1
|
Wang Z, Chang Y, Sun H, Li Y, Tang T. Advances in molecular mechanisms of inflammatory bowel disease‑associated colorectal cancer (Review). Oncol Lett 2024; 27:257. [PMID: 38646499 PMCID: PMC11027113 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2024.14390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The link between inflammation and cancer is well documented and colonic inflammation caused by inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is thought to be a high-risk factor for the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). The complex crosstalk between epithelial and inflammatory cells is thought to underlie the progression from inflammation to cancer. The present review collates and summarises recent advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of IBD-associated CRC (IBD-CRC), including the oncogenic mechanisms of the main inflammatory signalling pathways and genetic alterations induced by oxidative stress during colonic inflammation, and discusses the crosstalk between the tumour microenvironment, intestinal flora and host immune factors during inflammatory oncogenesis in colitis-associated CRC. In addition, the therapeutic implications of anti-inflammatory therapy for IBD-CRC were discussed, intending to provide new insight into improve clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Yu Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Haibo Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Yuqin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Tongyu Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Szlasa W, Mazurek W, Szewczyk A, Rembiałkowska N, Tunikowska J, Kulbacka J. The Antagonistic and Synergistic Role of Fe 3+ Compounds in Chemo- and Electrochemotherapy in Human Colon Cancer In Vitro. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:651. [PMID: 38794222 PMCID: PMC11124256 DOI: 10.3390/ph17050651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer (CC) management includes surgery, radio- and chemotherapy based on treatment with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or its derivatives. However, its application is limited to low-grade carcinomas. Thus, much research has been conducted to introduce new techniques and drugs to the therapy. CC mostly affects older people suffering from cardiac diseases, where iron compounds are commonly used. Ferric citrate and iron (III)-EDTA complexes have proven to be effective in colon cancer in vitro. This study aimed to determine the potency and action of iron-containing compounds in colon cancer treatment by chemo- and electrochemotherapy in both nano- and microsecond protocols. The viability of the cells was assessed after standalone iron (III) citrate and iron (III)-EDTA incubation. Both compounds were also assessed with 5-FU to determine the combination index. Additionally, frataxin expression was taken as the quantitative response to the exposition of iron compounds. Each of the substances exhibited a cytotoxic effect on the LoVo cell line. Electroporation with standalone drugs revealed the potency of 5-FU and iron(III)-EDTA in CC treatment. The combination of 5-FU with iron(III)-EDTA acted synergistically, increasing the viability of the cells in the nanosecond electrochemotherapy protocol. Iron(III)-EDTA decreased the frataxin expression, thus inducing ferroptosis. Iron(III) citrate induced the progression of cancer; therefore, it should not be considered as a potential therapeutic option. The relatively low stability of iron(III) citrate leads to the delivery of citrate anions to cancer cells, which could increase the Krebs cycle rate and promote progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Szlasa
- Medical University Hospital, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.S.); (N.R.)
| | - Wiktoria Mazurek
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Anna Szewczyk
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.S.); (N.R.)
- Department of Immunology and Bioelectrochemistry, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, 08410 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Nina Rembiałkowska
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.S.); (N.R.)
| | - Joanna Tunikowska
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-356 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Julita Kulbacka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.S.); (N.R.)
