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Sánchez-Hernández E, González-García V, Casanova-Gascón J, Barriuso-Vargas JJ, Balduque-Gil J, Lorenzo-Vidal B, Martín-Gil J, Martín-Ramos P. Valorization of Quercus suber L. Bark as a Source of Phytochemicals with Antimicrobial Activity against Apple Tree Diseases. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3415. [PMID: 36559527 PMCID: PMC9785260 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cork, an anatomic adaptation of the bark of Quercus suber L. through its suberization process, finds its main application in the production of bottle stoppers. Its processing results in a large waste stream of cork fragments, granulates, and dust, which may be susceptible to valorization. The work presented here explored the use of its extracts to inhibit the growth of phytopathogenic microorganisms associated with apple tree diseases. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of cork aqueous ammonia extract was assayed against four fungi, viz. Monilinia fructigena and M. laxa (brown rot), Neofussicoccum parvum (dieback), and Phytophthora cactorum (collar and root rot), and two bacteria, viz. Erwinia amylovora and Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, either alone or in combination with chitosan oligomers (COS). Effective concentration values of EC90 in the 675-3450 μg·mL-1 range, depending on the fungal pathogen, were obtained in growth inhibition tests, which were substantially improved for the conjugate complexes (340-801 μg·mL-1) as a result of strong synergism with COS. Similar enhanced behavior was also observed in antibacterial activity assays, with MIC values of 375 and 750 μg·mL-1 for the conjugate complexes against P. syringae pv. syringae and E. amylovora, respectively. This in vitro inhibitory activity was substantially higher than those exhibited by azoxystrobin and fosetyl-Al, which were tested for comparison purposes, and stood out among those reported for other natural compounds in the literature. The observed antimicrobial activity may be mainly attributed to the presence of glycerin and vanillic acid, identified by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. In the first step towards in-field application, the COS-Q. suber bark extract conjugate complex was further tested ex situ against P. cactorum on artificially inoculated excised stems of the 'Garnem' almond rootstock, achieving high protection at a dose of 3750 μg·mL-1. These results suggest that cork industrial leftovers may, thus, be a promising source of bioactive compounds for integrated pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Sánchez-Hernández
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Engineering, ETSIIAA, Universidad de Valladolid, Avenida de Madrid 44, 34004 Palencia, Spain
| | - Vicente González-García
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Environmental Systems, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragón, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José Casanova-Gascón
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias Ambientales de Aragón, EPS, Universidad de Zaragoza, Carretera de Cuarte s/n, 22071 Huesca, Spain
| | - Juan J. Barriuso-Vargas
- AgriFood Institute of Aragon (IA2), CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Joaquín Balduque-Gil
- AgriFood Institute of Aragon (IA2), CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Belén Lorenzo-Vidal
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega, Calle Dulzaina 2, 47012 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jesús Martín-Gil
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Engineering, ETSIIAA, Universidad de Valladolid, Avenida de Madrid 44, 34004 Palencia, Spain
| | - Pablo Martín-Ramos
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Engineering, ETSIIAA, Universidad de Valladolid, Avenida de Madrid 44, 34004 Palencia, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias Ambientales de Aragón, EPS, Universidad de Zaragoza, Carretera de Cuarte s/n, 22071 Huesca, Spain
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Friedman M, Tam CC, Kim JH, Escobar S, Gong S, Liu M, Mao XY, Do C, Kuang I, Boateng K, Ha J, Tran M, Alluri S, Le T, Leong R, Cheng LW, Land KM. Anti-Parasitic Activity of Cherry Tomato Peel Powders. Foods 2021; 10:230. [PMID: 33498638 PMCID: PMC7912415 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichomoniasis in humans, caused by the protozoal parasite Trichomonas vaginalis, is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease, while Tritrichomonas foetus causes trichomonosis, an infection of the gastrointestinal tract and diarrhea in farm animals and domesticated cats. As part of an effort to determine the inhibitory effects of plant-based extracts and pure compounds, seven commercially available cherry tomato varieties were hand-peeled, freeze-dried, and pounded into powders. The anti-trichomonad inhibitory activities of these peel powders at 0.02% concentration determined using an in vitro cell assay varied widely from 0.0% to 66.7% against T. vaginalis G3 (human); from 0.9% to 66.8% for T. foetus C1 (feline); and from 0.0% to 81.3% for T. foetus D1 (bovine). The organic Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme (D) peels were the most active against all three trichomonads, inhibiting 52.2% (G3), 66.8% (C1), and 81.3% (D1). Additional assays showed that none of the powders inhibited the growth of foodborne pathogenic bacteria, pathogenic fungi, or non-pathogenic lactobacilli. Tomato peel and pomace powders with high content of described biologically active compounds could serve as functional food and feed additives that might help overcome adverse effects of wide-ranging diseases and complement the treatment of parasites with the anti-trichomonad drug metronidazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mendel Friedman
- Healthy Processed Foods Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Christina C. Tam
- Foodborne Toxins Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (C.C.T.); (J.H.K.); (L.W.C.)
| | - Jong H. Kim
- Foodborne Toxins Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (C.C.T.); (J.H.K.); (L.W.C.)
| | - Sydney Escobar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (S.E.); (S.G.); (M.L.); (X.Y.M.); (C.D.); (I.K.); (K.B.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (R.L.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Steven Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (S.E.); (S.G.); (M.L.); (X.Y.M.); (C.D.); (I.K.); (K.B.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (R.L.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Max Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (S.E.); (S.G.); (M.L.); (X.Y.M.); (C.D.); (I.K.); (K.B.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (R.L.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Xuan Yu Mao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (S.E.); (S.G.); (M.L.); (X.Y.M.); (C.D.); (I.K.); (K.B.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (R.L.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Cindy Do
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (S.E.); (S.G.); (M.L.); (X.Y.M.); (C.D.); (I.K.); (K.B.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (R.L.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Irene Kuang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (S.E.); (S.G.); (M.L.); (X.Y.M.); (C.D.); (I.K.); (K.B.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (R.L.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Kelvin Boateng
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (S.E.); (S.G.); (M.L.); (X.Y.M.); (C.D.); (I.K.); (K.B.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (R.L.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Janica Ha
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (S.E.); (S.G.); (M.L.); (X.Y.M.); (C.D.); (I.K.); (K.B.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (R.L.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Megan Tran
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (S.E.); (S.G.); (M.L.); (X.Y.M.); (C.D.); (I.K.); (K.B.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (R.L.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Srimanth Alluri
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (S.E.); (S.G.); (M.L.); (X.Y.M.); (C.D.); (I.K.); (K.B.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (R.L.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Tam Le
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (S.E.); (S.G.); (M.L.); (X.Y.M.); (C.D.); (I.K.); (K.B.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (R.L.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Ryan Leong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (S.E.); (S.G.); (M.L.); (X.Y.M.); (C.D.); (I.K.); (K.B.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (R.L.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Luisa W. Cheng
- Foodborne Toxins Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (C.C.T.); (J.H.K.); (L.W.C.)
| | - Kirkwood M. Land
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (S.E.); (S.G.); (M.L.); (X.Y.M.); (C.D.); (I.K.); (K.B.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (R.L.); (K.M.L.)
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