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Gual P, Gilgenkrantz H, Lotersztajn S. [Autophagy in chronic liver diseases: a friend rather than a foe?]. Med Sci (Paris) 2017; 33:252-259. [PMID: 28367811 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20173303011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Within recycling damaged cell components, autophagy maintains cell homeostasis. Thus, it has been anticipated that autophagy would play an essential role in the pathogenesis of chronic liver diseases. Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are the most prevalent chronic liver diseases in Western countries, sharing common histopathologic features and a common disease progression. In this review, we discuss the role of autophagy at different stages of NAFLD and ALD as well as in liver regeneration and hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Gual
- Inserm, U1065, C3M, Team 8 "Hepatic complications in obesity", Nice, France - Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Inserm, C3M, Nice, France
| | - Hélène Gilgenkrantz
- Institut Cochin, Inserm, U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Lotersztajn
- Inserm-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, Paris, France - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'excellence Inflamex, faculté de médecine, site Xavier Bichat, université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
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Codogno P. L’auto-digestion est invitée à la table de l’Institut Karolinska. Med Sci (Paris) 2017; 32:1127-1129. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20163212017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Lévy J, Romagnolo B. [Antitumoral functions of autophagy inhibition in colorectal cancer: the intestinal microbiota and the immune system come to the rescue…]. Med Sci (Paris) 2016; 32:339-42. [PMID: 27137689 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20163204009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Lévy
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, 24, rue du faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Béatrice Romagnolo
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, 24, rue du faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
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Arnold J, Murera D, Arbogast F, Muller S, Gros F. [Autophagy in T and B cell homeostasis: recycling for sustainable growth]. Med Sci (Paris) 2016; 32:281-9. [PMID: 27011247 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20163203013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy often abbreviated by "autophagy" is an intracellular degradation mechanism linked to lysosomal activity. Autophagy is conserved from yeast to mammals and plays a role in the response to energetic stress and in organelle homeostasis. Autophagy is also involved in the regulation of immunity, in particular in the adaptive immune response, which involves B and T lymphocytes. It was indeed shown that autophagy impacts the development of B and T cells as well as the education of T cells in the thymus. Autophagy also modulates activation, survival and polarization of T cells. It plays a role in antigen presentation by B cells, and in their TLR-mediated activation, and thus likely in their initial activation. Finally, autophagy is required for the survival of memory lymphocytes and effector cells like antibody-producing plasma cells. Interestingly, autophagy is deregulated in several autoimmune pathologies. The modulation of this phenomenon could possibly lead to new treatments aiming at limiting lymphocyte activation driving these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Arnold
- CNRS, immunopathologie et chimie thérapeutique, laboratoire d'excellence MEDALIS, institut de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire, 15, rue Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Diane Murera
- CNRS, immunopathologie et chimie thérapeutique, laboratoire d'excellence MEDALIS, institut de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire, 15, rue Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Florent Arbogast
- CNRS, immunopathologie et chimie thérapeutique, laboratoire d'excellence MEDALIS, institut de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire, 15, rue Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylviane Muller
- CNRS, immunopathologie et chimie thérapeutique, laboratoire d'excellence MEDALIS, institut de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire, 15, rue Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg, France - Université de Strasbourg, institut d'études avancées (USIAS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Frédéric Gros
- CNRS, immunopathologie et chimie thérapeutique, laboratoire d'excellence MEDALIS, institut de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire, 15, rue Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg, France - Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Pagano AF, Py G, Bernardi H, Candau RB, Sanchez AMJ. Autophagy and protein turnover signaling in slow-twitch muscle during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 46:1314-25. [PMID: 24389528 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to characterize skeletal muscle protein breakdown and mitochondrial dynamics markers at different points of endurance exercise. METHODS Mice run at 10 m·min(-1) during 1 h, and running speed was increased by 0.5 m·min(-1) every minute during 40 min and then by 1 m·min(-1) until exhaustion. Animals were killed by cervical dislocation at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min; at time to exhaustion (Te); and at 3 and 24 h during recovery. The soleus and the deep red regions of the quadriceps muscles were pooled. RESULTS AMPK phosphorylation (Thr172) increased from 30 min to Te, and FoxO3a phosphorylation (Thr32 and Ser253) decreased from 120 min to 3 h after exercise. FoxO3a-dependent E3 ligases Mul1 and MuRF1 proteins increased from 30 min to Te and at Te and 3 h after