- Department of Immunology and Bioelectrochemistry, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, 08410 Vilnius, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sarangi J, Das P, Ahmad A, Sulaiman M, Ghosh S, Gupta B, Panwar R, Pal S, Yadav R, Ahuja V, Sen S, Upadhyay AD, Dash NR, Sharma A, Gupta SD. Methylation study of tumor suppressor genes in human aberrant crypt foci, colorectal carcinomas, and normal colon. J Cancer Res Ther 2024; 20:268-274. [PMID: 38554332 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_1573_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) are the earliest preneoplastic lesions in human colon, identifiable on chromoendoscopic screening. Our objective was to evaluate the %methylation of APC, CDKN2A, MLH1, RASSF1, MGMT, and WIF1 tumor suppressor genes (TSG) in ACF, corresponding colorectal carcinomas (CRC), and normal colonic mucosal controls. METHODS In this study, macroscopically normal-appearing mucosal flaps were sampled 5-10 cm away from the tumor mass from 302 fresh colectomy specimens to identify ACF-like lesions. Thirty-five cases with multiple ACFs were selected (n 35) as the main study group, with corresponding sections from CRC (n 35) as disease controls, and mucosal tissue blocks from 20 colectomy specimens (normal controls), operated for non-neoplastic pathologies. Genomic DNA was extracted, and methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed on a customized methylation array model. %Methylation data were compared among the groups and with clinicopathological parameters. Selected target mRNA and protein expression studies were performed. RESULTS %Methylation of TSGs in ACF was intermediate between normal colon and CRC, although a statistically significant difference was observed only for the WIF1 gene (P < 0.01). Also, there was increased nuclear β-catenin expression and upregulation of CD44-positive cancer-stem cells in ACF and CRCs than in controls. Right-sided ACFs and dysplastic ACFs had a higher %methylation of CDKN2A (P < 0.01), whereas hyperplastic ACFs had a higher %methylation of RASSF1 (P 0.04). The topographic characteristics of ACFs did not correlate with TSG %methylation. CONCLUSIONS Early epigenetic methylation of WIF1 gene is one of the mechanisms for ACF development in human colon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayati Sarangi
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Prasenjit Das
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Aijaz Ahmad
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohamed Sulaiman
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shouriyo Ghosh
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Brijnandan Gupta
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Panwar
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sujoy Pal
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajni Yadav
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vineet Ahuja
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudip Sen
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Asish D Upadhyay
- Department of Biostatistics and, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nihar R Dash
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Atul Sharma
- Department of Medical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Siddhartha D Gupta
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Malla M, Parikh AR. Evolving Role of Circulating Tumor DNA and Emerging Targeted Therapy in Colorectal Cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2022; 36:583-601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
5
|
Curtius K, Gupta S, Boland CR. Review article: Lynch Syndrome-a mechanistic and clinical management update. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2022; 55:960-977. [PMID: 35315099 DOI: 10.1111/apt.16826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lynch syndrome (LS) is an autosomal dominant familial condition caused by a pathogenic variant (PV) in a DNA mismatch repair gene, which then predisposes carriers to various cancers. AIM To review the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis and clinical strategies for detection and management of LS. METHODS A narrative review synthesising knowledge from published literature, as well as current National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines for management of LS was conducted. RESULTS LS tumours are characterised by unique pathogenesis, ultimately resulting in hypermutation, microsatellite instability and high immunogenicity that has significant implications for cancer risk, clinical presentation, treatment and surveillance. LS is one of the most common hereditary causes of cancer, and about 1 in 279 individuals carry a PV in an LS gene that predisposes to associated cancers. Individuals with LS have increased risks for colorectal, endometrial and other cancers, with significant variation in lifetime risk by LS-associated gene. CONCLUSIONS As genetic testing becomes more widespread, the number of individuals identified with LS is expected to increase in the population. Understanding the pathogenesis of LS informs current strategies for detection and clinical management, and also guides future areas for clinical innovation. Unravelling the mechanisms by which these tumours evolve may help to more precisely tailor management by the gene involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kit Curtius
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Samir Gupta
- Section of Gastroenterology, San Diego Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - C Richard Boland
- Division of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
