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Xiao ZX, Hu X, Jarjour W, Zheng SG. The role of B7 family members in the generation of Immunoglobulin. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 109:377-382. [PMID: 33118237 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1mr0420-003rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ig is a Y-shaped protein produced by plasma cells and exerts multiple functions in humoral immunity. There are five groups of Igs including IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, which differ in their heavy chain class. The primary function of Igs includes the neutralization of extrinsic pathogens, agglutination of foreign cells for phagocytosis, precipitation of soluble antigens in serum, and complement fixation. The B cells activated by antigen(s) can differentiate into antibody-producing cells that are called plasma cells and usually matured in the germinal center (GC). Follicular T helper (Tfh) cells crosstalk with antigen-presenting cells and play a crucial role in the development of the GC. Moreover, Tfh cells regulate trafficking through the GC to allow formative interaction with GC B cells that ultimately results in affinity maturation, B-cell memory, and Ig class switching. The B7 family is a series of number of structurally related membrane proteins that bind with a specific receptor to deliver costimulatory or co-inhibitory signals that regulate the activation of T cells in GC. Here, we review and summarize the recent advance of the effects of B7 family members on Ig production and relative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Xiu Xiao
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojiang Hu
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wael Jarjour
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Sun SQ, Jiang CG, Lin Y, Jin YL, Huang PL. Enhanced T Cell Immunity by B7-H4 Downregulation in Nonsmall-Cell Lung Cancer Cell Lines. J Int Med Res 2012; 40:497-506. [PMID: 22613410 DOI: 10.1177/147323001204000211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: T cell immunity plays a critical role in host immune surveillance of tumour cell growth and metastatic spread. This study used small hairpin (sh)RNA-mediated gene silencing to target VTCN1 (B7-H4) expression in a nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line (A549) and evaluated the effects on T cell immune activity using an in vitro coculture system. METHODS: VTCN1-specific shRNA-expressing plasmid was transfected into A549 cells. Mock transfected and empty plasmid-transfected A549 cells served as controls. VTCN1 expression in A549 cells was determined by reverse transcription– polymerase chain reaction (RT—PCR) for VTCN1 mRNA and Western blotting for B7-H4 protein. Transfected A549 cells were cocultured with Jurkat cells. Jurkat cells were examined for proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle distribution and intracellular cytokine mRNA and protein levels. RESULTS: VTCN1-specific shRNA efficiently knocked down VTCN1 mRNA and B7-H4 protein levels in A549 cells. This downregulation led to enhanced Jurkat cell proliferation, decreased apoptosis, stimulated cell cycle progression and elevated production of interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-2. CONCLUSIONS: B7-H4 negatively regulates T cell-mediated antitumour immunity in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-Q Sun
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - C-G Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Y Lin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Y-L Jin
- Department of Medicine, Affiliated Nanjing Second Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - P-L Huang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Nanjing Second Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Vondran FWR, Timrott K, Kollrich S, Klempnauer J, Schwinzer R, Becker T. Decreased frequency of peripheral CD4(+) CD161(+) Th(17) -precursor cells in kidney transplant recipients on long-term therapy with Belatacept. Transpl Int 2012; 25:455-63. [PMID: 22348376 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2012.01441.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Clinical trials have pointed out the promising role of co-stimulation blocker Belatacept for improvement of graft function and avoidance of undesired side-effects associated with calcineurin-inhibitors (CNI). However, due to the worldwide limited availability of appropriate patients, almost no data exist to assess the effects of sustained application of this immunomodulator on the recipient's immune system. The aim of this study was to reveal specific alterations in the composition of immunologic subpopulations potentially involved in development of tolerance or chronic graft rejection following long-term Belatacept therapy. For this, peripheral lymphocyte subsets of kidney recipients treated with Belatacept (n=5; average 7.8years) were determined by flow-cytometry and compared with cells from matched patients on CNI (n=9) and healthy controls (n=10). T cells capable of