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Žatecký J, Coufal O, Zapletal O, Kubala O, Kepičová M, Faridová A, Rauš K, Gatěk J, Kosáč P, Peteja M. Ideal marker for targeted axillary dissection (IMTAD): a prospective multicentre trial. World J Surg Oncol 2023; 21:252. [PMID: 37596658 PMCID: PMC10439625 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-023-03147-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeted axillary dissection (TAD) is an established method for axillary staging in patients with breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). TAD consists of sentinel lymph node biopsy and initially pathological lymph node excision, which must be marked by a reliable marker before NAC. METHODS The IMTAD study is a prospective multicentre trial comparing three localisation markers for lymph node localisation (clip + iodine seed, magnetic seed, carbon suspension) facilitating subsequent surgical excision in the form of TAD. The primary outcome was to prospectively compare the reliability, accuracy, and safety according to complication rate during marker implantation and detection and marker dislodgement. RESULTS One hundred eighty-nine patients were included in the study-in 135 patients clip + iodine seed was used, in 30 patients magnetic seed and in 24 patients carbon suspension. The complication rate during the marker implantation and detection were not statistically significant between individual markers (p = 0.263; p = 0.117). Marker dislodgement was reported in 4 patients with clip + iodine seed localisation (3.0%), dislodgement did not occur in other localisation methods (p = 0.999). The false-negativity of sentinel lymph node (SLN) was observed in 8 patients, the false-negativity of targeted lymph nodes (TLN) wasn´t observed at all, the false-negativity rate (FNR) from the subcohort of ypN + patients for SLN is 9.6% and for TLN 0.0%. CONCLUSION The IMTAD study indicated, that clip + iodine seed, magnetic seed and carbon suspension are statistically comparable in terms of complications during marker implantation and detection and marker dislodgement proving their safety, accuracy, and reliability in TAD. The study confirmed, that the FNR of the TLN was lower than the FNR of the SLN proving that the TLN is a better marker for axillary lymph node status after NAC. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT04580251. Name of registry: Clinicaltrials.gov. Date of registration: 8.10.2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Žatecký
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Surgery, Silesian Hospital in Opava, Opava, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Public Policies, The Institute of Paramedical Health Studies, Silesian University, Opava, Czech Republic.
| | - Oldřich Coufal
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Zapletal
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Otakar Kubala
- Department of Surgical Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Kepičová
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Adéla Faridová
- Oncogynecology Centre, The Institute for the Care of Mother and Child, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Rauš
- Oncogynecology Centre, The Institute for the Care of Mother and Child, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Gatěk
- Department of Surgery, EUC Clinic Zlín, Zlín, Czech Republic
- Tomáš Baťa University in Zlín, Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Kosáč
- Department of Surgery, EUC Clinic Zlín, Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Matúš Peteja
- Department of Surgery, Silesian Hospital in Opava, Opava, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Public Policies, The Institute of Paramedical Health Studies, Silesian University, Opava, Czech Republic
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Smith CB, Baker JA, Yoon SC, Lowell DA, Grimm L. Ethanol Sclerotherapy for Postoperative Seroma of the Breast and Axilla. JOURNAL OF BREAST IMAGING 2023; 5:167-173. [PMID: 38416938 DOI: 10.1093/jbi/wbad001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate the effectiveness of alcohol sclerotherapy in postoperative breast and axillary seromas. METHODS This was an IRB-approved retrospective review of consecutive patients from 2017 to 2021. The procedure involves aspiration of seroma fluid, injection of ethanol for 15 to 30 minutes, and then aspiration of the injected ethanol. Following review of the medical record, patient and procedure data were recorded. Success was defined as no recurrence of seroma. Statistical analysis was performed using a chi-square or t-test, as appropriate. RESULTS Twenty seromas were treated in 19 patients (mean age, 63 years; range, 49-79) following mastectomy (9/20, 45%), lumpectomy (25%, 5/20), axillary nodal dissection (5/20, 25%), or chest wall surgery (1/20, 5%). The mean seroma volume was 146 ± 165 mL. There was a mean of 1.4 prior aspiration attempts (range, 0-3). Mean injected ethanol volume was 39 mL (range, 8-60 mL) for a mean of 26 ± 5 minutes. Seromas recurred in 85% (17/20) of cases, and repeat aspiration was performed in 35% (6/17). The mean recurrence time was 34 ± 29 days. The recurrent seromas were 31% smaller (mean, 80 ± 48 mL). Only a smaller pre-ablation seroma was associated with successful ablation (P < 0.01), as the mean pre-ablation volume was 36 ± 24 mL for successful ablations and 119 ± 56 mL for unsuccessful ablations. There were no post-procedural complications. CONCLUSION Single-treatment ethanol sclerotherapy is typically unsuccessful in ablating breast and axillary seromas. Only a smaller pre-ablation seroma size was associated with successful ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camron B Smith
