Nano-encapsulated Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) using poly (D, L-lactide) nanoparticles educe effective control in streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats

Current Strategies and Potential Prospects for Nanoparticle-Mediated Treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy (DN), a severe microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), is the most common form of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and a leading cause of renal failure in end-stage renal disease. No currently available treatment can achieve complete cure. Traditional treatments have many limitations, such as painful subcutaneous insulin injections, nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity with oral medication, and poor patient compliance with continual medication intake. Given the known drawbacks, recent research has suggested that nanoparticle-based drug delivery platforms as therapeutics may provide a promising strategy for treating debilitating diseases such as DN in the future. This administration method provides multiple advantages, such as delivering the loaded drug to the precise target of action and enabling early prevention of CKD progression. This article discusses the development of the main currently used nanoplatforms, such as liposomes, polymeric NPs, and inorganic NPs, as well as the prospects and drawbacks of nanoplatform application in the treatment of CKD.

Nephroprotective role of nanoencapsulated Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) using polylactic acid nanoparticles in streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy rats

Currently, the field of nanomedicine, which uses active compounds from medicinal plants, has emerged as a therapy for diabetic nephropathy. From this study, the renoprotective effect of TC-loaded PLA Nanoparticles (TC-PLA NPs) on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic nephropathy rats was investigated. The results showed that the nephroprotective effect of TC-PLA NPs reduces the blood glucose level, regulates the renal parameters, decreases the cytokine levels and reduces the mRNA expressions level of different genes related to diabetic nephropathy.

Tinospora cordifolia activates PPARγ pathway and mitigates glomerular and tubular cell injury in diabetic kidney disease

BACKGROUND

Diabetic Kidney Disease (DKD) is a common complication of diabetes and a leading cause of end-stage renal disease progression. Therefore, therapeutic strategies are desirable to mitigate the progression of disease into more severe consequences. Hypothesis/Purpose:Tinospora cordifolia is a traditionally known antidiabetic plant; however, its effect against DKD remains unexplored. Therefore, in the present study, we assessed the efficacy and mechanism of action of Tinospora cordifolia extract (TC) against DKD.

METHODS

The molecular interaction of the various phytoconstituents of TC with PPARγ were analyzed in silico. The effect of TC was studied on the viability, cell cycle, and gene expressions (PPARγ, TGFβ, and αSMA) in high glucose treated NRK-52E and SV40 MES13 cells. Further, streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were treated with TC for eight weeks, and the effects on different biochemical, histological and molecular parameters were studied.

RESULTS

In silico analysis revealed the integration of various phytoconstituents of TC with PPARγ. It further increased PPARγ and decreased TGFβ and αSMA expressions in NRK-52E and SV40 MES13 cells. In diabetic rats, TC improved the fasting blood glucose, serum urea, and creatinine levels. It also lowered the urine microalbumin and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) levels. Histopathological studies revealed the preventive effect of TC on degenerative changes, mesangial proliferation and glomerular hypertrophy. Further, it reduced the inflammation and fibrotic changes in the kidney tissue estimated by various markers. The kidney tissue and gene expression analysis revealed the augmented levels of PPARγ after TC treatment.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, TC exerted the protective effect against DKD by inhibiting inflammation and fibrogenesis through the activation of PPARγ dependent pathways.