NIITSU Y, SATO Y, TAKAYAMA T. Implications of glutathione-S transferase P1 in MAPK signaling as a CRAF chaperone: In memory of Dr. Irving Listowsky. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2022; 98:72-86. [PMID: 35153270 PMCID: PMC8890996 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.98.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione-S transferase P1 (GSTP1) is one of the glutathione-S transferase isozymes that belong to a family of phase II metabolic isozymes. The unique feature of GSTP1 compared with other GST isozymes is its relatively high expression in malignant tissues. Thus, clinically, GSTP1 serves as a tumor marker and as a refractory factor against certain types of anticancer drugs through its primary function as a detoxifying enzyme. Additionally, recent studies have identified a chaperone activity of GSTP1 involved in the regulation the function of various intracellular proteins, including factors of the growth signaling pathway. In this review, we will first describe the function of GSTP1 and then extend the details onto its role in the mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathway, referring to the results of our recent study that proposed a novel autocrine signal loop formed by the CRAF/GSTP1 complex in mutated KRAS and BRAF cancers. Finally, the possibilities of new therapeutic approaches for these cancers by targeting this complex will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro NIITSU
- Oncology Section, Center of Advanced Medicine, Shonan Kamakura Innovation Park, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
- Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yasushi SATO
- Department of Community Medicine for Gastroenterology and Oncology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tetsuji TAKAYAMA
- Department of Community Medicine for Gastroenterology and Oncology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rasool M, Carracedo A, Sibiany A, Al-Sayes F, Karim S, Haque A, Natesan Pushparaj P, Asif M, Achakzai NM. Discovery of a novel and a rare Kristen rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) gene mutation in colorectal cancer patients. Bioengineered 2021; 12:5099-5109. [PMID: 34369256 PMCID: PMC8806922 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1960715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in the developed world and is gradually more frequent in the developing world including Saudi Arabia. According to the Saudi Cancer Registry report 2015, CRC is the most common cancer in men (14.9%) and the second most prevalent cancer. Oncogenic mutations in the KRAS gene play a central role in tumorigenesis and are mutated in 30-40% of all CRC patients. To explore the prevalence of KRAS gene mutations in the Saudi population, we collected 80 CRC tumor tissues and sequenced the KRAS gene using automated sequencing technologies. The chromatograms presented mutations in 26 patients (32.5%) in four different codons, that is, 12, 13, 17, and 31. Most of the mutations were identified in codon 12 in 16 patients (61.5% of all mutations). We identified a novel mutation c.51 G>A in codon 17, where serine was substituted by arginine (S17R) in four patients. We also identified a very rare mutation, c.91 G>A, in which glutamic acid was replaced by lysine (E31K) in three patients. In conclusion, our findings further the knowledge about KRAS mutations in different ethnic groups is indispensable to fully understand their role in the development and progression of CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Rasool
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Angel Carracedo
- Genomic Medicine Group, University of Santiago De Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Faten Al-Sayes
- Faculty of Medicine, KAUH, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sajjad Karim
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Absarul Haque
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Peter Natesan Pushparaj
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Asif
- ORIC, Department of Biotechnology, Buitems, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Niaz M. Achakzai
- Department of Molecular Biology, City Medical Complex, Kabul, Afghanistan
- Department of Molecular Biology, DNA Section, Legal Medicine Directorate, Ministry of Public Health, Kabul, Afghanistan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum (JSCCR) guidelines 2020 for the Clinical Practice of Hereditary Colorectal Cancer. Int J Clin Oncol 2021; 26:1353-1419. [PMID: 34185173 PMCID: PMC8286959 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-021-01881-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary colorectal cancer (HCRC) accounts for < 5% of all colorectal cancer cases. Some of the unique characteristics commonly encountered in HCRC cases include early age of onset, synchronous/metachronous cancer occurrence, and multiple cancers in other organs. These characteristics necessitate different management approaches, including diagnosis, treatment or surveillance, from sporadic colorectal cancer management. There are two representative HCRC, named familial adenomatous polyposis and Lynch syndrome. Other than these two HCRC syndromes, related disorders have also been reported. Several guidelines for hereditary disorders have already been published worldwide. In Japan, the first guideline for HCRC was prepared by the Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum (JSCCR), published in 2012 and revised in 2016. This revised version of the guideline was immediately translated into English and published in 2017. Since then, several new findings and novel disease concepts related to HCRC have been discovered. The currently diagnosed HCRC rate in daily clinical practice is relatively low; however, this is predicted to increase in the era of cancer genomic medicine, with the advancement of cancer multi-gene panel testing or whole genome testing, among others. Under these circumstances, the JSCCR guidelines 2020 for HCRC were prepared by consensus among members of the JSCCR HCRC Guideline Committee, based on a careful review of the evidence retrieved from literature searches, and considering the medical health insurance system and actual clinical practice settings in Japan. Herein, we present the English version of the JSCCR guidelines 2020 for HCRC.