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Jay A Baker
- Duke University Hospital, Department of Radiology, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sora C Yoon
- Duke University Hospital, Department of Radiology, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dorothy A Lowell
- Duke University Hospital, Department of Radiology, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lars Grimm
- Duke University Hospital, Department of Radiology, Durham, NC, USA
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Rehsi S, Bhandari A, Rao P, Tyagi A, Routh D. Clinical outcomes after modified radical mastectomy in a tertiary care hospital: An observational study. JOURNAL OF DR. NTR UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/jdrntruhs.jdrntruhs_46_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Al-Hilli Z, Wilkerson A. Breast Surgery: Management of Postoperative Complications Following Operations for Breast Cancer. Surg Clin North Am 2021; 101:845-863. [PMID: 34537147 DOI: 10.1016/j.suc.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer surgery is associated with low rates of surgical morbidity. Postoperative complications related to breast surgery include seroma, infection, hematoma, mastectomy flap necrosis, wound dehiscence, persistent postsurgical pain, Mondor disease, fat necrosis, reduced tactile sensation after mastectomy, and venous thromboembolism. Postoperative complications related to axillary surgery include seroma, infection, lymphedema, nerve injury, and reduced shoulder/arm mobility. The overall rate of complication related to axilla surgery may be confounded by the type of breast surgery performed. The management of postoperative complications related to oncologic breast and axillary surgery independent of reconstruction is reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahraa Al-Hilli
- Department of General Surgery, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue /A80, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Avia Wilkerson
- Department of General Surgery, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue /A80, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Wu X, Luo Y, Zeng Y, Peng W, Zhong Z. Prospective comparison of indwelling cannulas drain and needle aspiration for symptomatic seroma after mastectomy in breast cancer patients. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2019; 301:283-287. [PMID: 31781890 PMCID: PMC7028817 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-019-05396-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Aims Postoperative seroma is the most frequent sequelae after mastectomy and axillary surgery with no optimal regimens for seroma resolution recommended in routine clinical. Indwelling cannulas with needle and catheter have been widely used in long-term medication therapies, but evidence of indwelling cannulas in seroma management after mastectomy is lacking. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of indwelling cannulas in seroma management after mastectomy. Methods Patients who underwent modified radical mastectomy (MRM) and developed symptomatic seroma after removal of the drains between August 2017 and December 2018, were randomized into two groups either indwelling cannulas drain of seroma (Group A) or needle aspiration of seroma (Group B). We prospectively compared the number of visits for seroma, the time from removal of the drain to the final seroma resolution and the cost between the methods. Results A total of 860 patients underwent MRM between August 2017 and December 2018, among which 86 patients who developed symptomatic seroma after removal of the drains, were randomized into two groups either Group A or Group B. The number of visits for seroma in Group A was 2.35 ± 0.69 times, which was less than those in Group B (4.86 ± 1.06 times). Similarly, the time of drain removal to final seroma resolution in Group A was 4.65 ± 0.78 days, which was shorter than 7.09 ± 1.54 in Group B. In Group A, the total mean cost per patient (25.81 ± 7.71 RMB) was less than the total mean cost per patient (49.30 ± 9.85 RMB) in Group B. Cost savings were noted with using indwelling cannulas in seroma management. Conclusion It is feasible to drain indwelling cannulas drain for postmastectomy seroma, with less visits for patients, rapid seroma resolution and less cost. Indwelling cannulas can be an efficient, cost effective solution to treat symptomatic seroma after breast surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufeng Wu
