[Stochastic phenomena and the tumoral process]

[Cancer and the elusive cancer genes]

For almost a century, the somatic mutation theory (SMT) has been the prevalent theory to explain carcinogenesis. The SMT posits that the accumulation of mutations in the genome of a single normal cell is responsible for the transformation of such cell into a neoplasm. Implicitly, this theory claims that the default state of cells in metazoan is quiescence and that cancer is a cell-based, genetic and molecular disease. From lessons learned while performing our own research on control of cell proliferation and while adopting an organicist perspective, in 1999, we proposed a competing theory, the tissue organization field theory (TOFT). In contraposition to the SMT, (1) the TOFT posits that cancer is a tissue-based disease whereby carcinogens (directly) and mutations in the germ-line (indirectly) may alter normal interactions between the stroma and their adjacent epithelium. And (2) the TOFT explicitly acknowledges that the default state of all cells is proliferation and motility, a premise that is relevant to and compatible with evolutionary theory. Theoretical arguments and experimental evidence are presented to compare the merits of the original SMT and its variants and those of the TOFT in organizing principles, construct objectivity, and ultimately explain carcinogenesis.

[Hypotheses for the genesis of cancer: a historical perspective]

The explanation of cancer has always been tightly related to the state of knowledge in biology, and its transformations. The present situation is not different. New techniques, such as deep sequencing, are rapidly moving our vision of cancer in an impredictable way. Systems biology, epigenetics, and the study of stem cells are generating new hypotheses on cancer and its evolution. New roles for aleatory events in the genesis of cancer have been proposed. In the traditional opposition between holism and reductionism, organisms and molecules, an intermediary level, the cancer cell, seems to be the most appropriate to study oncogenesis.