exercise, respectively, whereas MAFbx/atrogin-1 protein expression did not change significantly. The autophagic markers LC3B-II increased at 120 min and Te, and p62 significantly decreased at Te. The AMPK-dependent phosphorylation of Ulk1 at Ser317 and Ser555 increased from 60 min to Te and at 30 and 60 min, respectively. Akt (Ser473), MTOR (Ser2448), and 4E-BP1 (Thr37/46) phosphorylation decreased from 90 min to Te, and the MTOR-dependent phosphorylation of Ulk1 (Ser757) decreased from 120 min to Te. Ser616 phosphorylation of the mitochondrial fission marker DRP1 increased from 60 min to Te, but protein expression of the fusion markers mitofusin-2, a substrate of Mul1, and OPA1 did not significantly change. CONCLUSIONS These results fit with a regulation of protein breakdown triggered by FoxO3a and Ulk1 pathways after AMPK activation and Akt/MTOR inhibition. Furthermore, our data suggest that mitochondrial fission is quickly increased, and mitochondrial fusion is unchanged during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan F Pagano
- 1Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, FRANCE; and 2INRA, UMR866 Dynamique Musculaire Et Métabolisme, University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, FRANCE
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Duez H, Sebti Y, Staels B. Horloges circadiennes et métabolisme : intégration des signaux métaboliques et environnementaux. Med Sci (Paris) 2013; 29:772-7. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2013298017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Sanchez AMJ, Candau RB, Csibi A, Pagano AF, Raibon A, Bernardi H. The role of AMP-activated protein kinase in the coordination of skeletal muscle turnover and energy homeostasis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 303:C475-85. [PMID: 22700795 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00125.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that acts as a sensor of cellular energy status switch regulating several systems including glucose and lipid metabolism. Recently, AMPK has been implicated in the control of skeletal muscle mass by decreasing mTORC1 activity and increasing protein degradation through regulation of ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy pathways. In this review, we give an overview of the central role of AMPK in the control of skeletal muscle plasticity. We detail particularly its implication in the control of the hypertrophic and atrophic signaling pathways. In the light of these cumulative and attractive results, AMPK appears as a key player in regulating muscle homeostasis and the modulation of its activity may constitute a therapeutic potential in treating muscle wasting syndromes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M J Sanchez
- INRA, UMR866 Dynamique Musculaire Et Métabolisme, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France.
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Mitou G, Budak H, Gozuacik D. Techniques to study autophagy in plants. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT GENOMICS 2009; 2009:451357. [PMID: 19730746 PMCID: PMC2734941 DOI: 10.1155/2009/451357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2008] [Revised: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy (or self eating), a cellular recycling mechanism, became the center of interest and subject of intensive research in recent years. Development of new molecular techniques allowed the study of this biological phenomenon in various model organisms ranging from yeast to plants and mammals. Accumulating data provide evidence that autophagy is involved in a spectrum of biological mechanisms including plant growth, development, response to stress, and defense against pathogens. In this review, we briefly summarize general and plant-related autophagy studies, and explain techniques commonly used to study autophagy. We also try to extrapolate how autophagy techniques used in other organisms may be adapted to plant studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Mitou
- Biological Science and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orhanli, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hikmet Budak
- Biological Science and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orhanli, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Devrim Gozuacik
- Biological Science and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orhanli, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
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Glasser AL, Lapaquette P, Darfeuille-Michaud A. Altération de l’autophagie chez les patients atteints de maladie de Crohn. Med Sci (Paris) 2009; 25:349-51. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2009254349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Puyal J, Ginet V, Vaslin A, Truttmann AC, Clarke PG. Les deux visages de l’autophagie dans le système nerveux. Med Sci (Paris) 2009; 25:383-90. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2009254383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Mailleux AA, Overholtzer M, Brugge JS. L’entose, mort cellulaire par cannibalisme entre cellules tumorales. Med Sci (Paris) 2008; 24:246-8. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2008243246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Puyal J, Ginet V, Vaslin A, Clarke PG. L’autophagie remplaçant de luxe du protéasome. Med Sci (Paris) 2008; 24:19-21. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/200824119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Pattingre
- INSERM U756, Université Paris-Sud, 5, rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France.
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Espert L, Denizot M, Grimaldi M, Robert-Hebmann V, Gay B, Varbanov M, Codogno P, Biard-Piechaczyk M. [Autophagy and CD4 T lymphocyte destruction by HIV-1]. Med Sci (Paris) 2006; 22:677-8. [PMID: 16962030 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20062289677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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