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital & Fujian Cancer Hospital, No. 420 Fu Ma Road, Fuzhou, 350014, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yiping Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital & Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, 350014, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital & Fujian Cancer Hospital, No. 420 Fu Ma Road, Fuzhou, 350014, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital & Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, 350014, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoming Zhong
- Department of Ultrasound, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital & Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, 350014, Fujian, People's Republic of China
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Jackson PC, MacInnes EG, Nicholson JK, Brayshaw I, Relton S, Achuthan R. Mastectomy Without Drains Reduces Cost with No Detriment to Patient Outcome. Cureus 2019; 11:e5160. [PMID: 31528512 PMCID: PMC6743667 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.5160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Use of drains after mastectomy remains highly variable. This study aimed to establish whether simple mastectomy managed without a drain would cost less than the same procedure managed with a drain and whether there would be any difference in complications. Methods Prospective data were collected on all patients undergoing simple mastectomy ± sentinel lymph node biopsy over sixteen months. Surgeons decided intra-operatively whether to place a drain. Data included operative details, mastectomy weight, length of stay and postoperative complications. Costing data were identified by combining hospital finance costs for admission and follow-up appointments along with the cost of consumables. Results One hundred and thirty mastectomies were performed on 119 patients. There was a significant difference in mastectomy weight between drain group patients (n=80, median: 730g) and no drain group patients (n=50, median: 424g) (p=<0.001). The mean cost for drain group patients was £639.77 whilst for the no drain group was £365.46, indicating a potential unit saving of £21944.93 over sixteen months. Length of stay was shorter in the no drain group (range: 1-2 days) than the drain group (range: 1-4 days). The presence or absence of drains did not influence complication rates, with no change in seroma interventions (p=0.803). Conclusions Managing simple mastectomy patients without a drain resulted in no increase in complications or subsequent interventions for seroma. Significant cost savings to both the hospital and to the patient can be achieved by omitting drain use. Routine use of drains in patients undergoing simple mastectomy ± SNB may be unnecessary and costly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ian Brayshaw
- Breast Surgery, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, Leeds, GBR
| | - Samuel Relton
- Miscellaneous, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, The University of Leeds, Leeds, GBR
| | - Raj Achuthan
- Breast Surgery, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, Leeds, GBR
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Vasileiadou K, Kosmidis C, Anthimidis G, Miliaras S, Kostopoulos I, Fahantidis E. Cyanoacrylate Adhesive Reduces Seroma Production After Modified Radical Mastectomy or Quadrantectomy With Lymph Node Dissection-A Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial. Clin Breast Cancer 2017; 17:595-600. [PMID: 28673765 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The accumulation of fluid, a seroma, is a frequent complication after modified radical mastectomy or quadrantectomy with lymph node dissection. The aim of the present study was to examine whether a new adhesive material made of cyanoacrylate can effectively provide a sealing coat to tissues and thus reduce the incidence of seroma significantly. PATIENTS AND METHODS The present prospective, randomized case-control study included 128 women with a breast cancer diagnosis and scheduled for modified radical mastectomy or quadrantectomy with lymph node dissection in Thessaloniki, Greece. In 64 patients (cases), a cyanoacrylate adhesive was applied at the operative field after removal of the tumor and lymph nodes; the remaining 64 patients served as the controls. RESULTS Seroma production (P = .001), drainage duration (P = .001), and drainage amount (P = .001) were all significantly less for cases than for controls. The results from a stepwise multiple regression model incorporating the use of adhesive, body mass index, tumor size, and number of infiltrated lymph nodes were significant and able to explain 51.6% of the variability in seroma amount. CONCLUSION The results of our study have demonstrated that the cyanoacrylate adhesive can contribute to the reduction of seromas produced after mastectomy and subsequently decrease the duration of postoperative drainage and the frequency of seroma aspirations. However, because the pathogenesis of seroma formation is multifaceted and complex, further research of larger sample sizes is required to confirm the results of our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Vasileiadou
