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Julius P, Kang G, Siyumbwa S, Musumali J, Tso FY, Ngalamika O, Kaile T, Maate F, Moonga P, West JT, Angeletti P, Wood C. Co-infection and co-localization of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and Epstein-Barr virus in HIV-associated Kaposi sarcoma: a case report. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1270935. [PMID: 37928187 PMCID: PMC10623342 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1270935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma (KS), a multifocal vascular neoplasm frequently observed in HIV-positive individuals, primarily affects the skin, mucous membranes, visceral organs, and lymph nodes. KS is associated primarily with Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection. In this case report, we present a rare occurrence of co-infection and co-localization of KSHV and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in KS arising from the conjunctiva, which, to our knowledge, has not been reported previously. Immunohistochemistry (IHC), DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and EBV-encoded RNA in situ hybridization (EBER-ISH) were utilized to demonstrate the presence of KSHV and EBV infection in the ocular KS lesion. Nearly all KSHV-positive cells displayed co-infection with EBV. In addition, the KS lesion revealed co-localization of KSHV Latency-Associated Nuclear Antigen (LANA) and EBV Epstein Barr virus Nuclear Antigen-1 (EBNA1) by multi-colored immunofluorescence staining with different anti-EBNA1 antibodies, indicating the possibility of interactions between these two gamma herpesviruses within the same lesion. Additional study is needed to determine whether EBV co-infection in KS is a common or an opportunistic event that might contribute to KS development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Julius
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Guobin Kang
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center – New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Stepfanie Siyumbwa
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Jane Musumali
- University Teaching Hospitals, Eye Hospital, Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - For Yue Tso
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center – New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Owen Ngalamika
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Trevor Kaile
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Fred Maate
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Phyllis Moonga
- University Teaching Hospitals, Eye Hospital, Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - John T. West
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center – New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Peter Angeletti
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Charles Wood
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center – New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
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Okoh GR, Lockhart M, Grimsey J, Whitmore D, Ariel E, Butler J, Horwood PF. Development of subfamily-based consensus PCR assays for the detection of human and animal herpesviruses. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 42:741-746. [PMID: 37084118 PMCID: PMC10172264 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-023-04605-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Consensus PCR assays that can be used to sensitively detect several herpesvirus (HV) species across the different subfamilies were developed in this study. Primers containing degenerate bases were designed to amplify regions of the DNA polymerase (DPOL) gene of alpha- and gamma-HVs, and the glycoprotein B (gB) gene of beta-HVs in a singleplex, non-nested touchdown PCR format. The singleplex touchdown consensus PCR (STC-PCR) was used to amplify the DNA of eight human and 24 animal HVs. The assay was able to detect the lowest DNA dilution of 10-5 for alpha-HVs and 10-3 for beta- and gamma-HVs. In comparison, lowest detection limits of 10-5, 10-3, and 10-2 were obtained for alpha-, beta-, and gamma-HVs respectively when a nested PCR was used. The findings in this study suggest that the STC-PCR assays can be employed for the molecular surveys and clinical detection of novel and known HVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- God'spower Richard Okoh
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia.
| | - Michelle Lockhart
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Joanne Grimsey
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - David Whitmore
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Ellen Ariel
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Jeff Butler
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Paul F Horwood
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia.
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Sánchez‐Ponce Y, Fuentes‐Pananá EM. Molecular and immune interactions between β‐ and γ‐herpesviruses in the immunocompromised host. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:79-95. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4mr1221-452r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yessica Sánchez‐Ponce
- Research Unit in Virology and Cancer Children's Hospital of Mexico Federico Gómez Mexico City Mexico
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Science National Autonomous University of Mexico Mexico City Mexico
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The Role of Coinfections in the EBV-Host Broken Equilibrium. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071399. [PMID: 34372605 PMCID: PMC8310153 DOI: 10.3390/v13071399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a well-adapted human virus, and its infection is exclusive to our species, generally beginning in the childhood and then persisting throughout the life of most of the affected adults. Although this infection generally remains asymptomatic, EBV can trigger life-threatening conditions under unclear circumstances. The EBV lifecycle is characterized by interactions with other viruses or bacteria, which increases the probability of awakening its pathobiont capacity. For instance, EBV infects B cells with the potential to alter the germinal center reaction (GCR)—an adaptive immune structure wherein mutagenic-driven processes take place. HIV- and Plasmodium falciparum-induced B cell hyperactivation also feeds the GCR. These agents, along with the B cell tropic KSHV, converge in the ontogeny of germinal center (GC) or post-GC lymphomas. EBV oral transmission facilitates interactions with local bacteria and HPV, thereby increasing the risk of periodontal diseases and head and neck carcinomas. It is less clear as to how EBV is localized in the stomach, but together with Helicobacter pylori, they are known to be responsible for gastric cancer. Perhaps this mechanism is reminiscent of the local inflammation that attracts different herpesviruses and enhances graft damage and chances of rejection in transplanted patients. In this review, we discussed the existing evidence suggestive of EBV possessing the potential to synergize or cooperate with these agents to trigger or worsen the disease.
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