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Abstract
Climate change is expected to impact across every domain of society, including health. The majority of the world's population is susceptible to pathological, infectious disease whose life cycles are sensitive to environmental factors across different physical phases including air, water and soil. Nearly all so-called neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) fall into this category, meaning that future geographic patterns of transmission of dozens of infections are likely to be affected by climate change over the short (seasonal), medium (annual) and long (decadal) term. This review offers an introduction into the terms and processes deployed in modelling climate change and reviews the state of the art in terms of research into how climate change may affect future transmission of NTDs. The 34 infections included in this chapter are drawn from the WHO NTD list and the WHO blueprint list of priority diseases. For the majority of infections, some evidence is available of which environmental factors contribute to the population biology of parasites, vectors and zoonotic hosts. There is a general paucity of published research on the potential effects of decadal climate change, with some exceptions, mainly in vector-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Booth
- Newcastle University, Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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Munita MP, Rea R, Bloemhoff Y, Byrne N, Martinez-Ibeas AM, Sayers RG. Six-year longitudinal study of Fasciola hepatica bulk milk antibody ELISA in the dairy dense region of the Republic Ireland. Prev Vet Med 2016; 134:16-25. [PMID: 27836038 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Completion of the F. hepatica lifecycle is dependent on suitable climatic conditions for development of immature stages of the parasite, and its snail intermediate host. Few investigations have been conducted regarding temporal variations in F. hepatica status in Irish dairy herds. The current study aimed to conduct a longitudinal study examining annual and seasonal trends in bulk milk seropositivity over six years, while also investigating associations with soil temperature, rainfall and flukicide treatment. Monthly bulk milk samples (BTM) were submitted by 28 herds between March 2009 and December 2014. In all, 1337 samples were analysed using a Cathepsin L1 ELISA. Soil temperature, rainfall and management data were obtained for general estimating equation and regression analyses. A general decrease in milk seropositivity was observed over the six year study period and was associated with an increased likelihood of treating for liver fluke (OR range=2.73-6.96). Annual and seasonal analyses of rainfall and F. hepatica BTM status yielded conflicting results. Higher annual rainfall (>1150mm) yielded a lower likelihood of being BTM positive than annual rainfall of <1000mm (OR=0.47; P=0.036). This was most likely due to farmers being more proactive in treating for F. hepatica in wetter years, although a 'wash effect' by high rainfall of the free living stages and snails cannot be ruled out. Higher seasonal rainfall (>120mm), however, was associated with increased ELISA S/P% values (Coefficient=9.63S/P%; P=0.001). Soil temperature was not found to influence F. hepatica to the same extent as rainfall and may reflect the lack of severe temperature fluctuations in Ireland. Flukicides active against both immature and mature F. hepatica were approximately half as likely to record a positive F. hepatica herd BTM status than a flukicide active against only the mature stage of the parasite (OR≅0.45; P<0.01). This study highlights the importance of examining both annual and seasonal F. hepatica data, which can vary significantly. Additionally, it highlights the progress that can be achieved in fluke control by application of a continuous BTM monitoring program.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Munita
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre (AGRIC), Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland; Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland.
| | - R Rea
- Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
| | - Y Bloemhoff
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre (AGRIC), Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - N Byrne
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre (AGRIC), Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - A M Martinez-Ibeas
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre (AGRIC), Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - R G Sayers
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre (AGRIC), Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
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Hamed N, Njeh F, Damak M, Ayadi A, Mezghani-Jarraya R, Hammami H. MOLLUSCICIDAL AND LARVICIDAL ACTIVITIES OF Atriplex inflata AERIAL PARTS AGAINST THE MOLLUSK Galba truncatula, INTERMEDIATE HOST OF Fasciola hepatica. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 57:473-9. [PMID: 27049700 PMCID: PMC4727132 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000600003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasciolosis is a widespread parasitosis of farm live-stock in many developing
countries. For this reason, it is necessary to search for new substances against
parasitic diseases caused by flukes. Indeed, a wide variety of terrestrial plants
have been subjected to chemical and pharmacological screening in order to discover
their potential for human medicinal use. The molluscicidal and larvicidal activities
of Atriplex inflata were tested on Galba truncatula
and Fasciola hepatica larval stages infecting this snail in Tunisia.