- First Medical Propaedeutic Surgical Department, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Christophoros Kosmidis
- Third Surgical Department, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Anthimidis
- Department of Surgery, Interbalkan European Medical Center, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Spiros Miliaras
- First Surgical Department, Papageorgiou University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kostopoulos
- Department of Pathology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Epameinondas Fahantidis
- First Medical Propaedeutic Surgical Department, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Vacuum-assisted closure in the treatment of seroma after axillary lymph node dissection. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLASTIC SURGERY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00238-015-1153-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ultrasonic shears versus electrocautery in axillary dissection for breast cancer-a randomized controlled trial. Indian J Surg Oncol 2014; 5:95-8. [PMID: 25114459 DOI: 10.1007/s13193-014-0298-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Theoretical advantages of use of Ultrasonic shears include less tissue damage and better sealing of lymphatic vessels. This may play a role in reducing prolonged drainage following axillary dissection for breast cancer. We conducted a prospective randomized controlled study to evaluate efficacy of ultrasonic shears over cautery for axillary dissection. Between April 2011 and April 2013, 92 patients were randomized to undergo axillary dissection with either ultrasonic shears (n = 46) or electrocautery (n = 46). Primary endpoints were time till drain removal and cumulative axillary drainage. Categorical data were compared by Pearson's chi-squared test. Continuous variables were compared by Independent t test or Mann Whitney U test. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 18.0. Both groups were comparable with respect to clinical and pathologic characteristics. Clinical characteristics of mean age, body mass index, side of tumor, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and type of surgery (breast conservation or mastectomy) were similar. Pathologic variables (weight of specimen, number of lymph nodes harvested, pathologic T and N status, as well as grade of tumor) were also comparable among the two groups. There was no statistically significant difference in either primary endpoint of time till drain removal (15 vs. 14.5 days, p = 0.73) or cumulative axillary drainage (1,260 vs. 1,086.5 ml, p = 0.79). Patient and disease characteristics among the two groups were similar. But, there was no difference in either primary endpoint of cumulative axillary drainage or time to drain removal. We conclude that there is no advantage to use of ultrasonic shears over cautery in reducing drainage following axillary dissection for breast cancer.
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Ostapoff KT, Euhus D, Xie XJ, Rao M, Moldrem A, Rao R. Axillary lymph node dissection for breast cancer utilizing Harmonic Focus®. World J Surg Oncol 2011; 9:90. [PMID: 21843361 PMCID: PMC3170616 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-9-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background For patients with axillary lymph node metastases from breast cancer, performance of a complete axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) is the standard approach. Due to the rich lymphatic network in the axilla, it is necessary to carefully dissect and identify all lymphatic channels. Traditionally, these lymphatics are sealed with titanium clips or individually sutured. Recently, the Harmonic Focus®, a hand-held ultrasonic dissector, allows lymphatics to be sealed without the utilization of clips or ties. We hypothesize that ALND performed with the Harmonic Focus® will decrease operative time and reduce post-operative complications. Methods Retrospective review identified all patients who underwent ALND at a teaching hospital between January of 2005 and December of 2009. Patient demographics, presenting pathology, treatment course, operative time, days to drain removal, and surgical complications were recorded. Comparisons were made to a selected control group of patients who underwent similar surgical procedures along with an ALND performed utilizing hemostatic clips and electrocautery. A total of 41 patients were included in this study. Results Operative time was not improved with the use of ultrasonic dissection, however, there was a decrease in the total number of days that closed suction drainage was required, although this was not statistically significant. Complication rates were similar between the two groups. Conclusion In this case-matched retrospective review, there were fewer required days of closed suction drainage when ALND was performed with ultrasonic dissection versus clips and electrocautery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine T Ostapoff
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-9155, USA.