producing IL-17 and serum levels of soluble CD30 were quantified. Patients on CNI showed a higher frequency of CD4(+) CD161(+) Th(17) -precursors and IL-17-producing CD4(+) T cells than Belatacept patients and controls. Significantly higher serum levels of soluble CD30 were observed in CNI patients, indicating a possible involvement of the CD30/CD30L-system in Th(17) -differentiation. No differences were found concerning CD4(+) CD25(+) CD127(low) FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells. In conclusion, patients on therapy with Belatacept did not show a comparable Th(17) -profile to that seen in individuals with chronic intake of CNI. The distinct effects of Belatacept on Th(17) -immunity might prove beneficial for the long-term outcome following kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Wolfgang Rudolf Vondran
- Transplant Laboratory, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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Du GH, Qin XP, Li Q, Zhou YM, Shen XM, Tang GY. The high expression level of programmed death-1 ligand 2 in oral lichen planus and the possible costimulatory effect on human T cells. J Oral Pathol Med 2011; 40:525-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2011.01035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Plege A, Borns K, Beer L, Baars W, Klempnauer J, Schwinzer R. Downregulation of cytolytic activity of human effector cells by transgenic expression of human PD-ligand-1 on porcine target cells. Transpl Int 2010; 23:1293-300. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2010.01130.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Grimbert P, Audard V, Diet C, Matignon M, Plonquet A, Mansour H, Desvaux D, Durrbach A, Cohen JL, Lang P. T-cell phenotype in protocol renal biopsy from transplant recipients treated with belatacept-mediated co-stimulatory blockade. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 26:1087-93. [PMID: 20667993 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfq453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Belatacept is thought to disrupt the interaction between CD80/86 and CD28, thus preventing T-cell activation by blocking the co-stimulatory second signal. However, the consequences on the T-cell profile in human renal transplant cases have not been determined. METHODS In this study, we analysed intra-graft levels of the mRNAs for Treg (FOXP3), cytotoxic CD8 T cells (Granzyme B), Th1 (INFγ, Tbet), Th2 (GATA3) and Th17 (RORγt and IL-17) in protocol biopsies obtained 12 months after renal transplantation in recipients treated with Belatacept or calcineurin inhibitor (CNI). RESULTS Only the intra-graft abundance of FOXP3 mRNA was significantly lower (P < 0.001) in the Belatacept group than the CNI group. Conclusions. These results are in agreement with in vitro data suggesting that CD28 is a major co-stimulatory signal of both Tregs development and peripheral homeostasis but contrast with clinical trials showing a better 1-year graft function and a lower incidence of chronic allograft nephropathy in patients receiving Belatacept than patients treated with CNI. They suggest that immune benefits induced by Belatacept are not mediated by Treg expansion and that FOXP3 is not by itself a prognostic marker of long-term graft function in a non-inflammatory context. These results have to be, however, considered as preliminary since the size of our study population is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Grimbert
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale INSERM U955, CHU Henri Mondor and Université Paris XII, Association pour l’Utilisation du Rein Artificiel, Créteil, France.
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Zhao B, Song A, Haque R, Lei F, Weiler L, Xiong X, Wu Y, Croft M, Song J. Cooperation between molecular targets of costimulation in promoting T cell persistence and tumor regression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:6744-52. [PMID: 19454669 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0804387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Costimulation regulates multiple cellular processes of T cells inducing proliferation, expansion, and survival. The molecular targets of costimulation might then be useful to augment T cell activities. Two defined targets of costimulatory signals in primary T cells are the anti-apoptotic bcl-2 family molecule Bcl-x(L), and survivin, an inhibitor of apoptosis family member that might regulate both cell division and survival. However, the relative importance of, and relationship between, these molecules in primary T cells is not clear. To understand whether they have overlapping or cooperative functions, we used retrovirus-mediated transduction to introduce Bcl-x(L) and survivin separately, or together linked by a 2A picornavirus self-cleaving peptide, into Ag-responding CD8(+) T cells. We found that CD8(+) effector T cells expressing both Bcl-x(L) and survivin strongly expanded at an early stage and had a long-term survival advantage over cells transduced with either molecule alone. In vivo, with