[Implication of the ubiquitin ligase c-Cbl in bone formation and tumorigenesis]

MicroRNA-495: a therapeutic and diagnostic tumor marker

Therapeutic and diagnostic progresses have significantly reduced the mortality rate among cancer patients during the last decade. However, there is still a high rate of mortality among cancer patients. One of the important reasons involved in the high mortality rate is the late diagnosis in advanced tumor stages that causes the failure of therapeutic strategies in these patients. Therefore, investigating the molecular mechanisms involved in tumor progression has an important role in introducing the efficient early detection markers. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) as stable factors in body fluids are always considered as non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic markers. In the present review, we investigated the role of miR-495 in tumor progression. It has been reported that miR-495 has mainly a tumor suppressor function through the regulation of transcription factors and tyrosine kinases as well as cellular processes such as multidrug resistance, chromatin remodeling, and signaling pathways. This review can be an effective step towards introducing the miR-495 as a non-invasive diagnostic/prognostic marker as well as a suitable target in tumor therapy.

circTLK1 facilitates the proliferation and metastasis of renal cell carcinoma by regulating miR-495-3p/CBL axis

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a common urological malignancy. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been confirmed to play an important regulatory role in various cancers. This study aimed to investigate the role and potential mechanism of circTLK1 (hsa_circ_0004442) in RCC. The levels of circTLK1, Cbl proto-oncogene (CBL), and microRNA-495-3p (miR-495-3p) were detected by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction or western blot. Cell proliferation, cycle arrest and apoptosis, migration, and invasion were assessed by colony formation, flow cytometry, scratch, and transwell assays. The levels of E-cadherin and Vimentin were measured by western blot. The targeting relationship between miR-495-3p and miR-495-3p or CBL was verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Tumor growth in vivo was evaluated by xenograft assay. The results found that circTLK1 and CBL were up-regulated in RCC tissues and cells. Silencing of circTLK1 or CBL inhibited proliferation and metastasis and accelerated apoptosis in RCC cells. In addition, circTLK1 directly bound to miR-495-3p, and CBL was the target of miR-495-3p. circTLK1 sponged miR-495-3p to increase CBL expression. Moreover, knockdown of circTLK1 suppressed tumor growth in vivo. In conclusion, down-regulation of circTLK1 restrained proliferation and metastasis and promoted apoptosis in RCC cells by modulating miR-495-3p/CBL axis.