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Suner SS, Sahiner M, Umut E, Ayyala RS, Sahiner N. Physically Crosslinked Chondroitin Sulfate (CS)-Metal Ion (M: Fe(III), Gd(III), Zn(II), and Cu(II)) Particles for Versatile Applications and Their Biosafety. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16040483. [PMID: 37111240 PMCID: PMC10144968 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS), a well-known glycosaminoglycan, was physically crosslinked with Fe(III), Gd(III), Zn(II), and Cu(II) ions to obtain CS-Fe(III), CS-Gd(III), CS-Zn(II), and CS-Cu(II) polymeric particles for multipurpose biological applications. The CS-metal ion-containing particles in the micrometer to a few hundred nanometer size range are injectable materials for intravenous administration. The CS-metal ion-containing particles are safe biomaterials for biological applications because of their perfect blood compatibility and no significant cytotoxicity on L929 fibroblast cells up to a 10 mg/mL concentration. Furthermore, CS-Zn(II) and CS-Cu(II) particles show excellent antibacterial susceptibility, with 2.5-5.0 mg/mL minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) values against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, the in vitro contrast enhancement abilities of aqueous CS-metal ion particle suspensions in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were determined by obtaining T1- and T2-weighted MR images using a 0.5 Tesla MRI scanner and by calculating the water proton relaxivities. Therefore, these CS-Fe(III), CS-Gd(III), CS-Zn(II), and CS-Cu(II) particles have significant potential as antibacterial additive materials and MRI contrast enhancement agents with less toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin S Suner
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Technology Research and Application Center, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Terzioglu Campus, 17100 Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Mehtap Sahiner
- Department of Bioengineering, Engineering Faculty, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17100 Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Evrim Umut
- Department of Medical Imaging Techniques, School of Healthcare, Dokuz Eylul University, 35330 Izmir, Turkey
- Bioİzmir-Izmir Health Technologies Development and Accelerator Research and Application Center, Dokuz Eylul University, 35330 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ramesh S Ayyala
- Department of Ophthalmology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs B. Downs Blv, MDC 21, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Nurettin Sahiner
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Technology Research and Application Center, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Terzioglu Campus, 17100 Canakkale, Turkey
- Department of Ophthalmology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs B. Downs Blv, MDC 21, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
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Sahiner M, Suner SS, Yilmaz AS, Sahiner N. Polyelectrolyte Chondroitin Sulfate Microgels as a Carrier Material for Rosmarinic Acid and Their Antioxidant Ability. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204324. [PMID: 36297903 PMCID: PMC9611445 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte microgels derived from natural sources such as chondroitin sulfate (CS) possess considerable interest as therapeutic carriers because of their ionic nature and controllable degradation capability in line with the extent of the used crosslinker for long-term drug delivery applications. In this study, chemically crosslinked CS microgels were synthesized in a single step and treated with an ammonia solution to attain polyelectrolyte CS-[NH4]+ microgels via a cation exchange reaction. The spherical and non-porous CS microgels were injectable and in the size range of a few hundred nanometers to tens of micrometers. The average size distribution of the CS microgels and their polyelectrolyte forms were not significantly affected by medium pH. It was determined that the -34 ± 4 mV zeta potential of the CS microgels was changed to -23 ± 3 mV for CS- [NH4]+ microgels with pH 7 medium. No important toxicity was determined on L929 fibroblast cells, with 76 ± 1% viability in the presence of 1000 μg/mL concentration of CS-[NH4]+ microgels. Furthermore, these microgels were used as a drug carrier material for rosmarinic acid (RA) active agent. The RA-loading capacity was about 2.5-fold increased for CS-[R]+ microgels with 32.4 ± 5.1 μg/mg RA loading, and 23% of the loaded RA was sustainably release for a long-term period within 150 h in comparison to CS microgels. Moreover, RA-loaded CS-[R]+ microgels exhibited great antioxidant activity, with 0.45 ± 0.02 μmol/g Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity in comparison to no antioxidant properties for bare CS particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehtap Sahiner
- Bioengineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University Terzioglu Campus, Canakkale 17100, Turkey
| | - Selin S. Suner
- Department of Chemistry & Nanoscience and Technology Research and Application Center, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University Terzioglu Campus, Canakkale 17100, Turkey
| | - Aynur S. Yilmaz
- Department of Chemistry & Nanoscience and Technology Research and Application Center, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University Terzioglu Campus, Canakkale 17100, Turkey
| | - Nurettin Sahiner
- Department of Chemistry & Nanoscience and Technology Research and Application Center, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University Terzioglu Campus, Canakkale 17100, Turkey
- Department of Ophthalmology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
- Correspondence:
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