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Zaric B, Obradovic M, Trpkovic A, Banach M, Mikhailidis DP, Isenovic ER. Endothelial Dysfunction in Dyslipidaemia: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:1021-1040. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190903112146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The endothelium consists of a monolayer of Endothelial Cells (ECs) which form
the inner cellular lining of veins, arteries, capillaries and lymphatic vessels. ECs interact with
the blood and lymph. The endothelium fulfils functions such as vasodilatation, regulation of
adhesion, infiltration of leukocytes, inhibition of platelet adhesion, vessel remodeling and
lipoprotein metabolism. ECs synthesize and release compounds such as Nitric Oxide (NO),
metabolites of arachidonic acid, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and enzymes that degrade
the extracellular matrix. Endothelial dysfunction represents a phenotype prone to atherogenesis
and may be used as a marker of atherosclerotic risk. Such dysfunction includes impaired
synthesis and availability of NO and an imbalance in the relative contribution of endothelialderived
relaxing factors and contracting factors such as endothelin-1 and angiotensin. This
dysfunction appears before the earliest anatomic evidence of atherosclerosis and could be an
important initial step in further development of atherosclerosis. Endothelial dysfunction was
historically treated with vitamin C supplementation and L-arginine supplementation. Short
term improvement of the expression of adhesion molecule and endothelial function during
antioxidant therapy has been observed. Statins are used in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia, a
risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Future studies should focus on identifying the mechanisms
involved in the beneficial effects of statins on the endothelium. This may help develop
drugs specifically aimed at endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozidarka Zaric
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovica Alasa 12-14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milan Obradovic
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovica Alasa 12-14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Andreja Trpkovic
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovica Alasa 12-14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, WAM University Hospital in Lodz, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Dimitri P. Mikhailidis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Esma R. Isenovic
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovica Alasa 12-14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Jin X, Liu X, Zhang Z, Guan Y, Xv R, Li J. Identification of key pathways and genes in lung carcinogenesis. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:4185-4192. [PMID: 30250533 PMCID: PMC6144915 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to identify key pathways and genes in the pathogenesis of lung cancer. The GSE10072 dataset was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Protein-protein interaction data were collected from Human Protein Reference Database, and 201 pathways were downloaded from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database. Signaling network impact analysis was performed to identify enriched pathways, followed by the construction of a pathway-pathway crosstalk network. Benzopyrene was used to treat normal human lung cells at concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 µM, and cell viability was measured. Furthermore, growth arrest and DNA damage inducible β (GADD45B), p53, cyclin B, Akt and nuclear factor (NF)-κB protein levels were also measured via western blotting. Impact analysis identified 11 enriched lung cancer-associated KEGG pathways, including 'complement and coagulation cascades', 'ECM-receptor interaction', 'P53 signaling pathway', 'cell adhesion molecules' and 'focal adhesion'. In addition, cell cycle, 'drug metabolism-cytochrome P450', 'metabolic pathways', 'pathways in cancer', 'focal adhesion' and 'antigen processing and presentation' were central in the pathway-pathway cross-talk network. Furthermore, the upregulated gene GADD45B was associated with three of the pathways, including an activated pathway ('MAPK signaling pathway') and two repressed pathways ('cell cycle' and 'P53 pathway'). Western blotting demonstrated that the expression of NF-κB, Akt and GADD45B increased over time in lung cells treated with benzopyrene, whereas the expression levels of cyclin B and P53 decreased. In conclusion, GADD45B may contribute to lung carcinogenesis via affecting the MAPK, P53 signaling and cell cycle pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Jin
- Department of Respiration, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xingang Liu
- Department of ICU, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of PICU, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yinghui Guan
- Department of Respiration, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Ren Xv
- Department of Respiration, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Pneumology, Jinan Central Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
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Vural Gürsel I, Kockmann N, Hessel V. Fluidic separation in microstructured devices – Concepts and their Integration into process flow networks. Chem Eng Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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A Comprehensive Gene Expression Analysis of Resistance Formation upon Metronomic Cyclophosphamide Therapy. Transl Oncol 2013; 6:1-9. [PMID: 23418611 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance formation is one of the major hurdles in cancer therapy. Metronomic anti-angiogenic treatment of xenografted prostate cancer tumors in severe combined-immunodeficiency (SCID) mice with cyclophosphamide (CPA) results in the appearance of resistant tumors. To investigate the complex molecular changes occurring during resistance formation, we performed a comprehensive gene expression analysis of the resistant tumors in vivo. We observed a multitude of differentially expressed genes, e.g., PAS domain containing protein 1, annexin A3 (ANXA3), neurotensin, or plasminogen activator tissue (PLAT), when comparing resistant to in vivo passaged tumor samples. Furthermore, tumor cells from in vivo and in vitro conditions showed a significant difference in target gene expression. We assigned the differentially expressed genes to functional pathways like axon guidance, steroid biosynthesis, and complement and coagulation cascades. Most of these genes were involved in anti-coagulation. Up-regulation of anticoagulatory ANXA3 and PLAT and down-regulation of PLAT inhibitor serpin peptidase inhibitor clade A were validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. In contrast, coagulation factor F3 was upregulated, accompanied by the expression of an altered gene product. These findings give insights into the resistance mechanisms of metronomic CPA treatment, suggesting an important role of anti-coagulation in resistance formation.
