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Kühl J, Gorb S, Kern M, Klüter T, Kühl S, Seekamp A, Fuchs S. Extrusion-based 3D printing of osteoinductive scaffolds with a spongiosa-inspired structure. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1268049. [PMID: 37790253 PMCID: PMC10544914 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1268049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Critical-sized bone defects resulting from trauma, inflammation, and tumor resections are individual in their size and shape. Implants for the treatment of such defects have to consider biomechanical and biomedical factors, as well as the individual conditions within the implantation site. In this context, 3D printing technologies offer new possibilities to design and produce patient-specific implants reflecting the outer shape and internal structure of the replaced bone tissue. The selection or modification of materials used in 3D printing enables the adaption of the implant, by enhancing the osteoinductive or biomechanical properties. In this study, scaffolds with bone spongiosa-inspired structure for extrusion-based 3D printing were generated. The computer aided design process resulted in an up scaled and simplified version of the bone spongiosa. To enhance the osteoinductive properties of the 3D printed construct, polycaprolactone (PCL) was combined with 20% (wt) calcium phosphate nano powder (CaP). The implants were designed in form of a ring structure and revealed an irregular and interconnected porous structure with a calculated porosity of 35.2% and a compression strength within the range of the natural cancellous bone. The implants were assessed in terms of biocompatibility and osteoinductivity using the osteosarcoma cell line MG63 and patient-derived mesenchymal stem cells in selected experiments. Cell growth and differentiation over 14 days were monitored using confocal laser scanning microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) quantification, gene expression analysis, and quantitative assessment of calcification. MG63 cells and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) adhered to the printed implants and revealed a typical elongated morphology as indicated by microscopy. Using DNA quantification, no differences for PCL or PCL-CaP in the initial adhesion of MG63 cells were observed, while the PCL-based scaffolds favored cell proliferation in the early phases of culture up to 7 days. In contrast, on PCL-CaP, cell proliferation for MG63 cells was not evident, while data from PCR and the levels of calcification, or alkaline phosphatase activity, indicated osteogenic differentiation within the PCL-CaP constructs over time. For hMSC, the highest levels in the total calcium content were observed for the PCL-CaP constructs, thus underlining the osteoinductive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Kühl
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stanislav Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Kern
- Department of Prosthodontics, Propaedeutics and Dental Material, University Medical Center, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tim Klüter
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kühl
- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Seekamp
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sabine Fuchs
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center, Kiel, Germany
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Yousefiasl S, Sharifi E, Salahinejad E, Makvandi P, Irani S. Bioactive 3D-Printed Chitosan-Based Scaffolds for Personalized Craniofacial Bone Tissue Engineering. ENGINEERED REGENERATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.engreg.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Valencia-Llano CH, López-Tenorio D, Grande-Tovar CD. Biocompatibility Assessment of Two Commercial Bone Xenografts by In Vitro and In Vivo Methods. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132672. [PMID: 35808724 PMCID: PMC9268806 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone substitutes based on xenografts have been used for a long time in bone regeneration thanks to their inductive capacity for bone tissue regeneration. Some bone-based scaffolds have been modified by adding collagen and other proteins to improve their regenerative capacity and prevent migration and aggregation, especially particles. However, rejection of this graft has been reported due to protein residues caused by poor material preparation. We compared the in vitro and in vivo biological response of two commercial xenografts (InterOss®, F1 and InterOss® Collagen, F2) and a commercial porcine collagen membrane (InterCollagen® Guide, F3) as a rapid degradation control. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis evidenced the presence of hydroxyl, orthophosphate, and carbonate groups of the xenografts and amide groups of collagen. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the xenografts demonstrated their thermal stability and the presence of a few amounts of organic material. The study by differential scanning calorimetry showed the presence of endothermic peaks typical of the dehydration of the xenografts (F1 and F2) and for the collagen membrane (F3), the beginning of structural three-dimensional protein changes. Subsequently, in vitro biocompatibility tests were carried out for the materials with Artemia salina and MTT cell viability with HeLa cells, demonstrating the high biocompatibility of the materials. Finally, in vivo biocompatibility was studied by implanting xenografts in biomodels (Wistar rats) at different periods (30, 60, and 90 days). The F1 xenograft (InterOss) remained remarkably stable throughout the experiment (90 days). F2 (InterOss Collagen) presented a separation of its apatite and collagen components at 60 days and advanced resorption at 90 days of implantation. Finally, the collagen membrane (F3) presented faster resorption since, at 90 days, only some tiny fragments of the material were evident. All the in vivo and in vitro test results demonstrated the biocompatibility of the xenografts, demonstrating the potential of these materials for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Humberto Valencia-Llano
- Grupo Biomateriales Dentales, Escuela de Odontología, Universidad del Valle, Calle 4B # 36-00, Cali 76001, Colombia; (C.H.V.-L.); (D.L.-T.)