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Sampathraju S, Rodrigues G. Seroma formation after mastectomy: pathogenesis and prevention. Indian J Surg Oncol 2011; 1:328-33. [PMID: 22693384 DOI: 10.1007/s13193-011-0067-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Post mastectomy seroma remains an unresolved quandary as the risk factors for its formation have still not been identified. Seromas of the axillary space following breast surgery can lead to significant morbidity and delay in the initiation of adjuvant therapy. Various techniques and their modifications have been practiced and published in English literature, but there seems to be no consensus. In this article, all aspects of seroma formation from pathogenesis to prevention including drug therapies have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjitha Sampathraju
- Department of General Surgery, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, 576 104 Karnataka India
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Shan CX, Zhang W, Jiang DZ, Zheng XM, Liu S, Qiu M. Prevalence, risk factors, and management of seroma formation after breast approach endoscopic thyroidectomy. World J Surg 2010; 34:1817-22. [PMID: 20414774 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-010-0597-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast approach endoscopic thyroidectomy (BAET) allows surgeons to remove a thyroid tumor from a remote site while providing a scarless cosmetic appearance in the neck. However, seroma formation after subcutaneous dissection could lead to flap detachment, incision dehiscence, and wound infection. Chronic formation of seromas could substantially compromise the esthetic outcome of BAET. We evaluated the prevalence, risk factors, and treatments of seroma after BAET. METHODS A total of 344 patients who underwent BAET between 2001 and 2008 at our institution were recruited; data were collected prospectively. The characteristics and outcomes of patients who developed seromas were compared with those of patients who did not. Regression analysis was used to identify the independent risk factors for seroma formation. The frequency and volume of aspirations were noted until the seroma went into remission. RESULTS The overall postoperative prevalence of seroma formation was 2.9%. There was a significant difference in seroma formation based on age, hypertension, body mass index (BMI), and area of subcutaneous dissection space (ASDS). Percutaneous aspiration alone or combined with external compression was extremely effective. The frequency and total volume of aspirations were 1-7 and 6-120 ml, respectively. As a result of prolonged seroma formation, one patient developed an expanding pseudo-bursa that created a tumor-like effect in the anterior chest wall. CONCLUSIONS Seroma formation was an uncommon minor complication after BAET. Four independent etiologic factors could predispose patients to postoperative seroma formation. Percutaneous aspiration appeared to be very effective. Prolonged seroma formation followed by development of a pseudo-bursa could be very problematic and could substantially impair the esthetic effect of BAET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Xiang Shan
- Department of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Chang Zheng Hospital Affiliated to Second Military Medical University, No. 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China.
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Nayak N, Narayan D. Buried dermal flap for the treatment of chronic postoperative seroma. BMJ Case Rep 2010; 2010:2010/aug24_1/bcr0120102668. [PMID: 22767472 DOI: 10.1136/bcr.01.2010.2668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Postoperative seroma is a common postoperative complication, particularly following surgery on massive weight loss patients. Within this patient population, seromas are often chronic, requiring multiple invasive procedures to adequately control. Here, the authors describe a unique dermal flap approach for the long-term treatment of postoperative seroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Nayak
- Section of Plastic Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Ali-Khan AS, Orlando A, Kenealy J. Erythromycin sclerotherapy in the management of seroma. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2008; 62:e55-8. [PMID: 19010103 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2008.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Revised: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Post-operative seroma can present the clinician and patient with a chronic and difficult problem. The authors present their experience of managing refractory seroma with the antibiotic erythromycin, administered for its properties as a sclerosant. The technique was found, in a series of patients, to be effective, simple and without serious complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Ali-Khan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Frenchay Hospital, Frenchay, Bristol BS16 1LE, UK.