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Simioni P, Spiezia L. Reprint of: Factor VIIa-AT complex plasma levels and arterial thrombosis. Thromb Res 2012; 130:141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Sebag SC, Bastarache JA, Ware LB. Therapeutic modulation of coagulation and fibrinolysis in acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2012; 12:1481-96. [PMID: 21401517 DOI: 10.2174/138920111798281171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and acute lung injury (ALI) are characterized by excessive intraalveolar fibrin deposition, driven, at least in part by inflammation. The imbalance between activation of coagulation and inhibition of fibrinolysis in patients with ALI/ARDS favors fibrin formation and appears to occur both systemically and in the lung and airspace. Tissue factor (TF), a key mediator of the activation of coagulation in the lung, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of ALI/ARDS. As such, there have been numerous investigations modulating TF activity in a variety of experimental systems in order to develop new therapeutic strategies for ALI/ARDS. This review will summarize current understanding of the role of TF and other proteins of the coagulation cascade as well the fibrinolysis pathway in the development of ALI/ARDS with an emphasis on the pathways that are potential therapeutic targets. These include the TF inhibitor pathway, the protein C pathway, antithrombin, heparin, and modulation of fibrinolysis through plasminogen activator- 1 (PAI-1) or plasminogen activators (PA). Although experimental studies show promising results, clinical trials to date have proven unsuccessful in improving patient outcomes. Modulation of coagulation and fibrinolysis has complex effects on both hemostasis and inflammatory pathways and further studies are needed to develop new treatment strategies for patients with ALI/ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara C Sebag
- Department of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, T1218 MCN, 1161 21st Avenue S. Nashville, TN 37232-2650, USA
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Simioni P, Spiezia L. Factor VIIa-AT complex plasma levels and arterial thrombosis. Thromb Res 2011; 128:507. [PMID: 21995975 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2011.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Adams MJ, Ahuja KD, Geraghty DP. Effect of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin on in vitro blood coagulation and platelet aggregation. Thromb Res 2009; 124:721-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 05/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Pretorius E, Briedenhann S, Marx J, Franz RC. Structural Changes in the Fibrin Network of a Pretoria Family with Dysfibrinogenemia: A Scanning Electron Microscopical Study. Ultrastruct Pathol 2009; 30:167-76. [PMID: 16825118 DOI: 10.1080/01913120600689772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Inborn errors of fibrinogen structure are by definition congenital dysfibrinogenemias. The present study assesses the scanning electron microscope characteristics in the fibrin network morphology in a Pretoria family with an amino-acid substitution defect at position 139 on the gamma chain where the cystein residue is replaced by tyrosine. This anomaly results in a disturbance of the interchain disulfide bond, an ultrastructural defect that interferes with fibrin polymerization. Clinical manifestations showed that 2 of the family members presented with thrombosis, as well as a bleeding tendency, while 2 were asymptomatic. Fibrin clot analysis revealed that in all 4 family members a tighter fibrin network with increased fibrin density and reduced pore size was present. The fibers showed a "stellate" appearance where they converge and some were fused longitudinally to form sheets of "matted" fibrin. Furthermore, there was a conspicuous absence of platelets. Fibrin dysfunction is associated with the development of vascular complications, while proneness to the formation of tight and rigid fibrin networks is independently associated with thrombotic disease. Although this does not explain the proneness of some family members who present with excess bleeding, bleeding might be related to the defective binding of fibrin to activated platelets, resulting in inadequate prothrombotic stimulus that is normally enhanced by the second wave of thrombin generation, which occurs on the platelet surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pretorius
- Department of Anatomy, School of Health Sciences, Medical Faculty of the University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
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Pretorius E, Oberholzer HM, Smit E. Ultrastructure of activated mouse platelets: a qualitative scanning electron microscopy study. Microsc Res Tech 2008; 71:413-7. [PMID: 18300287 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Platelets form an integral part of the coagulation process, and their ultrastructure can provide valuable information regarding diseases associated with hemostasis. During coagulation, platelets aggregate; this aggregation can be achieved in vitro, by adding thrombin to platelet-rich plasma. Previous research showed that human thrombin could be used successfully to activate mouse platelets. When conservative changes are included, the amino acid similarity between human and mouse thrombin is approximately 75%. In this qualitative study, we compare the ultrastructure of mouse platelet aggregates activated by human thrombin as well as two concentrations of mouse thrombin, using the scanning electron microscope. Results show that both human and mouse thrombin activate platelets to form aggregates with typical pseudopodia formation. Magnification up to 250,000x showed membrane morphology with the open canalicular system pores visible in both the mouse- and human-activated platelets. It is therefore concluded that mouse platelets can be successfully aggregated using either mouse or human thrombin.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pretorius
