environment; University of Rome “La Sapienza”; Via Eudossiana 18 00184 Rome Italy
| | - Matteo Pasquali
- Dept. of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Rice University; Houston TX 77005
- Dept. of Chemistry, Dept. of Materials Science and NanoEngineering; Rice University; Houston TX 77005
- Ken Kennedy Institute for Information Technology; Rice University; Houston TX 77005
- The Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology; Rice University; Houston TX 77005
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Antonio PD, Lasalvia M, Perna G, Capozzi V. Scale-independent roughness value of cell membranes studied by means of AFM technique. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2012; 1818:3141-8. [PMID: 22897980 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The roughness of cell membrane is a very interesting indicator of cell's health state. Atomic Force Microscopy allows us to investigate the roughness of cell membrane in great detail, but the obtained roughness value is scale-dependent, i.e. it strongly depends on measurement parameters, as scanning area and step size. The scale-dependence of the roughness value can be reduced by means of data filtration techniques, that are not standardized at nanometric scale, especially as far as biological data are concerned. In this work, a new method, based on the changes of values of some roughness parameter (root mean square roughness and skewness) as a function of filtration frequencies, has been implemented to optimize data filtering procedure in the calculation of cell membrane roughness. In this way, a root mean square roughness value independent of cell shape, membrane micro-irregularities and measurement parameters can be obtained. Moreover, different filtration frequencies selected with this method allow us to discriminate different surface regimes (nominal form, waviness and roughness) belonging to the raw cell profile, each one related to different features of the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palma D Antonio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Foggia, Viale Pinto, Italy
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8
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CHEN YONG, CAI JIYE, ZHAO JINGXIAN. DISEASED RED BLOOD CELLS STUDIED BY ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219581x02000899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, many mammalian cells, especially erythrocytes because of simpleness of their membrane surfaces, were widely studied by atomic force microscopy. In our study, diseased erythrocytes were taken from patients of lung cancer, myelodisplastic syndrome (MDS), and so on. We obtained many clear topographical images of numerous erythrocytes, single erythrocyte, and ultramicrostructure of erythrocyte membrane surfaces from normal persons and patients. By studying the red cells of lung cancer patients, we found that many erythrocytes of lung cancer patient have changed into echinocytes. One erythrocyte has 10–20 short projections, most of which, with a mean width of 589.0 nm and a length of 646.7 nm, are on the edge of cell. The projections in the center of echinocytes are lodged and embedded, but in conventional model of echinocytes, the projections in the center stretch outside cell membrane, so a novel model of erythrocytes was designed in our paper. After observation of microstructure of MDS patient's erythrocyte membrane surface, we found that many apertures with different diameters of tens to hundreds nanometers appeared on the surface of cell membrane. It can be concluded that AFM may be widely applied in clinic pathological inspection.
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Affiliation(s)
- YONG CHEN
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - JIYE CAI
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - JINGXIAN ZHAO
- Laboratory for Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, P. R. China
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9
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Feng Y, La M. Cesium's Affects on Morphological Changes of Human Erythrocytes. CHINESE J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201180477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Wu Y, Hu Y, Cai J, Ma S, Wang X, Chen Y, Pan Y. Time-dependent surface adhesive force and morphology of RBC measured by AFM. Micron 2008; 40:359-64. [PMID: 19019689 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a rapidly developing tool recently introduced into the evaluation of the age of bloodstains, potentially providing legal medical experts useful information for forensic investigation. In this study, the time-dependent, morphological changes of red blood cells (RBC) under three different conditions (including controlled, room-temperature condition, uncontrolled, outdoor-environmental