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Xing J, Wang K, Xu YC, Pei ZJ, Yu QX, Liu XY, Dong YL, Li SF, Chen Y, Zhao YJ, Yao F, Ding J, Hu W, Zhou RP. Efferocytosis: Unveiling its potential in autoimmune disease and treatment strategies. Autoimmun Rev 2024; 23:103578. [PMID: 39004157 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Efferocytosis is a crucial process whereby phagocytes engulf and eliminate apoptotic cells (ACs). This intricate process can be categorized into four steps: (1) ACs release "find me" signals to attract phagocytes, (2) phagocytosis is directed by "eat me" signals emitted by ACs, (3) phagocytes engulf and internalize ACs, and (4) degradation of ACs occurs. Maintaining immune homeostasis heavily relies on the efficient clearance of ACs, which eliminates self-antigens and facilitates the generation of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive signals that maintain immune tolerance. However, any disruptions occurring at any of the efferocytosis steps during apoptosis can lead to a diminished efficacy in removing apoptotic cells. Factors contributing to this inefficiency encompass dysregulation in the release and recognition of "find me" or "eat me" signals, defects in phagocyte surface receptors, bridging molecules, and other signaling pathways. The inadequate clearance of ACs can result in their rupture and subsequent release of self-antigens, thereby promoting immune responses and precipitating the onset of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, and multiple sclerosis. A comprehensive understanding of the efferocytosis process and its implications can provide valuable insights for developing novel therapeutic strategies that target this process to prevent or treat autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xing
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; School of pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yu-Cai Xu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; School of pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ze-Jun Pei
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; School of pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Qiu-Xia Yu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; School of pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xing-Yu Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; School of pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ya-Lu Dong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; School of pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Shu-Fang Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Ying-Jie Zhao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Feng Yao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Ren-Peng Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China.
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Mahmoudi A, Moadab F, Safdarian E, Navashenaq JG, Rezaee M, Gheibihayat SM. MicroRNAs and Efferocytosis: Implications for Diagnosis and Therapy. Mini Rev Med Chem 2022; 22:2641-2660. [PMID: 35362375 DOI: 10.2174/1389557522666220330150937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
About 10-100 billion cells are generated in the human body in a day, and accordingly, 10-100 billion cells predominantly die for maintaining homeostasis. Dead cells generated by apoptosis are also rapidly engulfed by macrophages (Mθs) to be degraded. In case of the inefficient engulfment of apoptotic cells (ACs) via Mθs, they experience secondary necrosis and thus release intracellular materials, which display damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and result in diseases. Over the last decades, researchers have also reflected on the significant contribution of microRNAs (miRNAs) to autoimmune diseases through the regulation of Mθs functions. Moreover, miRNAs have shown intricate involvement with completely adjusting basic Mθs functions, such as phagocytosis, inflammation, efferocytosis, tumor promotion, and tissue repair. In this review, the mechanism of efferocytosis containing "Find-Me", "Eat-Me", and "Digest-Me" signals is summarized and the biogenesis of miRNAs is briefly described. Finally, the role of miRNAs in efferocytosis is discussed. It is concluded that miRNAs represent promising treatments and diagnostic targets in impaired phagocytic clearance, which leads to different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mahmoudi
- Department of medical biotechnology and nanotechnology, faculty of medicine, Mashhad University of Medical science, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moadab
- Medical student, Student Research Committee, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Esmat Safdarian
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Rezaee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran;
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Gheibihayat
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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Zhou A, Cai Q, Hong Y, Lv Y. Down-Regulation of Casein Kinase 1α Contributes to Endometriosis through Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog/Autophagy-Related 7-Mediated Autophagy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:2195-2202. [PMID: 34809787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the roles of casein kinase 1α (CK1α) in endometriosis and its underlying mechanisms. Endometrial specimen were collected from the patients and healthy volunteers. The expression patterns of CK1α, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), and autophagy-related proteins were determined using immunohistochemistry staining, Western blot analysis, and quantitative RT-PCR. Besides, the CK1α-overexpressing cells and PTEN knockdown cells were constructed in the endometrial stromal cells isolated from endometriosis patients. In addition, the cells were transfected with pcDNA3.1-CK1α or pcDNA3.1-CK1α plus siRNA- PTEN. The expressions of CK1α, PTEN, and autophagy-related proteins were determined using Western blot and quantitative RT-PCR. The expressions of CK1α and autophagy-related 7 (Atg7) were significantly decreased in the ectopic endometrium compared with the eutopic endometrium. Spearman rank correlation analysis revealed positive correlations between CK1α and PTEN, CK1α and Atg7, and PTEN and Atg7. In addition, CK1α, PTEN, and autophagy-related proteins were down-regulated in ectopic endometrium. Interestingly, overexpression of CK1α significantly increased the expressions of autophagy-related proteins, whereas the protein expression of autophagy-related proteins was decreased with PTEN knock-down. CK1α regulated PTEN/Atg7-mediated autophagy in endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aixiu Zhou
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Qiongyi Cai
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Yiting Hong
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Yuchun Lv
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China.