response to tumor-expressed Ag following adoptive T cell transfer, Ag-reactive CD8(+) T cells expressing both Bcl-x(L) and survivin displayed greatly enhanced tumor protective activity compared with CD8(+) T cells expressing either molecule introduced separately. These results indicate that Bcl-x(L) and survivin can critically contribute in a cooperative, nonredundant manner to augment the accumulation and persistence of CD8(+) T cells following encounter with Ag. The data provide new insights into why costimulatory signals might need to be sustained over time and suggest a potential novel approach to augment cellular immunotherapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohua Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Pennsylvania State Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Shao Z, Bharadwaj AS, McGee HS, Makinde TO, Agrawal DK. Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand increases a lung DC subset with regulatory properties in allergic airway inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 123:917-924.e2. [PMID: 19348927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Revised: 01/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cell (DC) subsets display different functional roles in regulating immune responses and lead to various outcomes, including T(H)1 versus T(H)2 or regulatory versus immunologic responses. Administration of Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (Flt3) ligand prevents and reverses allergic airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in a mouse model. However, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. OBJECTIVE We characterized and examined the role of lung DC subsets in the therapeutic effect of Flt3 ligand. METHODS DCs were isolated from the lungs of ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized and OVA-challenged mice treated with recombinant human Flt3 ligand. Two populations of CD11c+ cells labeled with fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies were sorted. The ability of the purified cells to stimulate T-cell proliferation and cytokine secretion patterns by different DC subsets was examined. Also, DCs were adoptively transferred in mice to examine their effect on pulmonary function. RESULTS Two DC populations, CD11c(high)CD11b(low) and CD11c(low)CD11b(high), were identified in the lungs of naive and OVA-sensitized and OVA-challenged mice with and without treatment with Flt3 ligand. The expression levels of CD8alpha, B220, CD19, F4/80, MHC II, CCR7, CD40, programmed death ligand 1, programmed death ligand 2, CD80, and CD86 were distinctly different between the 2 DC populations, which supports the notion that CD11c(high)CD11b(low) and CD11c(low)CD11b(high) DCs potentially have regulatory and immunogenic properties, respectively. Administration of Flt3 ligand increased the DCs with regulatory potential in the lungs of antigen-sensitized mice, and CD11c(high)CD11b(low) DCs acquired a maximum degree of regulatory capacity after Flt3 ligand treatment. CONCLUSION These data suggest that Flt3 ligand reverses airway hyperresponsiveness by regulating the function of lung DCs in a mouse model of allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifei Shao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University of School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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Suppression of Human T-Cell Activation and Expansion of Regulatory T Cells by Pig Cells Overexpressing PD-Ligands. Transplantation 2009; 87:975-82. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31819c85e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Self CH, Self AC, Smith JA, Self DJ, Thompson S. Light-directed activation of human T-cells. ChemMedChem 2008; 2:1587-90. [PMID: 17979165 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colin H Self
- Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technologies, School of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
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Tran CN, Thacker SG, Louie DM, Oliver J, White PT, Endres JL, Urquhart AG, Chung KC, Fox DA. Interactions of T cells with fibroblast-like synoviocytes: role of the B7 family costimulatory ligand B7-H3. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:2989-98. [PMID: 18292521 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.5.2989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) and T cells can activate each other in vitro, and in vivo interactions between these cells may be important in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), yet FLS lack significant expression of CD28 ligands. We sought to identify molecules homologous to CD28 ligands that are strongly expressed by FLS, and documented strong B7-H3 expression on FLS and by fibroblasts of other tissues, which was unaffected by a variety of cytokines. Western blot analysis of FLS lysates showed predominant expression of the larger, four Ig-like domain isoform of B7-H3. Immunohistological sections of RA synovial tissue showed strong staining for