condition, and controlled, low-temperature condition) were observed by AFM, as well as the cellular viscoelasticity via force-vs-distance curve measurements. Firstly, the data indicate that substrate types have different effects on cellular morphology of RBC. RBC presented the typical biconcave shape on mica, whereas either the biconcave shape or flattened shape was evident on glass. The mean volume of RBCs on mica was significantly larger than that of cells on glass. Surprisingly, the adhesive property of RBC membrane surfaces was substrate type-independent (the adhesive forces were statistically similar on glass and mica). With time lapse, the changes in cell volume and adhesive force of RBC under the controlled room-temperature condition were similar to those under the uncontrolled outdoor-environmental condition. Under the controlled low-temperature condition, however, the changes in cell volume occurred mainly due to the collapse of RBCs, and the curves of adhesive force showed the dramatic alternations in viscoelasticity of RBC. Taken together, the AFM detections on the time-dependent, substrate type-dependent, environment (temperature/humidity)-dependent changes in morphology and surface viscoelasticity of RBC imply a potential application of AFM in forensic medicine or investigations, e.g., estimating age of bloodstain or death time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzhe Wu
- Chemistry Department, Jinan University, 601 Huang Pu Da DaoXi, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
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11
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Park JY, Chang BY, Nam H, Park SM. Selective electrochemical sensing of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) on thiophene-3-boronic acid self-assembled monolayer covered gold electrodes. Anal Chem 2008; 80:8035-44. [PMID: 18826248 DOI: 10.1021/ac8010439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel concept of sensing glycated hemoglobin, HbA 1c, which is now the most important index for a long-term average blood glucose level, by first selectively immobilizing it on the thiophene-3-boronic acid (T3BA) self-assembled monolayer (SAM)-covered gold electrode by a selective chemical reaction with boronic acid. HbA 1c thus immobilized is then detected by the label-free electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) measurements with a redox probe, an equimolar mixture of K 3Fe(CN) 6 and K 4Fe(CN) 6, present. The rate of charge transfer between the electrode and the redox probe is shown to be modulated by the amount of HbA 1c in the matrix hemoglobin solution due to the blocking effect caused by the binding of HbA 1c with boronic acid. Both the formation of a well-defined T3BA-SAM on the gold surface and the chemical binding of its boronic acid with HbA 1c in solution were confirmed by quartz crystal microbalance, atomic force microscopy, and EIS experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Young Park
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Molecular Systems, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Korea
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12
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Bakir I, Hoylaerts MF, Kink T, Foubert L, Luyten P, Van Kerckhoven S, Leunens V, Bollen H, Reul H, Meyns B. Mechanical Stress Activates Platelets at a Subhemolysis Level: An In Vitro Study. Artif Organs 2007; 31:316-23. [PMID: 17437501 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2007.00381.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A feasibility study is performed to quantify sheep platelets (PLTs) and to identify the relationship between PLT count and hemolysis as a consequence of mechanical stress. Six adult, healthy Dorset sheep have been used for in vitro blood sampling test procedures in a hemoresistometer device (HRM). In each experiment, blood of the same animal was exposed to six different shear rates. Free hemoglobin levels and PLT count for each shear rate were detected. In all animals (A-F), hemolysis increased significantly between the shear rates of 2325 and 3100/s (P < 0.05) and the mean PLT count dropped immediately (contact, low shear) 40% in the beginning, between the shear rates of 0 and 775/s (P < 0.05). PLT count increased slightly as soon as hemolysis started. At higher shear rates, hemolysis increased and PLTs reduced further. Precise counting of PLTs indicates that PLTs are consumed dramatically at very low shear (by contact) and further by applied mechanical stress when hemolysis is obvious. A repetition of these tests with human blood could indicate species differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihsan Bakir
- Center for Experimental Surgery and Anesthesiology, Cardiovascular Research Unit, Catholic University of Leuven (KUL), Leuven, Belgium.
