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Chaabane A, Du Preez L, Johnston GR, Verneau O. Revision of the systematics of the Polystomoidinae (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea, Polystomatidae) with redefinition of Polystomoides Ward, 1917 and Uteropolystomoides Tinsley, 2017. Parasite 2022; 29:56. [PMID: 36562437 PMCID: PMC9879127 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2022056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polystomatids are platyhelminth parasites that infect mainly amphibians and freshwater turtles. For more than seven decades, chelonian polystomes were classified into three genera according to the number of hamuli, i.e. absent for Neopolystoma, one pair for Polystomoidella and two pairs for Polystomoides. Following re-examination of morphological characters, seven new genera were erected the past six years, namely Apaloneotrema, Aussietrema, Fornixtrema, Manotrema, Pleurodirotrema, Uropolystomoides and Uteropolystomoides. However, the polyphyly of Neopolystoma and Polystomoides on the one hand, and the nested position of Uteropolystomoides within a clade encompassing all Neopolystoma and Polystomoides spp. on the other, still raised questions about the validity of these genera. We therefore re-examined several types, paratypes and voucher specimens, and investigated the molecular phylogeny of polystomes sampled from the oral cavity of North American turtles to re-evaluate their systematic status. We show that all Polystomoides Ward, 1917, sensu Du Preez et al., 2022, Neopolystoma Price, 1939, sensu Du Preez et al., 2022 and Uteropolystomoides Tinsley, 2017 species, display vaginae that are peripheral and extend well beyond the intestine. We thus reassign all species of the clade to Polystomoides and propose nine new combinations; however, although Uteropolystomoides is nested within this clade, based on its unique morphological features, we propose to keep it as a valid taxon. Polystomoides as redefined herein groups all polystome species infecting either the oral cavity or the urinary bladder of cryptodires, with peripheral vaginae and with or without two pairs of small hamuli. Uteropolystomoides nelsoni (Du Preez & Van Rooyen 2015), originally described from Pseudemys nelsoni Carr is now regarded as Uteropolystomoides multifalx (Stunkard, 1924) n. comb. infecting three distinct Pseudemys species of North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Chaabane
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus Private Bag X6001 Potchefstroom 2520 South Africa
| | - Louis Du Preez
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus Private Bag X6001 Potchefstroom 2520 South Africa
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity Private Bag 1015 Makhanda 6140 South Africa
| | - Gerald R. Johnston
- Department of Natural Sciences, Santa Fe College Gainesville Florida 32606 USA
| | - Olivier Verneau
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus Private Bag X6001 Potchefstroom 2520 South Africa
- University of Perpignan Via Domitia, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens, UMR 5110 66860 Perpignan France
- CNRS, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens, UMR 5110 66860 Perpignan France
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Classification of pleurodire polystomes (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea, Polystomatidae) revisited with the description of two new genera from the Australian and Neotropical Realms. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2022; 19:180-186. [PMID: 36188110 PMCID: PMC9519787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polystomatids are platyhelminth parasites that infect mostly amphibian and chelonian hosts. Polystomatid of testudines were, for more than seven decades, classified in the three genera – Neopolystoma Price, 1939, Polystomoides Ward, 1917 and Polystomoidella Price, 1939. The genus delimitation was primarily based on the absence of hamuli in Neopolystoma, the presence of one pair of hamuli in Polystomoidella, and two pairs in Polystomoides. From 2016 to 2020, five new genera were erected - namely Uropolystomoides Tinsley and Tinsley, 2016, Uteropolystomoides Tinsley, 2017, Apaloneotrema Du Preez and Verneau, 2020, Aussietrema Du Preez and Verneau, 2020 and Fornixtrema Du Preez and Verneau, 2020. The generic diagnosis was based not only on the size and shape of morphological characters such as hamulus 1, uterus and eggs, but also on the site of infestation (i.e. urinary bladder, oral cavity or conjunctival sacs). Despite large advancements in polystome classification over the last decade, Neopolystoma was still polyphyletic with some species nested within Polystomoides and others being closely related to the Australian Aussietrema. Regarding the distribution of freshwater turtles of the two suborders Pleurodira (Southern continents) and Cryptodira (distributed worldwide except in Australia), one may wonder whether Australian chelonian polystomes of the genus Neopolystoma may have diverged from species infecting other pleurodires of South America. In the present study based on the analysis of several species selected among all genera, we reveal striking morphological differences within polystomes infecting pleurodiran turtles, which herein led to the proposal of two new chelonian polystome genera, Pleurodirotrema n. g. and Manotrema n. g. Pleurodirotrema n. g. is characterized by the absence of hamuli, presence of latero-ventral vaginae and includes species that infect either the oral region or the urinary bladder of Australian hosts of the Pleurodira. Manotrema n. g. is characterized by the presence of small hamuli, latero-ventral vaginae, deep incisions between suckers, a low genital spine number (<10) and includes species that infect the oral region of South American Pleurodira. Two new polystome genera are described from chelonian hosts. They differ from all other chelonian polystomes in that they only infect pleurodire turtles from the Australian and Neotropical Realms. Describing these two genera resolves a polyphyletic clade as pointed out by Heritier and others. Solid morphological characters are supported by molecular evidence for Pleurodirotrema. Haptor and suckers for Manotrema are unique among chelonian polystomes.