- Department of Anatomy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
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Adams MJ, Thom J, Hankey GJ, Baker R, Gilmore G, Staton J, Eikelboom JW. The tissue factor pathway in ischemic stroke. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2007; 17:527-32. [PMID: 16988546 DOI: 10.1097/01.mbc.0000245294.41774.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To explore the role of the the tissue factor (TF) pathway in ischemic stroke. We measured blood concentrations of markers of the TF pathway [TF antigen, free tissue factor pathway inhibitor antigen (TFPIf) and activity (TFPIac), and activated factor VII (FVIIa)] within 7 days (acute phase) and after 3-6 months (convalescence) in 150 patients with first-ever ischemic stroke and 150 community controls. During the acute phase, TF antigen and TFPIf were not significantly altered but TFPIac was increased (mean 1.27 versus 1.13 U/ml, P = 0.04) and FVIIa was decreased in cases compared with controls (mean 43.3 versus 57.9 mU/ml, P = 0.0004). After adjusting for baseline differences between cases and controls, increasing quartiles of TFPIf were independently associated with reduced odds of stroke, and reducing quartiles of FVIIa and increasing quartiles of TFPIac with increased odds of stroke. During the convalescent phase, FVIIa and TFPIac returned to normal but TF antigen and TFPIf were significantly decreased compared with controls [median TF antigen, 110 (follow-up) versus 155 pg/ml (controls), P = 0.0008; median TFPIf, 15.5 (follow-up) versus 23.3 ng/ml (controls), P = 0.002]. Alterations of blood concentrations of TF pathway markers are common in patients with acute ischemic stroke. The mechanisms are unclear but may relate to enhanced formation of TF-FVIIa complexes and upregulation and release of TFPI during the acute phase, and ongoing consumption of TF antigen and TFPIf during the chronic phase as the atherosclerotic plaque heals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray J Adams
- Western Australian Biomedical Research Institute, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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12
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Sayer MS, Cole VJ, Adams MJ, Baker RI, Staton JM. Polymorphisms in the tissue factor pathway inhibitor gene are not associated with ischaemic stroke. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2007; 18:703-8. [PMID: 17890962 DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0b013e3282dde994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine whether four previously described polymorphisms found within the tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) gene are associated with free plasma TFPI levels or with TFPI activity as well as the risk of ischaemic stroke in stroke patients and control individuals. We conducted a case-control study of 162 first-ever ischaemic stroke cases and 170 randomly selected community control individuals. The TFPI genotype was determined for the T-287C, C-399T, Intron 7 C-33T, and Val264Met (G874A) polymorphisms. Free plasma TFPI and TFPI activity were measured during the first 7 days and 3-6 months after the acute stroke event. Free plasma TFPI levels were significantly lowered 3-6 months after stroke compared with levels observed in the patient group during the acute phase of the stroke (mean, 16.3 versus 22.46 ng/ml; P = 0.046) and among the control group (mean, 16.3 versus 22.79 ng/ml; P < 0.0001). Conversely, TFPI activity was significantly up-regulated during the acute phase (mean, 1.30 versus 1.11 U/ml; P = 0.0051) and remained elevated 3-6 months later (mean, 1.28 versus 1.11 U/ml; P = 0.03). The TFPI gene polymorphisms studied were not significantly associated with TFPI levels or activity, nor with the risk of ischaemic stroke. In conclusion, the TFPI activity and concentration in plasma varied significantly after an ischaemic stroke; however, these variations were not found to be due to the presence of any of the genetic mutations analysed in this study. Our results are consistent with the emerging model suggesting the lipoprotein-bound portion of TFPI has a significant influence on coagulation and diseases of haemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milly S Sayer
- Department of Haematology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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Abstract
Coagulation proteases are involved in generating fibrin after vascular injury (hemostasis) but they also have multiple other effects, many of which are mediated independently of fibrin generation, via interactions with specific cell membrane-expressed "protease activated receptors". In inflammation, this family of proteins has a complex influence, the facets of which are still incompletely understood, though a common feature in different models appears to be amplification of innate signals that are initially generated by pathogenic elements or, in the context of transplantation, ischemia or anti-graft antibodies, for instance. There is increasing evidence that these proteases may also have specific effects on cells involved in adaptive immunity and on cells that mediate chronic inflammation and fibrosis. Understanding whether these effects are relevant in the responses generated against transplanted organs is important, as it could lead ultimately to the development of novel ways to promote long-term graft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shrivastava
- Department of Immunology, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W120NN, UK