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Lee SS, Antaki JF, Kameneva MV, Dobbe JG, Hardeman MR, Ahn KH, Lee SJ. Strain Hardening of Red Blood Cells by Accumulated Cyclic Supraphysiological Stress. Artif Organs 2007; 31:80-6. [PMID: 17209965 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2007.00344.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effect of elevated shear stress upon cellular trauma has been studied for many years, but the effect of long-term cyclic stress trauma on hemorheology has never been explored systematically. This study investigated sublytic trauma of red blood cells (RBCs) caused by repeated exposure to shear stress. A suspension of bovine blood was throttled through a capillary tube (inner diameter 1 mm and length 70 mm) connected to a recirculating flow loop. Samples were withdrawn every 30 min to measure deformability and characteristic time. The deformability of the cell was measured microscopically by observing the shape of the cell during the shear flow. It was found that cyclic shear irreversibly stiffened the cell membrane while the effect was not so much as that of continuous shear. The cell deformability was dramatically reduced by 73% when the stress of 300 Pa was applied for 288 s, while it was 7% under 90 Pa. These results elucidate the need for improved models to predict cellular trauma within the unsteady flow environment of mechanical circulatory assist devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung S Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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14
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Strasser S, Zink A, Kada G, Hinterdorfer P, Peschel O, Heckl WM, Nerlich AG, Thalhammer S. Age determination of blood spots in forensic medicine by force spectroscopy. Forensic Sci Int 2006; 170:8-14. [PMID: 17095174 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Revised: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present a new tool for the estimation of the age of bloodstains, which could probably be used during forensic casework. For this, we used atomic force microscopy (AFM) for high-resolution imaging of erythrocytes in a blood sample and the detection of elasticity changes on a nanometer scale. For the analytic procedure we applied a fresh blood spot on a glass slide and started the AFM detection after drying of the blood drop. In a first step, an overview image was generated showing the presence of several red blood cells, which could easily be detected due to their typical "doughnut-like" appearance. The consecutively morphological investigations in a timeframe of 4 weeks could not show any alterations. Secondly, AFM was used to test the elasticity by recording force-distance curves. The measurements were performed immediately after drying, 1.5 h, 30 h and 31 days. The conditions were kept constant at room temperature (20 degrees C) and a humidity of 30%. The obtained elasticity parameters were plotted against a timeline and repeated several times. The elasticity pattern showed a decrease over time, which are most probably influenced by the alteration of the blood spot during the drying and coagulation process. The preliminary data demonstrates the capacity of this method to use it for development of calibration curves, which can be used for estimation of bloodstain ages during forensic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Strasser
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
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15
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Chen Y, Cai J. Membrane deformation of unfixed erythrocytes in air with time lapse investigated by tapping mode atomic force microscopy. Micron 2006; 37:339-46. [PMID: 16388949 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2005.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2005] [Revised: 11/19/2005] [Accepted: 11/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Estimation of the time of death is one of the most important problems for forensic medicine and law. Physical and chemical postmortem changes are evaluated together while estimating the time of death. The pattern analysis of antemortem and postmortem bloodstains is one of the important parameters for forensic science, and cellular changes of blood cells can be useful for the quantitative assessment of the time of death. In this study, by successively investigating erythrocytes exposed in air on mica for 5 days using tapping mode atomic force microscopy (TM-AFM), we observed deformation of whole cell and membrane surface of unfixed erythrocytes with time lapse. We found that the time-dependent cellular changes occurred after exposure of erythrocytes in air for several days. At 0.5 days of exposure, fissures and cell shrinkage were observed. At 2.5 days of exposure, the emergence of nanometer-scale protuberances were observed and these protuberances increased in number with increasing time. The changes of cell shape and cell membrane surface ultrastructure can be used to estimate the time of death. Futhermore, smear-induced abnormal erythrocytes and immunostained erythrocytes were observed here. The need for more precise research is indicated, such as the correlation of membrane changes to intervals of less than 0.5 day of air exposure, and use of various substrates in addition to mica, including glass, metals, fabrics, among others, on which the bloodstains appear in crime scenes. The results of this research demonstrate the efficacy of AFM as a potentially powerful analytical tool in forensic science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China.
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Yingge Z, Xia J, Lan S. The relations between neurite development and the subcellular structures of hippocampal neuron somata. J Struct Biol 2004; 144:327-36. [PMID: 14643201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2003.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The relations between neurite development and the subcellular structures of the hippocampal neuron somata have been studied with atomic force microscopy (AFM). The conformation of the neuron was achieved by the synapse-like structures found by AFM scanning along a neurite of the cell. Hippocampal neuron somata were divided into two or three subcellular parts by one or two horizontal grooves. The upper parts increased while the middle and the lower parts decreased with the number and the length of the neurites and the formation of the neurosynapse-like structures. When neurites sufficiently developed, the middle parts were lost and the lower parts became very small. Mitosis inhibitors could prevent the formation of such subcellular structures of hippocampal neuron somata, which was accompanied by the loss of ability to form synapse-like structures. These results suggest that the upper parts are responsible for neuritogenesis while the middle and the lower parts only have indirect effect on it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Yingge
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China.