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Dutton HR, Du Preez LH, Verneau O, Whelan NV, Bullard SA. First Record of a Polystome from Alligator Snapping Turtle, Macrochelys temminckii (Cryptodira: Chelydridae) or Mississippi; with Comments on "Neopolystoma orbiculare (Stunkard, 1916)" and Its Junior Subjective Synonyms. J Parasitol 2021; 107:74-88. [PMID: 33556183 DOI: 10.1645/20-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we describe several newly-collected specimens of Neopolystoma cf. orbiculare from the urinary bladder of 2 alligator snapping turtles, Macrochelys temminckii (Troost in Harland, 1835) (Cryptodira: Chelydridae Gray, 1831) from Comet Lake (30°35'46.94″N, 88°36'3.12″W), Pascagoula River, Mississippi. Our specimens differed from all previous descriptions of N. orbiculare and its junior subjective synonyms by the combination of having intestinal ceca adorned with triangular pockets and that terminate dorsal to the haptor, distinctive hooklets each having a handle and guard of approximately equal length and having a much longer and curved blade, 16 genital coronet spines that each possess 1-2 flanges per spine, pre-testicular vaginal pores, and vaginal ducts that are anterior to the junction of the oviduct and genito-intestinal canal. Some of our specimens were enantiomorphic (4 and 3 had a dextral and sinistral ovary, respectively). Nucleotide sequences (large subunit ribosomal DNA [28S], small subunit ribosomal DNA [18S], and cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 mitochondrial gene [COI]) for our specimens were most similar to GenBank sequences ascribed to N. orbiculare. Single-gene and concatenated phylogenetic analyses confirmed that NeopolystomaPrice, 1939 is polyphyletic and that our isolates share a recent common ancestor with those ascribed to N. orbiculare. This is the first record of a polystomatid from Mississippi, from the Pascagoula River, and from the alligator snapping turtle (and only the second species of Neopolystoma reported from any snapping turtle).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley R Dutton
- Auburn University, Aquatic Parasitology Laboratory and Southeastern Cooperative Fish Parasite and Disease Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, & Aquatic Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - Louis H Du Preez
- African Amphibian Conservation Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.,South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Somerset Street, Grahamstown 6139, South Africa
| | - Olivier Verneau
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Somerset Street, Grahamstown 6139, South Africa.,University of Perpignan Via Domitia, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens, UMR 5110, F-66860, Perpignan, France.,CNRS, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens, UMR5110, F-66860, Perpignan, France
| | - Nathan V Whelan
- Warm Springs Fish Technology Center, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - Stephen A Bullard
- Auburn University, Aquatic Parasitology Laboratory and Southeastern Cooperative Fish Parasite and Disease Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, & Aquatic Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, Alabama 36849
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Fan L, Xu W, Jia T, Netherlands EC, du Preez LH. Polystoma luohetong n. sp. (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) from Rana chaochiaoensis Liu (Amphibia: Ranidae) in China. Syst Parasitol 2020; 97:639-647. [PMID: 32990886 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-020-09937-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polystoma chaochiaoensis from the urinary bladder of the chaochiao frog Rana chaochiaoensis Liu was briefly described in a symposium abstract and presented at the Third Symposium on Parasitology of China in 1990. Types were not assigned and the original specimens collected are no longer available. The morphological description was incomplete and no illustrations were provided. We consider Polystoma chaochiaoensis a nomen nudum and provide a full description for the species and assign types. Based on morphological characteristics and molecular data of partial 18S rDNA sequences, we describe this species as Polystoma luohetong n. sp. Out of 578 frogs examined, 16 male and 38 female frogs were infected (prevalence 9.3%; mean intensity 1.02). Polystoma luohetong n. sp. is distinguished from all other Polystoma species by the presense of a prominent crest on the hamulus as well as by the shape and size of marginal hooklets and the intestinal arrangement. Furthermore, the phylogentic analysis based on the 18S rRNA gene shows Polystoma luohetong n. sp. well nested within the Ploystoma clade and as a sister taxon to Polystoma integerrimum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixian Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China.,Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Weijiang Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China.,Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Ting Jia
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Edward C Netherlands
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Louis H du Preez
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa. .,South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Somerset Street, Grahamstown, 6139, South Africa.
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