B7-H3 on FLS. Cells expressing B7-H3 were distinct from but in close proximity to cells that expressed CD45, CD20, and CD3. Confocal microscopy of FLS and T cell cocultures showed localization of B7-H3 in the region of the T cell-FLS contact point, but distinct from the localization of T cell CD11a/CD18 (LFA-1) and FLS CD54 (ICAM-1). Reduction of B7-H3 expression on FLS by RNA interference affected interactions of FLS with resting T cells or cytokine-activated T cells. Resting T cells showed increased production of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IL-2, whereas cytokine-activated T cells showed reduced cytokine production relative to control. However, cytokine production by T cells activated through their TCR was not notably altered by knock down of B7-H3. These observations suggest that B7-H3 may be important for the interactions between FLS and T cells in RA, as well as other diseases, and the outcome of such interactions depends on the activation state of the T cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinh N Tran
- Rheumatic Disease Core Center and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0358, USA
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del Rio ML, Buhler L, Gibbons C, Tian J, Rodriguez-Barbosa JI. PD-1/PD-L1, PD-1/PD-L2, and other co-inhibitory signaling pathways in transplantation. Transpl Int 2008; 21:1015-28. [PMID: 18662368 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2008.00726.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation of cells, tissues and vascularized solid organs is a successful therapeutic intervention for many end-stage chronic diseases. The combination of co-stimulatory blockade with the delivery of negative signals to T cells through co-inhibitory receptors would provide a robust approach to modulating T-cell receptor signaling and improving alloantigen-specific control of transplant rejection. This approach based on fundamental knowledge of APC/T-cell interactions may complement conventional therapies in the near future to reinforce long-term allograft survival, and permit minimal immunosuppression. The focus of this review was primarily on two major co-inhibitory signaling pathways, namely PD-1/PD-L1/PD-L2 and BTLA/CD160/HVEM/LIGHT that have been thoroughly characterized in murine models of transplantation using genetically modified mice, specific monoclonal antibodies and fusion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Luisa del Rio
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, School of Biotechnology and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Leon, Leon, Spain
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Mai G, del Rio ML, Tian J, Ramirez P, Buhler L, Rodriguez-Barbosa JI. Blockade of the PD-1/PD-1L pathway reverses the protective effect of anti-CD40L therapy in a rat to mouse concordant islet xenotransplantation model. Xenotransplantation 2007; 14:243-8. [PMID: 17489865 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2007.00402.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously demonstrated that costimulatory blockade with anti-CD40L monoclonal antibody (mAb) prolongs the survival of non-vascularized concordant rat to mouse islet xenografts. Here, we examine whether signaling through the PD-1/PD-1L pathway is required for the anti-CD40L therapy to prolong concordant islet graft survival using a novel anti-murine PD-1 mAb (clone 4F10). METHODS C57BL/6 mice received a cellular concordant islet xenograft under the left kidney capsule and four experimental groups were prepared. Group I: untreated control; group II: recipient mice were treated with three doses of 0.5 mg of anti-CD40L mAb (clone MR1) on days 0, 2 and 4; group III: mice were treated with 0.5 mg of anti-PD-1 (CD279) mAb (clone 4F10) every other day for 8 days; and finally group IV: mice received the combined treatment that consisted of anti-CD40L plus anti-PD-1 mAb. RESULTS Concordant islet xenografts transplanted in control untreated mice showed a median survival time (MST) of 17 +/- 7.43 days, whereas anti-CD40L treatment led to a significant prolongation of graft survival (MST: 154 +/- 65.56, P < 0.0001). The administration of anti-PD-1 alone significantly accelerated graft rejection compared to non-treated controls (MST: 10 +/- 2.24 vs. MST: 17 +/- 7.43, P < 0.0004). Remarkably, the combined administration of anti-CD40L and anti-PD-1 reversed the protective effect obtained with anti-CD40L alone (anti-CD40L, MST: 154 +/- 65.56 vs. anti-CD40L plus anti-PD-1, MST: 10 +/- 7.72, P < 0.0002). CONCLUSION Overall, our data indicate that the PD-1/PD-1L pathway is required for the achievement of prolonged graft survival in anti-CD40L-treated mice in a setting of rat to mouse concordant islet xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Mai
- Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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Chavez H, Beaudreuil S, Abbed K, Taoufic Y, Kriaa F, Charpentier B, Durrbach A. Absence of CD4CD25 regulatory T cell expansion in renal transplanted patients treated in vivo with Belatacept mediated CD28–CD80/86 blockade. Transpl Immunol 2007; 17:243-8. [PMID: 17493526 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2007.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Belatacept is a new recombinant molecule (CTLA4-Ig) that interferes with the second activation signal of T lymphocytes. CTLA4-Ig induced T cell allograft tolerance in rodents but not in primates. We examined the changes in peripheral lymphocyte subsets, including regulatory T cells, in renal transplant patients treated with Belatacept. METHODS A cross-sectional immunological study was carried out 6 months after transplantation in 28 patients enrolled in the Belatacept phase II study. Eighteen patients received Belatacept, mycophenolate mofetil and steroids (Belatacept group), while the control group of 10 patients received cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil and steroids (CsA group). Lymphocyte subsets were examined by flow cytometry. Foxp3 mRNA expression was measured by quantitative PCR. RESULTS The number of T lymphocytes and the percentage of CD3+ T cells were similar in both groups. However, the percentage of CD3+ CD4+ T cells was lower in the Belatacept group than in the control CsA group (B=42.5%+/-13.7 vs CsA=52.9%+/-9, p<0.005), and the percentage of CD3+ CD8+ cells was higher in the Belatacept group than in the control (B=32.9%+/-6.7 vs CsA=19.5%+/-8.2, p<0.0002). The percentage of CD19+ cells was similar in both groups. Among CD56+cells, only the percentage of CD16+ cells was significantly higher in the Belatacept group than in the control (B=82%+/-12 vs CsA=59.7%+/-25, p=0.01). Among CD4 and CD8 T cells the percentage of activated lymphocytes expressing CTLA4, HLA-DR or CD40L was similar in both groups. The percentage of CD4+CD25+ T cells was higher in the CsA group. The percentage of regulatory CD4+CD25+ cells with bright CD25 staining was similar in both groups (B=3.6+/-2.3% vs CsA=4.7+/-1.9%, ns) as was the expression of FoxP3. CONCLUSION Our results indicated that Belatacept did not induce regulatory T cell expansion in vivo. We suggest that Belatacept treatment should be maintained after transplantation to allow graft acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Chavez
- Unité d'Immunologie Biologique, Hôpital de Bicêtre, France
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McDiarmid SV, Merion RM, Dykstra DM, Harper AM. Use of a pediatric end-stage liver disease score for deceased donor allocation: the United States experience. Indian J Pediatr 2007; 74:387-92. [PMID: 17476086 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-007-0066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Pediatric end-stage liver disease (PELD) score was developed as a measure of the severity of chronic liver disease that would predict mortality or children awaiting liver transplant. From multivariate analyses a model was derived that included five objective factors which together comprise the PELD score. The factors are growth failure, age less than 1 year, international normalized ratio (INR), serum albumin and total bilirubin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue V McDiarmid
- Department of Pediatrics and Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Lee SH, Lee YA, Woo DH, Song R, Park EK, Ryu MH, Kim YH, Kim KS, Hong SJ, Yoo MC, Yang HI. Association of the programmed cell death 1 (PDCD1) gene polymorphism with ankylosing spondylitis in the Korean population. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 8:R163. [PMID: 17064404 PMCID: PMC1794506 DOI: 10.1186/ar2071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Revised: 09/25/2006] [Accepted: 10/25/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The PD-1 (programmed death 1) molecule is a negative regulator of T cells. PDCD1 (programmed cell death 1) has been reported to have a genetic association in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis in Caucasians. However, there are no reports on the association between this gene and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The present study investigated the association of the PD-1 polymorphisms and the haplotypes with AS in a Korean population sample. In a case-control association study, two single-nucleotide polymorphisms, PD-1.5 C/T and PD-1.9 T/C, were genotyped in 95 AS patients and 130 healthy controls. The T allele of the PD-1.9 polymorphism was more frequent in the Korean male population with AS than in the Korean male controls (21.0% versus 6.9%, odds ratio 1.89, 95% confidence interval 1.483 to 2.408). The frequency of the CT haplotype (PD-1.5 C/T and PD-1.9 T/C) was higher in the AS patients (19%) than the controls (5.4%) (odds ratio 1.83, 95% confidence interval 1.559 to 2.521). The PD-1 polymorphism was demonstrated in Korean AS patients. The results suggest a genetic association between the PD-1 polymorphism and susceptibility to AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hoon Lee
- Department of Rheumatology, College of Medicine, Kyunghee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 130-701, South Korea.