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Santos NC, Castanho MARB. An overview of the biophysical applications of atomic force microscopy. Biophys Chem 2004; 107:133-49. [PMID: 14962595 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2003.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2002] [Revised: 07/30/2003] [Accepted: 09/04/2003] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The potentialities of the atomic force microscopy (AFM) make it a tool of undeniable value for the study of biologically relevant samples. AFM is progressively becoming a usual benchtop technique. In average, more than one paper is published every day on AFM biological applications. This figure overcomes materials science applications, showing that 17 years after its invention, AFM has completely crossed the limits of its traditional areas of application. Its potential to image the structure of biomolecules or bio-surfaces with molecular or even sub-molecular resolution, study samples under physiological conditions (which allows to follow in situ the real time dynamics of some biological events), measure local chemical, physical and mechanical properties of a sample and manipulate single molecules should be emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno C Santos
- Instituto de Bioquímica/Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal.
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Bhattacharyya K, Guha T, Bhar R, Ganesan V, Khan M, Brahmachary RL. Atomic force microscopic studies on erythrocytes from an evolutionary perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 279:671-5. [PMID: 15224408 DOI: 10.1002/ar.a.20057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We examined atomic force microscopy (AFM) and lateral force microscopy (LFM) images of human, avian, reptilian, amphibian, and piscine erythrocytes to determine whether the general pattern of erythrocyte membrane architecture has been largely conserved in the course of phylogenetic evolution or relatively minor modifications have taken place. The general pattern of the cell surface structure is indeed very similar among the phyla examined. The surface features include a number of blebs or globular structures and hole-like depressions. Such features are particularly clear in fish (Heteropneustes sp.), in which globular blebs are arranged in tiers around the depressions. The same pattern is found in the other phyla, although the sizes of the blebs and depressions vary. The depressions are approximately 340 and approximately 100 nm in diameter in chickens and fish, respectively, and are smaller in other phyla. The images of human erythrocytes presented here show holes more clearly than the images obtained by Zhang et al. (Scanning Electron Microsc., 1995; 9:981-989), who showed for the first time the highly uneven surface of these cells. The globules range in size from approximately 50-150 nm in diameter. These nanostructures have a width of approximately 333-1,000 atoms, assuming that the average dimension of an atom is 1.5 A. The size range of the holes is approximately 40-432 nm (equivalent to a width of approximately 266-2880 atoms). LFM images, which take into account the lateral component of the force, represent the variation of surface friction (roughness) on the erythrocyte surface. This is very clear in the toad images, which show well-ordered strata that have not been revealed in ordinary AFM images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajal Bhattacharyya
- Electron Microscope Centre (USIC), University College of Science, Calcutta University, Calcutta, India
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Hategan A, Law R, Kahn S, Discher DE. Adhesively-tensed cell membranes: lysis kinetics and atomic force microscopy probing. Biophys J 2003; 85:2746-59. [PMID: 14507737 PMCID: PMC1303498 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(03)74697-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2003] [Accepted: 07/23/2003] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane tension underlies a range of cell physiological processes. Strong adhesion of the simple red cell is used as a simple model of a spread cell with a finite membrane tension-a state which proves useful for studies of both membrane rupture kinetics and atomic force microscopy (AFM) probing of native structure. In agreement with theories of strong adhesion, the cell takes the form of a spherical cap on a substrate densely coated with poly-L-lysine. The spreading-induced tension, sigma, in the membrane is approximately 1 mN/m, which leads to rupture over many minutes; and sigma is estimated from comparable rupture times in separate micropipette aspiration experiments. Under the sharpened tip of an AFM probe, nano-Newton impingement forces (10-30 nN) are needed to penetrate the tensed erythrocyte membrane, and these forces increase exponentially with tip velocity ( approximately nm/ms). We use the results to clarify how tapping-mode AFM imaging works at high enough tip velocities to avoid rupturing the membrane while progressively compressing it to a approximately 20-nm steric core of lipid and protein. We also demonstrate novel, reproducible AFM imaging of tension-supported membranes in physiological buffer, and we describe a stable, distended network consistent with the spectrin cytoskeleton. Additionally, slow retraction of the AFM tip from the tensed membrane yields tether-extended, multipeak sawtooth patterns of average force approximately 200 pN. In sum we show how adhesive tensioning of the red cell can be used to gain novel insights into native membrane dynamics and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Hategan
- Biophysical Engineering Lab and Institute for Medicine and Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6315, USA
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