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Markiewski MM, Nilsson B, Ekdahl KN, Mollnes TE, Lambris JD. Complement and coagulation: strangers or partners in crime? Trends Immunol 2007; 28:184-92. [PMID: 17336159 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2007.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 441] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Revised: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The convergence between complement and the clotting system extends far beyond the chemical nature of the complement and coagulation components, both of which form proteolytic cascades. Complement effectors directly enhance coagulation. These effects are supplemented by the interactions of complement with other inflammatory mediators that can increase the thrombogenicity of blood. In addition, complement inhibits anticoagulant factors. The crosstalk between complement and coagulation is also well illustrated by the ability of certain coagulation enzymes to activate complement components. Understanding the interplay between complement and coagulation has fundamental clinical implications in the context of diseases with an inflammatory pathogenesis, in which complement-coagulation interactions contribute to the development of life-threatening complications. Here, we review the interactions of the complement system with hemostasis and their roles in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej M Markiewski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Pretorius E, Humphries P, Ekpo OE, Smit E, van der Merwe CF. Comparative Ultrastructural Analyses of Mouse, Rabbit, and Human Platelets and Fibrin Networks. Microsc Res Tech 2007; 70:823-7. [PMID: 17576129 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Platelets and fibrin play an important role in the coagulation process, where they are involved in the maintenance of hemostasis. Fibrin dysfunction is associated with the development of vascular complications, while proneness to the formation of tight and rigid fibrin networks is independently associated with thrombotic disease. Here we investigate the ultrastructure of human, rabbit, and mouse platelets and fibrin networks, using the scanning electron microscope. Human and rabbit fibrin and platelets, with regards to morphology as well as size of major and minor fibers compare well with each other. However, mouse fibers are much thinner and form a flimsy branching network. Platelet aggregate morphology of all three species compare well with each other. We conclude that rabbit platelet and fibrin networks could be used successfully when studying the effect of pharmaceutical products in preclinical trials, when looking at the effects of these products on morphology and ultrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pretorius
- Department of Anatomy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
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Mahajan AL, Tenorio X, Pepper MS, Baetens D, Montandon D, Schlaudraff KU, Pittet B. Progressive tissue injury in burns is reduced by rNAPc2. Burns 2006; 32:957-63. [PMID: 16905262 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2006.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2005] [Accepted: 02/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Burn wounds are characterised by central necrosis surrounded by an area of stasis with compromised perfusion. Secondary aggravation of the burn wound due to ischaemia in the zone of stasis can also result in necrosis. This study aims to improve circulation in the zone of stasis by reducing microthrombus formation and thereby to reduce secondary aggravation. MATERIAL AND METHODS Recombinant nematode anticoagulant protein (rNAPc2) was administered to Wistar rats at 3 or 30 microg/kg as a single or daily dose. A comb pattern burn was induced on the dorsum of these rats and its evolution monitored by serial photography, planimetry, laser doppler flowmetry and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In the 30 microg/kg daily group, extension of the burn wound was curbed, limiting the burn area to 1.99+/-0.67 cm(2) on day 28, compared to 3.51+/-0.37 cm(2) in the control group (p=0.015). Laser doppler evaluation showed a significant (p<0.001) increase in circulation in the first day post-burn. Significantly less (p<0.001) microvascular fibrin formation was observed by immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSION Anticoagulation with rNAPc2 improved perfusion of the burn wound. The resultant reduction in the area of the burn led to earlier healing and less scar contracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay L Mahajan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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17
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Coleman LS. To the editor: Is von Willebrand factor a hormone that regulates a coagulation mechanism? World J Surg 2006; 30:479-81. [PMID: 16479332 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-005-0583-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Tseng PY, Rele SS, Sun XL, Chaikof EL. Membrane-mimetic films containing thrombomodulin and heparin inhibit tissue factor-induced thrombin generation in a flow model. Biomaterials 2006; 27:2637-50. [PMID: 16376423 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2005] [Accepted: 10/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-mimetic thin films containing thrombomodulin (TM) and/or heparin were produced and their capacity to inhibit thrombin generation evaluated in a continuous flow system. Tissue factor (TF) along with TM and heparin were immobilized in spatially restricted zones as components of a membrane-mimetic film. Specifically, TF was positioned as an upstream trigger for thrombin generation and TM and/or heparin positioned over the remaining downstream portion of test films. Peak and steady-state levels of thrombin were decreased by antithrombin III (ATIII), as well as by surface bound heparin and TM. Although physiologic concentrations of ATIII have the capacity to significantly inhibit thrombin activity, surface bound TM and heparin nearly abolished steady-state thrombin responses. In particular, surface bound TM appears to be superior to heparin in reducing local thrombin concentrations. These studies are the first to demonstrate the additive effect of surface bound heparin and TM as a combined interactive strategy to limit TF-induced thrombin formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yuan Tseng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30320, USA