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Incidence of clinically significant seroma after breast and axillary surgery. J Am Coll Surg 2008; 208:148-50. [PMID: 19228516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2008.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Revised: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Throckmorton AD, Askegard-Giesmann J, Hoskin TL, Bjarnason H, Donohue JH, Boughey JC, Degnim AC. Sclerotherapy for the treatment of postmastectomy seroma. Am J Surg 2008; 196:541-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2008.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Revised: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Stanczyk M, Grala B, Zwierowicz T, Maruszynski M. Surgical resection for persistent seroma, following modified radical mastectomy. World J Surg Oncol 2007; 5:104. [PMID: 17888182 PMCID: PMC2082032 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-5-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Seroma formation following modified radical mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissection for breast cancer is a most common wound complication. In our experience seroma occurs in approximately 50% of patients undergoing mastectomy. Postmastectomy seromas usually vanishes within a few weeks after operation. Case presentation In this report we present the case of a 73 year old woman who had undergone mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissection for breast cancer, complicated by lymphorrhea and formation fibrous encapsulated seroma resistant to conservative treatment which required surgical resection. Conclusion We stand in opinion that in some cases of prolonged seromatous effusion with confirmed formation of thick walled reservoir the operation with resection and closure of supplying regional lymph vessels may be the best treatment, if possible preceded by arm lymphoscyntygraphy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Stanczyk
- Department of General, Vascular and Oncologic Surgery of Military Health Service Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartlomiej Grala
- Department of Pathology of Military Health Service Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Zwierowicz
- Department of General, Vascular and Oncologic Surgery of Military Health Service Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Maruszynski
- Department of General, Vascular and Oncologic Surgery of Military Health Service Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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Nadkarni MS, Rangole AK, Sharma RK, Hawaldar RV, Parmar VV, Badwe RA. INFLUENCE OF SURGICAL TECHNIQUE ON AXILLARY SEROMA FORMATION: A RANDOMIZED STUDY. ANZ J Surg 2007; 77:385-9. [PMID: 17497983 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-2197.2007.04067.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of surgical technique in the form of electrocautery and suction drains on seroma formation following surgery for breast cancer. A prospective randomized study was carried out. One hundred and sixty patients with breast cancer who underwent surgery were allocated to four arms using a 2 x 2 factorial design. This method enabled us to evaluate the independent effect of two different causative factors on the incidence of postoperative seroma formation using a single dataset with limited numbers. The main outcome measure was postoperative seroma formation defined as a postoperative axillary collection requiring more than one aspiration after removal of the drain. The incidence of seroma in our institution is 90%. Incidence of postoperative seroma was 88.3% if electrocautery was used, which reduced to 82.2% if surgery was carried out using scissors for dissection and ligatures for haemostasis (P = 0.358). There was no influence on the incidence of seroma formation whether suction drain (84.6%) or corrugated drains (86.1%) were used (P = 0.822). The use of electrocautery in axillary dissection does not adversely affect postoperative seroma formation after surgery for breast cancer. The use of different drainage techniques has no bearing on the postoperative seroma formation. The surgical technique has no influence on the rate of seroma formation after surgery for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandar S Nadkarni
- Tata Memorial Hospital, Department of Surgical Oncology, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
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Magri K, Bertrand V, Sautière JL, Pivot X, Riethmuller D, Maillet R, Marinkovic Z. [Cost effectiveness of Ligasure Precise versus surgical clips during axillary nodal dissection for breast cancer]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 35:341-7. [PMID: 16940903 DOI: 10.1016/s0368-2315(06)76406-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Introduction. The techniques used for axillary node dissection are constantly evolving. The advent of the grip Ligasure Precise raise the question of its cost-effectiveness compared with surgical clips. OBJECTIVE To compare the effectiveness of Ligasure compared with surgical clips for simple axillary node dissection or Patey procedure in terms of duration of drainage, cost of hospitalization and complications. MATERIAL and method. Retrospective study extending from January 1, 2003 to December 31, 2004, concerning 187 patients who underwent simple axillary