Phytochemical tests were conducted on extracts in order to establish a meaningful
relationship with molluscicidal and larvicidal activities. The molluscicidal activity
was evaluated by subjecting snails to sample aqueous solutions. Accordingly, hexane,
ethyl acetate, methanol and methanol-water (8:2, v-v) were used as extraction
solvents. As a result, hexane and ethyl acetate extracts showed potent activity,
according to the World Health Organization, giving LC50 = 7.59 mg/L and
6.69 mg/L for hexane extracts of leaves and fruits, respectively. Ethyl acetate
extracts gave LC50 = 5.90 mg/L and 7.32 mg/L for leaves and fruits,
successively. Molluscicidal activities of powders were less potent on snails, but
active according to the World Health Organization. Hexane and ethyl acetate extracts
from leaves and fruits gave potent larvicidal activities with a delay rate exceeding
45.50% (45.50- 98.92%). Phytochemical tests showed that these activities may be
attributed to the presence of triterpenoids and/or sterols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Néjia Hamed
- Faculty of Medicine, Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology Laboratory, Sfax, Tunisia, , ,
| | - Fatma Njeh
- Faculty of Science, Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Products, Sfax, Tunisia, , , Raoudha.Jarraya @fss.rnu.tn
| | - Mohamed Damak
- Faculty of Science, Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Products, Sfax, Tunisia, , , Raoudha.Jarraya @fss.rnu.tn
| | - Ali Ayadi
- Faculty of Medicine, Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology Laboratory, Sfax, Tunisia, , ,
| | - Raoudha Mezghani-Jarraya
- Faculty of Science, Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Products, Sfax, Tunisia, , , Raoudha.Jarraya @fss.rnu.tn
| | - Hayet Hammami
- Faculty of Medicine, Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology Laboratory, Sfax, Tunisia, , ,
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Aptitude of Lymnaea palustris and L. stagnalis to Fasciola hepatica larval development through the infection of several successive generations of 4-mm-high snails. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:2263-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-4969-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Pseudosuccinea columella: experimental co-infections of juvenile and pre-adult snails with the digeneans Calicophoron daubneyi and Fasciola hepatica. J Helminthol 2016; 90:753-759. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x15001078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractExperimental co-infections of juvenile and pre-adult Pseudosuccinea columella with Calicophoron daubneyi and Fasciola hepatica (five miracidia of each digenean per snail) were carried out to determine the aptitude of this lymnaeid to ensure complete larval development of the former parasite, the latter or both. Snails infected with F. hepatica were found in the two groups of juveniles, i.e. 1 and 2 mm at exposure, and the four groups of pre-adults, i.e. 3–6 mm. The highest frequency of F. hepatica, i.e. 37.3%, was noted in the 4 mm group. Low frequencies were noted for C. daubneyi and co-infections of both digeneans in the 3, 4 and 5 mm groups. Two other groups of P. columella, measuring 3 and 4 mm at exposure, were also constituted to study the characteristics of these co-infections. Compared to controls infected only with F. hepatica, the frequency of this digenean infection and the mean number of metacercariae were significantly lower in co-infected snails, while the patent period was significantly shorter. In snails harbouring C. daubneyi only or both digeneans, lower values were noted for prevalence, the patent period and the number of metacercariae. Pre-adult P. columella (3–5 mm in shell height at exposure) were able to sustain larval development of C. daubneyi if they were co-infected with the sequence C. daubneyi +F. hepatica. Low values noted for the prevalence of C. daubneyi infection and the number of metacercariae would be in favour of a still incomplete adaptation between the snail population and the miracidial isolate.
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Abstract
The presence of trematodes with a free-living metacercarial stage is a common feature of most habitats and includes important species such as Fasciola hepatica, Parorchis acanthus and Zygocotyle lunata. These trematodes encyst on the surface of an animal or plant that can act as a transport host, which form the diet of the target definitive host. Although these species are often considered individually, they display common characteristics in their free-living biology indicating a shared transmission strategy, yet in comparison to species with penetrative cercariae this aspect of their life cycles remains much overlooked. This review integrates the diverse data and presents a novel synthesis of free-living metacercariae using epibiosis as the basis of a new framework to describe the relationship between transport hosts and parasites. All aspects of their biology during the period that they are metabolically independent of a host are considered, from cercarial emergence to metacercarial excystment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Morley
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK.