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Ware LB, Bastarache JA, Wang L. Coagulation and fibrinolysis in human acute lung injury-New therapeutic targets? Keio J Med 2005; 54:142-9. [PMID: 16237276 DOI: 10.2302/kjm.54.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are common, life-threatening causes of acute respiratory failure that arise from a variety of local and systemic insults. The need for new specific therapies has led a number of investigators to examine the role of altered coagulation and fibrinolysis in the pathogenesis of ALI/ARDS. This review summarizes our current understanding of coagulation and fibrinolysis in human ALI/ARDS with an emphasis on pathways that could be potential therapeutic targets including the tissue factor pathway, the protein C pathway and modulation of fibrinolysis via plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. The available data suggest that clinical ALI and ARDS are characterized by profound alterations in both systemic and intra-alveolar coagulation and fibrinolysis. Fibrin deposition in the airspaces and lung microvasculature likely results from both activation of the coagulation cascade and impaired fibrinolysis, triggered by inflammation. Modulation of fibrin deposition in the lung through targeting activation and modulation of coagulation as well as fibrinolysis may be an important therapeutic target in clinical ALI/ARDS that deserves further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine B Ware
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-2650, USA.
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Beerepoot LV, Mehra N, Linschoten F, Jorna AS, Lisman T, Verheul HMW, Voest EE. Circulating endothelial cells in cancer patients do not express tissue factor. Cancer Lett 2004; 213:241-8. [PMID: 15327840 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2004] [Revised: 04/16/2004] [Accepted: 04/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Numbers of circulating endothelial cells (CECs) are increased in cancer patients with progressive disease. Also, cancer patients have an increased risk for thrombotic events, being negatively associated with prognosis. Tissue factor (TF), the physiological initiator of coagulation, is present on the surface of many extravascular cells. In 34 samples from cancer patients and in seven from volunteers, CECs were quantified (with endothelium-specific anti-CD146 beads), and TF-activity assessed with a chromogenic assay. All samples displayed very limited TF-activity (patients: 1.6+/-3.1 microU; volunteers: 0.94+/-1.7 microU FXa/100 CECs, P = 0.30 by Mann-Whitney test). After in vitro TNFalpha-stimulation, CECs from both cancer patients and volunteers showed substantially increased TF-activity (endogenous activity: 17.3+/-6.4 microU; after TNFalpha-stimulation: 73.8+/-34.3 microU FXa; P = 0.028, Wilcoxon signed ranks test), reflecting the potential of CECs to generate biologically active TF. As the chromogenic assay determines a mean cellular TF-activity, we also analyzed immunohistochemical TF-antigen expression on CEC subsets. TF-antigen expression was undetectable. CECs isolated from cancer patients do not express TF. CECs can generate functional TF after stimulation and may therefore play a role in (intratumoral) coagulation induction and tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens V Beerepoot
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, HP F02.126, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA, The Netherlands
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22
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Setzer SV, Cohen C, Swerlick RA. Tissue factor expression may contribute to cutaneous infarctions. Br J Dermatol 2004; 151:711-3. [PMID: 15377368 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.06154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Abstract
The classical 'cascade/waterfall' hypothesis formulated to explain in vitro coagulation organised the amplification processes into the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Recent molecular biology and clinical data indicate that tissue factor/factor-VII interaction is the primary cellular initiator of coagulation in vivo. The process of blood coagulation is divided into an initiation phase followed by a propagation phase. The discovery of tissue factor pathway inhibitor further supports the revised theory of coagulation. Tissue factor is also a signalling receptor. Recent evidence has shown that blood-borne tissue factor has an important procoagulant function in sepsis, atherosclerosis and cancer, and other functions beyond haemostasis such as immune function and metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Price
- Intensive Care Unit, University of New South Wales at St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
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24
