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Abbas K, Raza A, Vasquez RD, Roldan MJM, Malhotra N, Huang JC, Buenafe OEM, Chen KHC, Liang SS, Hsiao CD. Ractopamine at the Center of Decades-Long Scientific and Legal Disputes: A Lesson on Benefits, Safety Issues, and Conflicts. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101342. [PMID: 36291550 PMCID: PMC9599871 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ractopamine (RAC) is a synthetic phenethanolamine, β–adrenergic agonist used as a feed additive to develop leanness and increase feed conversion efficiency in different farm animals. While RAC has been authorized as a feed additive for pigs and cattle in a limited number of countries, a great majority of jurisdictions, including the European Union (EU), China, Russia, and Taiwan, have banned its use on safety grounds. RAC has been under long scientific and political discussion as a controversial antibiotic as a feed additive. Here, we will present significant information on RAC regarding its application, detection methods, conflicts, and legal divisions that play a major role in controversial deadlock and why this issue warrants the attention of scientists, agriculturists, environmentalists, and health advocates. In this review, we highlight the potential toxicities of RAC on aquatic animals to emphasize scientific evidence and reports on the potentially harmful effects of RAC on the aquatic environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumail Abbas
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
| | - Aqeel Raza
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Ross D. Vasquez
- Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1015, Philippines
- The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1015, Philippines
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, Espana Blvd., Manila 1015, Philippines
| | - Marri Jmelou M. Roldan
- The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1015, Philippines
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, Espana Blvd., Manila 1015, Philippines
| | - Nemi Malhotra
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Chin Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Pingtung University, Pingtung 900391, Taiwan
| | - Olivia E. M. Buenafe
- Department of Chemistry, Ateneo de Manila University, Katipunan Ave., Loyola Heights, Quezon City 1108, Philippines
| | - Kelvin H. -C. Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Pingtung University, Pingtung 900391, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Shin Liang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-S.L.); (C.-D.H.)
| | - Chung-Der Hsiao
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Center for Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
- Research Center for Aquatic Toxicology and Pharmacology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-S.L.); (C.-D.H.)
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