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Vignoles P, Dreyfuss G, Rondelaud D. Fasciola hepatica: comparative metacercarial productions in experimentally-infected Galba truncatula and Pseudosuccinea columella. Parasite 2015; 22:15. [PMID: 25907356 PMCID: PMC4408378 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2015015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As large numbers of metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica are necessary for research, experimental infections of Galba truncatula and Pseudosuccinea columella with this digenean were carried out to determine the better intermediate host for metacercarial production and, consequently, the most profitable snail for decreasing the cost price of these larvae. Pre-adult snails (4 mm in shell height) originating from two populations per lymnaeid species were individually exposed to two or five miracidia, raised at 23 °C and followed for cercarial shedding up to their death. Compared to values noted in G. truncatula, the survival of P. columella on day 30 post-exposure was significantly greater, while the prevalence of F. hepatica infection was significantly lower. In the four P. columella groups, metacercarial production was significantly greater than that noted in the four groups of G. truncatula (347-453 per cercariae-shedding snail versus 163-275, respectively). Apart from one population of G. truncatula, the use of five miracidia per snail at exposure significantly increased the prevalence of F. hepatica in P. columella and the other population of G. truncatula, whereas it did not have any clear effect on the mean number of metacercariae. The use of P. columella for experimental infections with F. hepatica resulted in significantly higher metacercarial production than that noted with G. truncatula, in spite of a lower prevalence for the former lymnaeid. This finding allows for a significant decrease in the cost price of these larvae for commercial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Vignoles
- INSERM 1094, Faculties of Medicine and Pharmacy, 87025 Limoges, France
| | - Gilles Dreyfuss
- INSERM 1094, Faculties of Medicine and Pharmacy, 87025 Limoges, France
| | - Daniel Rondelaud
- INSERM 1094, Faculties of Medicine and Pharmacy, 87025 Limoges, France
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Dar Y, Rondelaud D, Vignoles P, Dreyfuss G. Pseudosuccinea columella: age resistance to Calicophoron daubneyi infection in two snail populations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:6. [PMID: 25664810 PMCID: PMC4321400 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2015003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Individual infections of Egyptian and French Pseudosuccinea columella with five miracidia of Calicophoron daubneyi were carried out to determine whether this lymnaeid was capable of sustaining larval development of this parasite. On day 42 post-exposure (at 23 °C), infected snails were only noted in groups of individuals measuring 1 or 2 mm in height at miracidial exposure. Snail survival in the 2-mm groups was significantly higher than that noted in the 1-mm snails, whatever the geographic origin of snail population. In contrast, prevalence of C. daubneyi infection was significantly greater in the 1-mm groups (15-20% versus 3.4-4.0% in the 2-mm snails). Low values were noted for the mean shell growth of infected snails at their death (3.1-4.0 mm) and the mean number of cercariae (<9 in the 1-mm groups, <19 in the 2-mm snails). No significant differences between snail populations and snails groups were noted for these last two parameters. Most infected snails died after a single cercarial shedding wave. Both populations of P. columella showed an age resistance to C. daubneyi infection and only juveniles measuring 2 mm or less in shell height at exposure can ensure larval development of this digenean up to cercarial shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Dar
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Tanta, Tanta, Egypt - INSERM 1094, Faculties of Medicine and Pharmacy, 87025 Limoges, France
| | - Daniel Rondelaud
- INSERM 1094, Faculties of Medicine and Pharmacy, 87025 Limoges, France
| | - Philippe Vignoles
- INSERM 1094, Faculties of Medicine and Pharmacy, 87025 Limoges, France
| | - Gilles Dreyfuss
- INSERM 1094, Faculties of Medicine and Pharmacy, 87025 Limoges, France
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Charlier J, Soenen K, De Roeck E, Hantson W, Ducheyne E, Van Coillie F, De Wulf R, Hendrickx G, Vercruysse J. Longitudinal study on the temporal and micro-spatial distribution of Galba truncatula in four farms in Belgium as a base for small-scale risk mapping of Fasciola hepatica. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:528. [PMID: 25425397 PMCID: PMC4247775 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0528-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The trematode parasite Fasciola hepatica causes important economic losses in ruminants worldwide. Current spatial distribution models do not provide sufficient detail to support farm-specific control strategies. A technology to reliably assess the spatial distribution of intermediate host snail habitats on farms would be a major step forward to this respect. The aim of this study was to conduct a longitudinal field survey in Flanders (Belgium) to (i) characterise suitable small water bodies (SWB) for Galba truncatula and (ii) describe the population dynamics of G. truncatula. Methods Four F. hepatica-infected farms from two distinct agricultural regions were examined for the abundance of G. truncatula from the beginning (April 2012) until the end (November 2012) of the grazing season. Per farm, 12 to 18 SWB were selected for monthly examination, using a 10 m transect analysis. Observations on G. truncatula abundance were coupled with meteorological and (micro-)environmental factors and the within-herd prevalence of F. hepatica using simple comparison or negative binomial regression models. Results A total of 54 examined SWB were classified as a pond, ditch, trench, furrow or moist area. G. truncatula abundance was significantly associated with SWB-type, region and total monthly precipitation, but not with monthly temperature. The clear differences in G. truncatula abundance between the 2 studied regions did not result in comparable differences in F. hepatica prevalence in the cattle. Exploration of the relationship of G. truncatula abundance with (micro)-environmental variables revealed a positive association with soil and water pH and the occurrence of Ranunculus sp. and a negative association with mowed pastures, water temperature and presence of reed-like plant species. Conclusions Farm-level predictions of G. truncatula risk and subsequent risk for F. hepatica occurrence would require a rainfall, soil type (representing the agricultural region) and SWB layer in a geographic information system. While rainfall and soil type information is easily accessible, the recent advances in very high spatial resolution cameras carried on board of satellites, planes or drones should allow the delineation of SWBs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Charlier
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Karen Soenen
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Els De Roeck
- Laboratory of Forest Management and Spatial Information Techniques, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Gent, Belgium.