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Geisbert TW, Hensley LE, Jahrling PB, Larsen T, Geisbert JB, Paragas J, Young HA, Fredeking TM, Rote WE, Vlasuk GP. Treatment of Ebola virus infection with a recombinant inhibitor of factor VIIa/tissue factor: a study in rhesus monkeys. Lancet 2003; 362:1953-8. [PMID: 14683653 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)15012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with the Ebola virus induces overexpression of the procoagulant tissue factor in primate monocytes and macrophages, suggesting that inhibition of the tissue-factor pathway could ameliorate the effects of Ebola haemorrhagic fever. Here, we tested the notion that blockade of fVIIa/tissue factor is beneficial after infection with Ebola virus. METHODS We used a rhesus macaque model of Ebola haemorrhagic fever, which produces near 100% mortality. We administered recombinant nematode anticoagulant protein c2 (rNAPc2), a potent inhibitor of tissue factor-initiated blood coagulation, to the macaques either 10 min (n=6) or 24 h (n=3) after a high-dose lethal injection of Ebola virus. Three animals served as untreated Ebola virus-positive controls. Historical controls were also used in some analyses. FINDINGS Both treatment regimens prolonged survival time, with a 33% survival rate in each treatment group. Survivors are still alive and healthy after 9 months. All but one of the 17 controls died. The mean survival for the six rNAPc2-treated macaques that died was 11.7 days compared with 8.3 days for untreated controls (p=0.0184). rNAPc2 attenuated the coagulation response as evidenced by modulation of various important coagulation factors, including plasma D dimers, which were reduced in nearly all treated animals; less prominent fibrin deposits and intravascular thromboemboli were observed in tissues of some animals that succumbed to Ebola virus. Furthermore, rNAPc2 attenuated the proinflammatory response with lower plasma concentrations of interleukin 6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) noted in the treated than in the untreated macaques. INTERPRETATION Post-exposure protection with rNAPc2 against Ebola virus in primates provides a new foundation for therapeutic regimens that target the disease process rather than viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Geisbert
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
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25
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Chin BSP, Blann AD, Gibbs CR, Chung NAY, Conway DG, Lip GYH. Prognostic value of interleukin-6, plasma viscosity, fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, tissue factor and vascular endothelial growth factor levels in congestive heart failure. Eur J Clin Invest 2003; 33:941-8. [PMID: 14636296 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2362.2003.01252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congestive heart failure (CHF) carries a poor prognosis with a high mortality rate, frequent hospitalizations and increased risk of thrombotic complications such as stroke. Cytokines may contribute to the progression and prothrombotic state of CHF, including the pro-inflammatory interleukin-6 (IL-6) and the pro-angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), both of which are raised in CHF. The procoagulant properties of both cytokines may be mediated via tissue factor (TF), a potent clotting activator. We hypothesized that plasma levels of these markers, as well as levels of plasma viscosity, fibrinogen, soluble P-selectin and von Willebrand factor (markers of abnormal rheology, clotting, platelet activation, and endothelial damage, respectively) will be useful in predicting morbidity and mortality in chronic stable CHF. METHODS AND RESULTS One hundred and twenty consecutive out-patients with chronic stable CHF (92 males; mean [SD] age 64 [11] years, mean [SD] left ventricular ejection fraction of 29 [6]%) were recruited and followed for 2 years during which 42 patients reached a clinical end-point of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular hospitalizations, including stroke and myocardial infarction. Plasma IL-6 (P=0.003) and TF (P=0.013) levels, but not other research indices, were higher in those who suffered events compared with those without events. Predictors of end-points were high (> or =median) TF (P=0.011), and IL-6 (P=0.023) levels, as well as the lowest quartile of a left ventricular ejection fraction (P=0.007). A strong correlation was present between TF and IL-6 levels (r=0.59; P<0.0001) and with VEGF levels (r=0.43; P<0.0001). CONCLUSION IL-6 and TF are predictors of poor prognosis in chronic CHF, raising the hypothesis that IL-6 may contribute to the progression and thrombotic complications of CHF via its actions on TF expression. Although VEGF did not independently predict outcome in chronic CHF, the possibility arises that it may act with IL-6 to induce TF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S P Chin
- Haemostasis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology Unit, University Department of Medicine, City Hospital, Birmingham, UK
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26
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Chin BSP, Conway DSG, Chung NAY, Blann AD, Gibbs CR, Lip GYH. Interleukin-6, tissue factor and von Willebrand factor in acute decompensated heart failure: relationship to treatment and prognosis. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2003; 14:515-21. [PMID: 12960603 DOI: 10.1097/00001721-200309000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Arterial thrombotic and thromboembolic complications are increased in congestive heart failure (CHF), and are a particular problem in acute decompensated heart failure, which carries a poor prognosis. As interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been shown to induce the potent procoagulant tissue factor (TF) in experimental models, we hypothesized that the pro-inflammatory IL-6 may be one mechanism contributing to thrombosis in heart failure, mediated via endothelial expression of TF on activated/damaged cells [indicated by plasma von Willebrand factor (vWF)]. Seventy-seven patients (67% men, New York Heart Association class III-IV, 87%) with acute CHF were recruited, and were compared with 53 chronic stable CHF patients in sinus rhythm (66% men, New York Heart Association class III-IV, 2%) and 37 healthy controls (68% men). Acute CHF patients in sinus rhythm had elevated baseline levels of IL-6 (P < 0.0001), TF (P = 0.041) and vWF (P < 0.0001) (all measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) compared with both chronic CHF and healthy control groups. A correlation exists in acute CHF between baseline TF and IL-6 (Spearman r = 0.64, P < 0.0001). After 3 months treatment, with control or alleviation of heart failure symptoms in 40 patients, there was a fall in levels of IL-6 (P < 0.0001) and vWF (P < 0.0001), but levels still remained significantly higher than healthy controls. Patients who died at 6 months follow-up also had higher baseline levels of IL-6 (P = 0.008), TF (P = 0.037) and vWF (P = 0.039) when compared with those who remained alive. Elevated IL-6 may contribute to the thrombotic and thromboembolic complications in acute heart failure, in a process mediated via increased TF and vWF. Improvement of symptoms and plasma markers after treatment of acute CHF and prediction of prognosis by the markers may be useful in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard S P Chin
- Haemostasis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology Unit, University Department of Medicine, City Hospital, Birmingham, UK
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27
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Boström SL, Hansson GF, Kjaer M, Sarich TC. Effects of melagatran, the active form of the oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran, and dalteparin on the endogenous thrombin potential in venous blood from healthy male subjects. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2003; 14:457-62. [PMID: 12851531 DOI: 10.1097/00001721-200307000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran and its active form, melagatran, on thrombin generation was investigated in vitro and ex vivo using a thrombin generation assay. In-vitro thrombin generation was triggered in human platelet-poor plasma by the addition of tissue factor, and the endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) was measured. The ETP IC(50) values for melagatran and the low-molecular-weight heparin dalteparin were 0.44 micromol/l and 0.06 IU/ml, respectively. In contrast to dalteparin, melagatran increased the time-to-thrombin peak in a concentration-dependent manner. ETP was also studied ex vivo in platelet-poor plasma collected from healthy male subjects (n = 54) at pre-dose and 2 h post-dose, with ximelagatran (60 mg) orally, dalteparin (120 IU/kg) subcutaneously, or control (water) orally. After ximelagatran or dalteparin administration, the time-to-thrombin peak was prolonged by 41 and 95%, and the ETP was decreased by 61 and 77%, respectively. Thus, melagatran, the active form of the oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran, efficiently delays and inhibits the generation of thrombin in plasma both in vitro and ex vivo.
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28
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Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) is the cellular receptor and cofactor for blood coagulation factor VII (FVII). Exposure of flowing blood to cells that express TF leads to the initiation of blood coagulation. A recent study of mice expressing low levels of TF has demonstrated the importance of TF and FVII in maintaining adequate haemostasis within the heart. In addition, the study indicates that the heart is subject to a succession of minor bleeds most probably as a result of repetitive minor mechanical injury to the blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H McVey
- Haemostasis and Thrombosis, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, The Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
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29
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Tay SP, Cheong SK, Boo NY. Circulating tissue factor, tissue factor pathway inhibitor and D-dimer in umbilical cord blood of normal term neonates and adult plasma. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2003; 14:125-9. [PMID: 12632021 DOI: 10.1097/00001721-200302000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The investigation of many hemostatic defects in newborns is restricted by the lack of normal reference values. The coagulation system of the neonate differs in many ways from that of the adult. The present study was designed to compare the concentrations of tissue factor (TF), tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) and D-dimer (DD) in the umbilical cord blood of healthy newborns and in adult plasma. TF antigen was quantified using an in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, whereas TFPI and DD levels were measured with commercial kits. The mean TF level in cord blood (mean standard deviation, 183.94 103.63 pg/ml) was significantly higher ( = 0.008) than that in adults (136.64 65.09 pg/ml). Cord blood exhibited enhanced fibrinolysis, as was reflected by a significantly higher level of DD (924.57 733.87 ng/ml, 0.001) than that in adults (45.57 17.21 ng/ml). Conversely, cord blood (30.88 10.16 ng/ml) demonstrated significantly lower ( 0.001) TFPI levels than that in adults (55.77 21.16 ng/ml). However, no significant differences of these three hemostatic markers were noted between both gender groups in newborns and adults. Our findings indicate that an active and dynamic state of hemostasis exists in cord blood, as the fluidity of cord blood remains preserved in the presence of birth injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siow-Phing Tay
- Department of Pathology and Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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30
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Monaco C, Andreakos E, Young S, Feldmann M, Paleolog E. T cell‐mediated signaling to vascular endothelium: induction of cytokines, chemokines, and tissue factor. J Leukoc Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.71.4.659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Monaco