dissection (100) or Patey procedure (87), with use of surgical clips or Ligasure followed by drainage. RESULTS The use of Ligasure increased the operative cost because its price is higher than that of a clip grip with a refill. Ligasure significantly decreased the duration of drainage in the two groups but there was significantly more abundant fluid loss in the dissection group. The cost of hospitalization related to the choice of the technique of hemostasis (cost of the material + lasted of drainage X price of the day of hospitalization), was not significantly favor of Ligasure. Taking into account the choice of the hemostasis technique and the total duration of hospitalization (material cost + duration of hospitalization X price of the day of hospitalization), there is no significant difference between the two groups. CONCLUSION This study compares grip Ligasure Precise with surgical clips for axillary dissection. The duration of drainage was significantly shorter with Ligasure Precise but its benefit in terms of fluid loss remains to be shown. The use of Ligasure does not significantly reduce the cost of hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Magri
- Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, CHU de Besançon, Hôpital Saint-Jacques, 2, place Saint-Jacques, 25030 Besançon Cedex
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Kuroi K, Shimozuma K, Taguchi T, Imai H, Yamashiro H, Ohsumi S, Saito S. Pathophysiology of seroma in breast cancer. Breast Cancer 2006; 12:288-93. [PMID: 16286909 DOI: 10.2325/jbcs.12.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Seroma is the most common complication of mastectomy. The aim of this systematic review is to clarify the pathophysiology of seroma. MATERIALS AND METHODS A computer-assisted MEDLINE search was conducted, and additional references were found in the bibliographies of these articles. The reference terms ''breast cancer'', ''mastectomy'', ''seroma'', ''lymphocele'' and ''lymphocyst'' were used as both keyword and subject terms. The search was limited to studies published in English. RESULTS The definition of seroma was highly variable across studies, but was most commonly a seroma large enough to be noticed by the patient or medical staff and affecting the patient's satisfaction in the immediate or acute postoperative period. So far, only limited data are available on the severity of seroma. With respect to the pathophysiology of seroma, the data indicated that several anatomical factors, especially dead space, likely contribute to seroma formation. However, it was obscure whether seroma was due to lymph-like fluid or exudate. CONCLUSION There is considerable variability in the way seroma is defined across studies, and its pathophysiology remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumasa Kuroi
- Department of Surgery, Showa University Toyosu Hospital, Koutou-ku, Tokyo 135-8577, Japan.
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Lumachi F, Brandes AA, Burelli P, Basso SMM, Iacobone M, Ermani M. Seroma prevention following axillary dissection in patients with breast cancer by using ultrasound scissors: a prospective clinical study. Eur J Surg Oncol 2004; 30:526-30. [PMID: 15135481 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2004.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Seroma formation following axillary dissection is a common complication of breast surgery. The aims of this study were (1) to analyse the risk factors of seroma formation, and (2) to evaluate the role of ultrasound scissors in performing axillary dissection in patients with primary breast cancer undergoing mastectomy and breast-conserving surgery. METHODS Ninety-two women (median age 55 years, range 33-73 years) requiring surgery for known unilateral primary breast cancer (pT1a=1, pT1b=20, pT1c=43, pT2=25, pT3=3) were prospectively randomised to undergo axillary dissection by either using (Group A, 45 patients) or not using (Group B, 47 patients) ultrasound scissors (US). Thirty-eight (41.3%) patients underwent modified radical mastectomy, while 54 (58.7%) underwent breast-conserving surgery. RESULTS Twenty-eight (30.4%) patients (Group A=9 out of 45, 20%; Group B=19 out of 47, 42%; P=NS) developed a wound seroma. Multivariate analysis using a logistic regression model showed that surgical procedure (RR=8.9; 95% CI: 3.2-25.3), total amount of drainage (RR=7.8; 95% CI: 2.8-22.0), and size of the tumour (RR=6.0; 95% CI: 2.2-16.5) independently correlated with seroma formation. The logistic regression function (RR=19.4; 95% CI: 6-62) correctly allocated 75 out of 92 (81.5%) patients. CONCLUSIONS Size of the tumour, and total amount of drainage represent the principal factors of seroma formation following axillary dissection in patients undergoing surgery for breast cancer. Although the use of ultrasound cutting devices may reduce the risk of seroma formation, further studies are need to verify the real impact on long-term morbidity of such technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lumachi
- Endocrine Surgery Unit, Department of Surgical and Gastroenterological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy.
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Scientific Surgery. Br J Surg 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/bjs.4109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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