| | | | - Els Ducheyne
- Avia-GIS, Risschotlei 33, 2980, Zoersel, Belgium.
| | - Frieke Van Coillie
- Laboratory of Forest Management and Spatial Information Techniques, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Gent, Belgium.
| | - Robert De Wulf
- Laboratory of Forest Management and Spatial Information Techniques, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Gent, Belgium.
| | | | - Jozef Vercruysse
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Titi A, Rondelaud D, Mekroud A, Vignoles P, Dreyfuss G. Natural light influences cercarial emergence of Calicophoron daubneyi but not that of Haplometra cylindracea from temperature-challenged Galba truncatula. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:3557-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Vignoles P, Novobilský A, Höglund J, Kašný M, Pankrác J, Dreyfuss G, Pointier JP, Rondelaud D. Lymnaea cubensis, an experimental intermediate host for Fascioloides magna. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2014. [DOI: 10.14411/fp.2014.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Vignoles P, Titi A, Rondelaud D, Mekroud A, Dreyfuss G. Fasciola hepatica: effect of the natural light level on cercarial emergence from temperature-challenged Galba truncatula. Parasite 2014; 21:8. [PMID: 24572174 PMCID: PMC3936286 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2014009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As abrupt changes in water temperature (thermal shock) triggered a significantly greater cercarial emergence of Fasciola hepatica from experimentally infected Galba truncatula, laboratory investigations were carried out to study the influence of light on cercarial emergence in snails subjected to a thermal shock every week (a mean of 12 °C for 3 h) during the patent period. Thermal shock for these temperature-challenged (TC) snails was carried out outdoors under artificial or natural light, or indoors under constant artificial light. Compared with the infected control snails always reared indoors at 20 °C, the number of cercariae in TC snails subjected to a thermal shock and natural light outdoors was significantly greater. The repetition of this experiment by subjecting TC snails to the same thermal shock indoors under an artificial light level ranging from 600 to 3000 lux did not show any significant difference among the numbers of cercariae in the different subgroups. A detailed analysis of the results noted in the TC snails subjected to natural light during the thermal shock demonstrated that the number of cercariae-releasing snails was significantly higher between 601 and 1200 lux and for the highest nebulosity values (7–8 octas, which corresponds to a sufficiently or completely overcast sky). Contrary to the intensity of artificial light, which did not influence cercarial emergence, the natural light level had a significant effect on this process when F. hepatica-infected snails were subjected to a regular thermal shock during the patent period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Vignoles
- INSERM 1094, Faculties of Medicine and Pharmacy, 87025 Limoges, France
| | - Amal Titi
- PADESCA Laboratory, Veterinary Science Institute, University Constantine 1, 25100 El Khroub, Algeria
| | - Daniel Rondelaud
- INSERM 1094, Faculties of Medicine and Pharmacy, 87025 Limoges, France
| | - Abdeslam Mekroud
- PADESCA Laboratory, Veterinary Science Institute, University Constantine 1, 25100 El Khroub, Algeria
| | - Gilles Dreyfuss
- INSERM 1094, Faculties of Medicine and Pharmacy, 87025 Limoges, France
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