Collapse
|
9
|
Clapper ML, Chang WCL, Cooper HS. Dysplastic Aberrant Crypt Foci: Biomarkers of Early Colorectal Neoplasia and Response to Preventive Intervention. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2021; 13:229-240. [PMID: 32132117 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-19-0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) more than three decades ago not only enhanced our understanding of how colorectal tumors form, but provided new opportunities to detect lesions prior to adenoma development and intervene in the colorectal carcinogenesis process even earlier. Because not all ACF progress to neoplasia, it is important to stratify these lesions based on the presence of dysplasia and establish early detection methods and interventions that specifically target dysplastic ACF (microadenomas). Significant progress has been made in characterizing the morphology and genetics of dysplastic ACF in both preclinical models and humans. Image-based methods have been established and new techniques that utilize bioactivatable probes and capture histologic abnormalities in vivo are emerging for lesion detection. Successful identification of agents that target dysplastic ACF holds great promise for intervening even earlier in the carcinogenesis process to maximize tumor inhibition. Future preclinical and clinical prevention studies should give significant attention to assessing the utility of dysplastic ACF as the earliest identifiable biomarker of colorectal neoplasia and response to therapy.See all articles in this Special Collection Honoring Paul F. Engstrom, MD, Champion of Cancer Prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margie L Clapper
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Wen-Chi L Chang
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Harry S Cooper
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Molecular Genetics and the Role of Molecularly Targeted Agents in Metastatic Colorectal Carcinoma. J Gastrointest Cancer 2021; 51:387-400. [PMID: 31273629 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-019-00272-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in the world. It is the third most common malignancy and fourth leading cancer-related deaths worldwide. In the USA, CRC is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in both men and women. It is caused by genetic components and potential environmental factors such as consumption of processed meat, red meat, animal fats, low fiber intake, and obesity. Despite the utilization of effective screening modalities and guidelines in the USA, a significant number of patients are diagnosed with advanced, metastatic disease at the time of presentation to the physician. Recent advances in the understanding of molecular medicine with subsequent development and incorporation of newer therapeutic agents into current chemotherapeutic regimens have improved outcomes; however, the management of metastatic CRC remains challenging, particularly for the treating oncologists. METHODS We conducted a literature search on CRC mainly related to molecular genetics, targeted biologic agents, and published clinical trials. We also searched and reviewed ongoing clinical trials from Clinicaltrials.gov. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Alterations in several oncogenes are associated with CRC, among those RAS, BRAF, and HER2 are of current clinical importance. Chemotherapy drugs, along with vascular endothelial growth factor or epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibodies, are proven to be efficient with manageable toxicity profiles in metastatic CRC. Additional researches on Her-2-directed therapy, BRAF-targeted agents, immunotherapeutic, and newer molecularly targeted agents are needed for further improvement in outcome.
Collapse
|
11
|
Ucar G, Ergun Y, Aktürk Esen S, Acikgoz Y, Dirikoc M, Esen İ, Bal Ö, Uncu D. Prognostic and predictive value of KRAS mutation number in metastatic colorectal cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e22407. [PMID: 32991469 PMCID: PMC7523797 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000022407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the world and is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Several mutations are involved in the development of CRC. The prognostic significance of the KRAS mutation has been discussed in many studies. We aimed to investigate the prognostic significance of the number of KRAS mutations in metastatic CRC (mCRC).Patients with mutations in the KRAS gene were included in the study. They were divided into 2 groups as single mutation and multiple mutations in the KRAS gene.For the study, 425 CRC patients were screened. KRAS mutation was positive in 191 patients (45%). One hundred ninety-one patients were included in the study, 171 patients (90%) had single mutations and 20 patients (10%) had multiple mutations. Median progression-free survival was 12.8 months in patients with multiple mutations, while it was 8.8 months in patients with single mutations (P: .05). The median overall survival of patients with multiple mutations was 40.7 months, while it was 22.7 months for patients with single mutations (P = .01)We found that the presence of multiple mutations in KRAS mutant patients was associated with better overall survival and progression-free survival than a single mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Ucar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara
| | - Yakup Ergun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara
| | | | - Yusuf Acikgoz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara
| | - Merve Dirikoc
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara
| | - İrfan Esen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yenimahalle Training and Education Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Öznur Bal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara
| | - Doğan Uncu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yan L, Gong YZ, Shao MN, Ruan GT, Xie HL, Liao XW, Wang XK, Han QF, Zhou X, Zhu LC, Gao F, Gan JL. Distinct diagnostic and prognostic values of γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor family genes in patients with colon adenocarcinoma. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:275-291. [PMID: 32565954 PMCID: PMC7286117 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the significance of GABAA genes in colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) were investigated from the view of diagnosis and prognosis. All data were achieved from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Overall survival was analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier analyses and Cox regression model and the hazard ratios and 95% confidence interval were calculated for computation. The Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery, and the Biological Networks Gene Ontology (BiNGO) softwares were applied to assess the biological processes and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) was used for pathway analysis to predict the biological function of GABAA genes. The associated Gene Ontology and KEGG pathways were conducted by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). From receiver operating characteristics curves analysis, it was found that the expression of GABR, γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor GABRA2, GABRA3, GABRB2, GABRB3, GABRG2, GABRG3, GABRD, GABRE were correlated with COAD occurrence [P<0.0001, area under the curve (AUC)>0.7]. The low expression of the GABRB1, GABRD, GABRP and GABRQ in genes after tumor staging adjustment were positively correlated with the overall survival rate [P=0.049, hazard ratio (HR)=1.517, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.001–2.297; P=0.006, HR=1.807, 95% CI=1.180–2.765; P=0.005, HR=1.833, 95% CI=1.196–2.810; P=0.034, HR=1.578, 95% CI=1.036–2.405). GSEA showed enrichment of cell matrix adhesion, integrin binding, angiogenesis, endothelial growth factor and endothelial migration regulation in patients with COAD with GABRD overexpression. GABRB1, GABRD, GABRP and GABRQ were associated with the prognostic factors of COAD. The expression levels of GABRA2, GABRA3, GABRB2, GABRB3, GABRG2, GABRD and GABRE may allow differentiation between tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yan
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Zhen Gong
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Nan Shao
- Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Tian Ruan
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Lun Xie
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xi-Wen Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Kun Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Quan-Fa Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Li-Cheng Zhu
- Department of Immunology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Liang Gan
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mitsui Y, Miyoshi A, Okamoto K, Muguruma N, Miyoshi J, Tanaka K, Kitamura S, Miyamoto H, Sato Y, Bando Y, Shunto J, Eguchi H, Okazaki Y, Ishida H, Takayama T. Different phenotypes of gastric fundic gland polyposis and cancer in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis depending on Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastric Cancer 2019; 22:1294-1300. [PMID: 31529234 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-019-01005-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A 37-year-old male with tarry stool presented to our hospital. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed advanced gastric cancer, fundic gland polyposis (FGPsis), and negativity for Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection. Computed tomography exhibited multiple liver tumors. Total colonoscopy (TCS) demonstrated 139 tubular adenomas. He was diagnosed as having unresectable gastric cancer and received systemic chemotherapy. His sister and mother had colorectal adenomatous polyposis as revealed by TCS. His sister had FGPsis and was negative for HP infection, whereas his mother had early gastric cancer with HP infection but not FGPsis. Genetic analysis revealed a novel mutation in exon 15 of the APC gene (NM_000038.5: c.7647_7648_delTG) for the patient, his mother, and his sister, whereas no mutation was found for his father who had no gastrointestinal polyps. Therefore, the pedigree was diagnosed as an FAP family with a novel APC germline mutation which had different gastric phenotypes depending on the status of HP infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Mitsui
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima city, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Ayaka Miyoshi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima city, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Koichi Okamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima city, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Naoki Muguruma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima city, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Jinsei Miyoshi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima city, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kumiko Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima city, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Shinji Kitamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima city, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima city, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yasushi Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima city, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Bando
- Division of Pathology, Tokushima University Hospital, 2-50-1, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima city, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Joji Shunto
- Shunto Clinic, 32-1, Matsushige-cho, Itano country, Tokushima, 771-0220, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Eguchi
- Intractable Disease Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okazaki
- Intractable Disease Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Ishida