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Pradel B, Robert-Hebmann V, Espert L. Regulation of Innate Immune Responses by Autophagy: A Goldmine for Viruses. Front Immunol 2020; 11:578038. [PMID: 33123162 PMCID: PMC7573147 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.578038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway for intracellular components and is highly conserved across eukaryotes. This process is a key player in innate immunity and its activation has anti-microbial effects by directly targeting pathogens and also by regulating innate immune responses. Autophagy dysfunction is often associated with inflammatory diseases. Many studies have shown that it can also play a role in the control of innate immunity by preventing exacerbated inflammation and its harmful effects toward the host. The arms race between hosts and pathogens has led some viruses to evolve strategies that enable them to benefit from autophagy, either by directly hijacking the autophagy pathway for their life cycle, or by using its regulatory functions in innate immunity. The control of viral replication and spread involves the production of anti-viral cytokines. Controlling the signals that lead to production of these cytokines is a perfect way for viruses to escape from innate immune responses and establish successful infection. Published reports related to this last viral strategy have extensively grown in recent years. In this review we describe several links between autophagy and regulation of innate immune responses and we provide an overview of how viruses exploit these links for their own benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Pradel
- IRIM, University of Montpellier, CNRS UMR 9004, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Lucile Espert
- IRIM, University of Montpellier, CNRS UMR 9004, Montpellier, France
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Meng YC, Lou XL, Yang LY, Li D, Hou YQ. Role of the autophagy-related marker LC3 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 146:1103-1113. [PMID: 32157437 PMCID: PMC7142043 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03174-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), an autophagic gene, has been reported as a vital marker for many diseases and cancers. However, the role of LC3 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was not still investigated. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to examine the association of LC3 with its clinicopathological and prognostic in HCC. Methods We consulted the PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, EMBASE, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wan Fang databases for published studies on LC3 in HCC. Newcastle–Ottawa scale was used to screen the quality of the literature. The statistical analysis was calculated by STATA 14.2. Results Of the 1329 titles identified, 10 articles involving 949 patients in HCC were included in this meta-analysis. The results of our study show that increased LC3 expression is related to size of tumor, but not to gender, age, number of tumor, liver cirrhosis, HBsAg, TNM stage, alpha fetoprotein, vascular invasion and histological grade. Positive LC3 expression was associated with overall survival by pooled hazard ratio. Conclusions This meta-analysis indicated that positive LC3 expression was related to size of tumor, and could predict prognosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Meng
- Department of Central Laboratory, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 746 Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 201600, China
| | - Xiao-Li Lou
- Department of Central Laboratory, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 746 Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 201600, China
| | - Li-Yuan Yang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 746 Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 201600, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China.
| | - Yan-Qiang Hou
- Department of Central Laboratory, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 746 Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 201600, China.
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