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology & Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Evangelos Andreakos
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology & Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvia Young
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology & Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Feldmann
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology & Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ewa Paleolog
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology & Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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31
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Vallée I, Tait SW, Powell PP. African swine fever virus infection of porcine aortic endothelial cells leads to inhibition of inflammatory responses, activation of the thrombotic state, and apoptosis. J Virol 2001; 75:10372-82. [PMID: 11581405 PMCID: PMC114611 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.21.10372-10382.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an asymptomatic infection of warthogs and bushpigs, which has become an emergent disease of domestic pigs, characterized by hemorrhage, lymphopenia, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. It is caused by a large icosohedral double-stranded DNA virus, African swine fever virus (ASFV), with infection of macrophages well characterized in vitro and in vivo. This study shows that virulent isolates of ASFV also infect primary cultures of porcine aortic endothelial cells and bushpig endothelial cells (BPECs) in vitro. Kinetics of early and late gene expression, viral factory formation, replication, and secretion were similar in endothelial cells and macrophages. However, ASFV-infected endothelial cells died by apoptosis, detected morphologically by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling and nuclear condensation and biochemically by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage at 4 h postinfection (hpi). Immediate-early proinflammatory responses were inhibited, characterized by a lack of E-selectin surface expression and interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-8 mRNA synthesis. Moreover, ASFV actively downregulated interferon-induced major histocompatibility complex class I surface expression, a strategy by which viruses evade the immune system. Significantly, Western blot analysis showed that the 65-kDa subunit of the transcription factor NF-kappaB, a central regulator of the early response to viral infection, decreased by 8 hpi and disappeared by 18 hpi. Both disappearance of NF-kappaB p65 and cleavage of PARP were reversed by the caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk. Interestingly, surface expression and mRNA transcription of tissue factor, an important initiator of the coagulation cascade, increased 4 h after ASFV infection. These data suggest a central role for vascular endothelial cells in the hemorrhagic pathogenesis of the disease. Since BPECs infected with ASFV also undergo apoptosis, resistance of the natural host must involve complex pathological factors other than viral tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Vallée
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 ONF, United Kingdom
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32
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Hatton MW, Blajchman MA, Sridhara S, Southward SM, Ross B, Kulzcycky M, Clarke BJ. Metabolism of rabbit plasma-derived factor VII in relation to prothrombin in rabbits. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001; 281:E507-15. [PMID: 11500306 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.2001.281.3.e507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the human circulation, factor VII is present in relatively low plasma concentration (0.01 microM) and has been reported to have a short half-life (t(1/2); 6 h). In contrast, prothrombin is present in a relatively high plasma concentration (2 microM) and has a relatively long catabolic half-life (t(1/2) = approximately 2-3 days). This report examines the metabolic characteristics of purified rabbit plasma factor VII and prothrombin, radiolabeled with (125)I and (131)I, respectively, in healthy young rabbits. From the plasma clearance curves of protein-bound radioactivities, fractional catabolic rates and compartmental distributions were calculated using a three-compartment model. Turnover of factor VII within the intravascular space (2.95 days) exceeded that of prothrombin (1.9 days). However, the whole body fractional catabolic rate of factor VII (0.34 days(-1); catabolic t(1/2) = 2.04 days) was significantly slower than that of prothrombin (0.53 days(-1); t(1/2) = 1.31 days). Furthermore, the fractional distributions of factor VII in the intravascular (0.14) and extravascular compartments (0.76) differed from those of prothrombin (0.29 and 0.53). Absolute quantities of factor VII and prothrombin catabolized by a 3-kg rabbit amounted to 0.18 and 24.0 mg/day, respectively (molar ratio of prothrombin to factor VII = 100). The molar ratio of catabolism was compared with the release rates of factor VII and prothrombin from rabbit livers perfused ex vivo. After correction for uptake of factor VII and prothrombin by the liver, the molar ratio of released prothrombin to factor VII in the perfusate was approximately 293:1 over a 0.25- to 3-h interval. These results indicate that, compared with prothrombin, factor VII in the healthy rabbit circulates as a relatively long-lived protein. This behavior does not reflect that reported for factor VII in the human circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Hatton
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University Health Sciences Centre, 1200 Main St. West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8N 3Z5.
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