| | - Diego López-Tenorio
- Grupo Biomateriales Dentales, Escuela de Odontología, Universidad del Valle, Calle 4B # 36-00, Cali 76001, Colombia; (C.H.V.-L.); (D.L.-T.)
| | - Carlos David Grande-Tovar
- Grupo de Investigación de Fotoquímica y Fotobiología, Universidad del Atlántico, Carrera 30 Número 8-49, Puerto Colombia 081008, Colombia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +57-5-3599-484
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Reichstein W, Sommer L, Veziroglu S, Sayin S, Schröder S, Mishra YK, Saygili Eİ, Karayürek F, Açil Y, Wiltfang J, Gülses A, Faupel F, Aktas OC. Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition (iCVD) Functionalized Polylactic Acid-Marine Algae Composite Patch for Bone Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13020186. [PMID: 33430187 PMCID: PMC7825612 DOI: 10.3390/polym13020186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to describe the fabrication of a composite patch by incorporating marine algae powders (MAPs) into poly-lactic acid (PLA) for bone tissue engineering. The prepared composite patch was functionalized with the co-polymer, poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) (p(HEMA-co-EGDMA)) via initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) to improve its wettability and overall biocompatibility. The iCVD functionalized MAP–PLA composite patch showed superior cell interaction of human osteoblasts. Following the surface functionalization by p(HEMA-co-EGDMA) via the iCVD technique, a highly hydrophilic patch was achieved without tailoring any morphological and structural properties. Moreover, the iCVD modified composite patch exhibited ideal cell adhesion for human osteoblasts, thus making the proposed patch suitable for potential biomedical applications including bone tissue engineering, especially in the fields of dentistry and orthopedy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Reichstein
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany; (W.R.); (S.V.); (S.S.); (F.F.)
| | - Levke Sommer
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Campus Kiel, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (L.S.); (Y.A.); (J.W.)
| | - Salih Veziroglu
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany; (W.R.); (S.V.); (S.S.); (F.F.)
| | - Selin Sayin
- Marine Science and Technology Faculty, Iskenderun Technical University, 31200 Iskenderun/Hatay, Turkey;
| | - Stefan Schröder
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany; (W.R.); (S.V.); (S.S.); (F.F.)
| | - Yogendra Kumar Mishra
- Mads Clausen Institute, NanoSYD, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, 6400 Sønderborg, Denmark;
| | - Eyüp İlker Saygili
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, SANKO University, Şehitkamil, 27090 Gaziantep, Turkey;
| | - Fatih Karayürek
- Department of Periodontology, Cankiri Karatekin University, 18100 Cankiri, Turkey;
| | - Yahya Açil
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Campus Kiel, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (L.S.); (Y.A.); (J.W.)
| | - Jörg Wiltfang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Campus Kiel, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (L.S.); (Y.A.); (J.W.)
| | - Aydin Gülses
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Campus Kiel, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (L.S.); (Y.A.); (J.W.)
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (O.C.A.)
| | - Franz Faupel
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany; (W.R.); (S.V.); (S.S.); (F.F.)
| | - Oral Cenk Aktas
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany; (W.R.); (S.V.); (S.S.); (F.F.)
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (O.C.A.)
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