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Lizée G, Radvanyi LG, Overwijk WW, Hwu P. Immunosuppression in melanoma immunotherapy: potential opportunities for intervention. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:2359s-2365s. [PMID: 16609059 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-2537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although melanomas are substantially more immunogenic than other tumors, current immunotherapeutic approaches for melanoma patients have met with only limited success. Although melanoma-specific CD8+ T-cell responses can often be generated in patients naturally or through vaccination regimens, tumors frequently continue to grow unabated, suggesting that tumor-specific immune responses may be actively dampened in vivo. Research over the past decade has brought to light several mechanisms used by melanomas and other tumors to suppress tumor-specific immune responses. These include the presence of regulatory immune cells within the tumor microenvironment and draining lymph nodes that serve to shut down effector T-cell function. In addition, melanoma tumors themselves express a number of soluble and membrane-bound molecules that are responsible for inhibiting activated immune cells. The identification of these suppressive mechanisms has provided significant opportunities for designing novel therapeutic interventions that could augment current vaccination and adoptive transfer approaches for treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Lizée
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Esche C, de Benedetto A, Beck LA. Keratinocytes in atopic dermatitis: inflammatory signals. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2005; 4:276-84. [PMID: 15175141 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-004-0071-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder that usually predates the development of allergic airway disease. In most cases, this is thought to be an allergen-driven disease with prominent roles played by antigen presenting cells and effector Th2 cells. But keratinocytes, by virtue of their location, provide an important window to the environment and are also thought to contribute to the development of AD. In this review, we discuss several biologic attributes of keratinocytes that are relevant for AD: 1) intrinsic defects in barrier function, 2) production of inflammatory mediators that promote or maintain allergic inflammation, 3) keratinocyte apoptosis, 4) effects of staphylococcal toxins on keratinocytes, and 5) potential consequences of the expression of cosignaling molecules (eg, B7 family members) and receptors important for innate immune responses (eg, Toll receptors). Clearly, these findings have highlighted a more active role played by the epithelium than was previously recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Esche
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Baltimore, MD 21224-6801, USA.
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Sandner SE, Clarkson MR, Salama AD, Sanchez-Fueyo A, Domenig C, Habicht A, Najafian N, Yagita H, Azuma M, Turka LA, Sayegh MH. Role of the Programmed Death-1 Pathway in Regulation of Alloimmune Responses In Vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:3408-15. [PMID: 15749874 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.6.3408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Programmed death-1 (PD-1), an inhibitory receptor up-regulated on activated T cells, has been shown to play a critical immunoregulatory role in peripheral tolerance, but its role in alloimmune responses is poorly understood. Using a novel alloreactive TCR-transgenic model system, we examined the functions of this pathway in the regulation of alloreactive CD4+ T cell responses in vivo. PD-L1, but not PD-1 or PD-L2, blockade accelerated MHC class II-mismatched skin graft (bm12 (I-Abm12) into B6 (I-Ab)) rejection in a similar manner to CTLA-4 blockade. In an adoptive transfer model system using the recently described anti-bm12 (ABM) TCR-transgenic mice directly reactive to I-Abm12, PD-1 and PD-L1 blockade enhanced T cell proliferation early in the immune response. In contrast, at a later time point preceding accelerated allograft rejection, only PD-L1 blockade enhanced T cell proliferation. In addition, PD-L1 blockade enhanced alloreactive Th1 cell differentiation. Apoptosis of alloantigen-specific T cells was inhibited significantly by PD-L1 but not PD-1 blockade, indicating that PD-1 may not be the receptor for the apoptotic effect of the PD-L1-signaling pathway. Interestingly, the effect of PD-L1 blockade was dependent on the presence of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells in vivo. These data demonstrate a critical role for the PD-1 pathway, particularly PD-1/PD-L1 interactions, in the regulation of alloimmune responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid E Sandner
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Khoury SJ, Sayegh MH. The roles of the new negative T cell costimulatory pathways in regulating autoimmunity. Immunity 2004; 20:529-38. [PMID: 15142522 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(04)00116-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The B7 family of T cell costimulatory molecules has recently acquired several new members. Some of these are activating while others are inhibitory. In this review, we will focus on the novel inhibitory pathways with particular emphasis on the PD-1:PD-L pathway. Understanding the mechanisms of these pathways has implications for development of novel treatment strategies for autoimmune disease, transplantation, tumor immunotherapy, and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia J Khoury
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
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