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Alves SP, Vahmani P, Mapiye C, McAllister TA, Bessa RJB, Dugan MER. Trans-10 18:1 in ruminant meats: A review. Lipids 2021; 56:539-562. [PMID: 34608647 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Trans (t) fatty acids (TFA) from partially hydrogenated vegetable oils (i.e., industrial trans) have been phased out of foods in many countries due to their promotion of cardiovascular disease. This leaves ruminant-derived foods as the main source of TFA. Unlike industrial TFA where catalytic hydrogenation yields a broad distribution of isomers, ruminant TFA are enzymatically derived and can result in enrichment of specific isomers. Comparisons between industrial and ruminant TFA have often exonerated ruminant TFA due to their lack or at times positive effects on health. At extremes, however, ruminant-sourced foods can have either high levels of t10- or t11-18:1, and when considering enriched sources, t10-18:1 has properties similar to industrial TFA, whereas t11-18:1 can be converted to an isomer of conjugated linoleic acid (cis(c)9,t11-conjugated linoleic acid), both of which have potential positive health effects. Increased t10-18:1 in meat-producing ruminants has not been associated with negative effects on live animal production or meat quality. As such, reducing t10-18:1 has not been of immediate concern to ruminant meat producers, as there have been no economic consequences for its enrichment; nevertheless at high levels, it can compromise the nutritional quality of beef and lamb. In anticipation that regulations regarding TFA may focus more on t10-18:1 in beef and lamb, the present review will cover its production, analysis, biological effects, strategies for manipulation, and regulatory policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana P Alves
- CIISA, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Payam Vahmani
- Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Cletos Mapiye
- Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Agricuture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rui J B Bessa
- CIISA, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Michael E R Dugan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
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Vahmani P, Meadus WJ, da Silva ML, Mitchell AD, Mapiye C, Duff P, Rolland DC, Dugan ME. A trans10-18:1 enriched fraction from beef fed a barley grain-based diet induces lipogenic gene expression and reduces viability of HepG2 cells. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 7:84-90. [PMID: 28955893 PMCID: PMC5613299 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Beef fat is a natural source of trans (t) fatty acids, and is typically enriched with either t10-18:1 or t11-18:1. Little is known about the bioactivity of individual t-18:1 isomers, and the present study compared the effects of t9-18:1, cis (c)9-18:1 and trans (t)-18:1 fractions isolated from beef fat enriched with either t10-18:1 (HT10) or t11-18:1 (HT11). All 18:1 isomers resulted in reduced human liver (HepG2) cell viability relative to control. Both c9-18:1 and HT11were the least toxic, t9-18:1had dose response increased toxicity, and HT10 had the greatest toxicity (P<0.05). Incorporation of t18:1 isomers was 1.8-2.5 fold greater in triacylglycerol (TG) than phospholipids (PL), whereas Δ9 desaturation products were selectively incorporated into PL. Culturing HepG2 cells with t9-18:1 and HT10 increased (P<0.05) the Δ9 desaturation index (c9-16:1/16:0) compared to other fatty acid treatments. HT10 and t9-18:1 also increased expression of lipogenic genes (FAS, SCD1, HMGCR and SREBP2) compared to control (P<0.05), whereas c9-18:1 and HT11 did not affect the expression of these genes. Our results suggest effects of HT11 and c9-18:1 were similar to BSA control, whereas HT10 and t-9 18:1 (i.e. the predominant trans fatty acid isomer found in partially hydrogenated vegetable oils) were more cytotoxic and led to greater expression of lipogenic genes.
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Key Words
- ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase
- Ag+-SPE, silver ion solid phase extraction
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- Beef
- Cell culture
- Cytotoxicity
- FAS, fatty acid synthase
- Fatty acid metabolism
- HMGCR, 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA reductase
- HT10, high-t10 fraction
- HT11, high-t11 fraction
- Liver
- MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids
- PHVO, partially hydrogenated vegetable oils
- PL, phospholipid
- PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids
- SCD1, stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1
- SFA, saturated fatty acid
- SREBP1c, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c
- SREBP2, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2
- TG, triacylglycerol
- TLC, thin layer chromatography
- Trans fatty acids
- c,, cis
- t, trans
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Vahmani
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
| | - William J. Meadus
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maria L.P. da Silva
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Alec D. Mitchell
- Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Cletos Mapiye
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, P. Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Pascale Duff
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
| | - David C. Rolland
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael E.R. Dugan
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
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Honkanen A, Griinari J, Vanhatalo A, Ahvenjärvi S, Toivonen V, Shingfield K. Characterization of the disappearance and formation of biohydrogenation intermediates during incubations of linoleic acid with rumen fluid in vitro1. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:1376-94. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Differential impact of milk fatty acid profiles on cardiovascular risk biomarkers in healthy men and women. Eur J Clin Nutr 2010; 64:752-9. [PMID: 20485306 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2010.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of three specific ruminant (R) milk fats resulting from modification of the cow's diet on cardiovascular risk factors in healthy volunteers. R-milk fats were characterized by increased content in total trans fatty acids (R-TFAs) and parallel decrease in saturated fatty acids (SFAs). SUBJECTS/METHODS A total of 111 healthy, normolipemic men and women have been recruited for a monocentric, randomized, double-blind and parallel intervention, 4-week controlled study. Volunteers consumed three experimental products (butter, dessert cream and cookies) made with one of the three specific milk fats (55 g fat per day). During the first week (run-in period), the subjects consumed on a daily basis dairy products containing 72% SFA/2.85% R-TFA (called 'L0'). For the next 3 weeks of the study (intervention period), the first group continued to consume L0 products. The second group received dairy products containing 63.3% SFA/4.06% R-TFA (called 'L4'), and the third group received dairy products containing 56.6% SFA/12.16% R-TFA (called 'L9'). RESULTS Plasma concentrations of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol were not significantly altered by either diet (P=0.38). Compared to L0 diet, L4 diet contributed to reduce low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol (-0.14+/-0.38 mmol/l, P=0.04), total cholesterol (-0.13+/-0.50 mmol/l, P=0.04), LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol (-0.14+/-0.36, P=0.03) and total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol (-0.18+/-0.44, P=0.02). CONCLUSIONS Different milk fat profiles can change cardiovascular plasma parameters in human healthy volunteers. A limited increase of the R-TFA/SFA ratio in dairy products is associated with an improvement in some cardiovascular risk factors. However, a further increase in R-TFA/SFA ratio has no additional benefit.
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Aldai N, Dugan MER, Kramer JKG, Mir PS, McAllister TA. Nonionophore antibiotics do not affect the trans-18:1 and conjugated linoleic acid composition in beef adipose tissue1. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:3522-32. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-0946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Kadegowda AKG, Piperova LS, Erdman RA. Principal component and multivariate analysis of milk long-chain fatty acid composition during diet-induced milk fat depression. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:749-59. [PMID: 18218763 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between individual milk fatty acids (FA) and diet-induced milk fat depression (MFD) using principal component analysis (PCA) and multivariate analysis (MA). Cow treatment observations (n = 63) from 3 published feeding experiments with lactating dairy cows were used in the analyses. In the PCA, principal component loading plots 1 (PC1) and 2 (PC2) described 55.9% of the total variation in milk FA and fat concentrations. Saturated FA (14:0, 16:0, and 17:0) and milk fat percentage showed negative loading for PC1. Trans-18:1 isomers (trans-6+7+8 to trans-15), trans-7, cis-9 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), and trans-10, cis-12 CLA showed positive (opposite) loading, suggesting a negative relationship between these isomers and milk fat percentage. Cis-11, trans-13 CLA and cis-9, trans-11 CLA were associated with the PC2 axes (neutral), indicating that they were not associated with MFD. Multivariate analysis with milk fat percentage as the dependent variable and individual PC1 positive loading variables showed a breakpoint relationship for trans-6+7+8-, trans-9-, trans-10-, and trans-13+14-18:1 and a linear relationship for trans-11-, trans-12-, trans-15-18:1, trans-10, cis-12 CLA, and trans-7, cis-9 CLA. Subsequent MA was conducted on 41 treatment means from 12 independent experiments from the literature, in which concentrations of trans-6+7+8-, trans-9-, trans-10-, and trans-11-18:1, and cis-9 trans;-11, and trans-10, cis-12 CLA were reported. Significant negative effects of trans-9-18:1, trans-10-18:1, and trans-10, cis-12 CLA on milk fat percentage were observed. In this study, the PCA and MA showed that among trans-18:1 isomers, trans-10-18:1 was the most negatively correlated to milk fat percentage. However, the threshold concentration related to maximum MFD indicated that the relative potency was greatest for trans-6+7+8- and lowest for trans-10-18:1. These results suggested that trans-6+7+8-18:1 might be more important than trans-10-18:1 in MFD. Principal component analysis also showed that trans-10, cis-12 and trans-7, cis-9 CLA were the isomers most negatively correlated to milk fat percentage, implying a possible role of trans-7, cis-9 CLA in MFD. Additional experiments are needed to establish whether trans-7-18:1 is involved in MFD or that its effects are mediated via the endogenously synthesized trans-7, cis-9 CLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K G Kadegowda
- Animal and Avian Sciences Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Chardigny JM, Malpuech-Brugere C. Acides gras trans et conjugués: origine et effets nutritionnels. NUTR CLIN METAB 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nupar.2007.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Bauchart D, Roy A, Lorenz S, Chardigny JM, Ferlay A, Gruffat D, Sébédio JL, Chilliard Y, Durand D. Butters Varying in trans 18:1 and cis-9,trans-11 Conjugated Linoleic Acid Modify Plasma Lipoproteins in the Hypercholesterolemic Rabbit. Lipids 2007; 42:123-33. [PMID: 17393218 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-006-3018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/15/2006] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The experiment was designed to study the effects of butters differing in conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and trans 18:1 contents on lipoproteins associated with the risk of atherogenesis. New Zealand White male rabbits (9.6 weeks; 2.1 kg) were assigned for 6 or 12 weeks to three diets (n = 6 per diet) made of conventional pellets with 0.2% cholesterol and with 12% fat provided from a butter poor in trans-10 and trans-11 18:1 and in CLA (standard group), or rich in trans-10 18:1 (trans-10 18:1 group) or rich in trans-11 18:1 and in cis-9,trans-11 CLA (trans-11 18:1/CLA group). Blood samples were collected at the end of dietary treatments. Lipoproteins were separated by gradient-density ultracentrifugation. Lipid classes were determined enzymatically and apolipoproteins A-I and B by radial immunodiffusion. Mainly in the 12-week rabbits, higher plasma triglycerides and apolipoprotein B levels shown in the standard and trans-10 18:1 groups compared with those in the trans-11 18:1/CLA group are associated with higher plasma levels of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and low density lipoproteins (LDL) also shown in these two groups. In the 12-week rabbits, a shift towards denser LDL, considered as more atherogenic, was shown only in the trans-10 18:1 group. In these animals, the VLDL + LDL to HDL ratio was 1.7-2.3 times higher in the trans-10 18:1 group than in the other groups (P = 0.076). These results suggest a rather neutral effect of trans-11 18:1/CLA butter towards the risk of atherogenesis, whereas trans-10 18:1 butter would tend to be detrimental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Bauchart
- UR1213 Herbivores, Research Unit on Herbivores, Nutrients and Metabolisms Group, INRA, Site de Theix, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.
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Butters rich either in trans-10-C18:1 or in trans-11-C18:1 plus cis-9, trans-11 CLA differentially affect plasma lipids and aortic fatty streak in experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits. Animal 2007; 1:467-76. [PMID: 22444345 DOI: 10.1017/s175173110770530x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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