- Department of Digestive Tract and General Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, 1981 Kamoda-Tsujido-cho, Kawagoe city, Saitama, 350-8550, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Takayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima city, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kamran SC, Lennerz JK, Margolis CA, Liu D, Reardon B, Wankowicz SA, Van Seventer EE, Tracy A, Wo JY, Carter SL, Willers H, Corcoran RB, Hong TS, Van Allen EM. Integrative Molecular Characterization of Resistance to Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation in Rectal Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:5561-5571. [PMID: 31253631 PMCID: PMC6744983 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-0908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Molecular properties associated with complete response or acquired resistance to concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy (CRT) are incompletely characterized.Experimental Design: We performed integrated whole-exome/transcriptome sequencing and immune infiltrate analysis on rectal adenocarcinoma tumors prior to neoadjuvant CRT (pre-CRT) and at time of resection (post-CRT) in 17 patients [8 complete/partial responders, 9 nonresponders (NR)]. RESULTS CRT was not associated with increased tumor mutational burden or neoantigen load and did not alter the distribution of established somatic tumor mutations in rectal cancer. Concurrent KRAS/TP53 mutations (KP) associated with NR tumors and were enriched for an epithelial-mesenchymal transition transcriptional program. Furthermore, NR was associated with reduced CD4/CD8 T-cell infiltrates and a post-CRT M2 macrophage phenotype. Absence of any local tumor recurrences, KP/NR status predicted worse progression-free survival, suggesting that local immune escape during or after CRT with specific genomic features contributes to distant progression. CONCLUSIONS Overall, while CRT did not impact genomic profiles, CRT impacted the tumor immune microenvironment, particularly in resistant cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia C Kamran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jochen K Lennerz
- Department of Pathology, Center for Integrated Diagnostics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Claire A Margolis
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David Liu
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brendan Reardon
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephanie A Wankowicz
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emily E Van Seventer
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Adam Tracy
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer Y Wo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Scott L Carter
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Joint Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Henning Willers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ryan B Corcoran
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Theodore S Hong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Eliezer M Van Allen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Xiong Y, Wang Y, Tiruthani K. Tumor immune microenvironment and nano-immunotherapeutics in colorectal cancer. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 21:102034. [PMID: 31207314 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2019.102034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is predicted to be the second leading cause of cancer-related death in United States in 2019. Immunotherapies such as checkpoint inhibitors have proven efficacy in patients with high level of microsatellite instability and refractory to routine chemotherapy. Despite this, immunotherapy-based treatment is seriously limited by cancer immunogenicity which has evolved to evade immune surveillance in many circumstances. Efforts are made by researchers using nanoparticles (NPs) to override cancer-mediated immunosuppression, induce immune response against cancer cells or even generate memory immune cells for long-term disease control. These engineered NPs offer great opportunities in delivering cancer immunotherapy due to their unique properties, such as a high drug/antigen loading capacity, adjustable particle size, and versatile surface modification. In this review, we will highlight recent researches on the initiation and development of CRC, the immune microenvironment of CRC, and recent trends in engineering novel NPs-based immunotherapies in the treatment of CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xiong
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China..
| | - Ying Wang
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.; Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Karthik Tiruthani
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Quintanilla I, López-Cerón M, Jimeno M, Cuatrecasas M, Zabalza M, Moreira L, Alonso V, Rodríguez de Miguel C, Muñoz J, Castellvi-Bel S, Llach J, Castells A, Balaguer F, Camps J, Pellisé M. Rectal Aberrant Crypt Foci in Humans Are Not Surrogate Markers for Colorectal Cancer Risk. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2019; 10:e00047. [PMID: 31136360 PMCID: PMC6613864 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the past 20 years, aberrant crypt foci (ACF) have emerged as potential precursors and biomarkers for colorectal cancer (CRC). However, data regarding their molecular pathogenesis, as well as their endoscopic and histological identification, remain inconsistent. METHODS A wide cohort of ACF from 100 control subjects and 100 case patients, including patients with adenoma and CRC, were characterized for endoscopic, morphologic, and molecular features. RESULTS We observed that among all the endoscopic features evaluated, only the number of large ACF correlated with CRC risk (P = 0.003), whereas the histological classification, as assessed by 2 different pathologists, was inconsistent and did not differ between control and case patients. Moreover, only a few APC and BRAF mutations and no microsatellite instability were detected in our samples. KRAS mutations were detected in 16.3% of ACF samples, which also exhibited increased MGMT hypermethylation. However, none of those events were found to be predictive of CRC risk. DISCUSSION Although ACF might be preneoplastic lesions of the colon, they are not suitable biomarkers for assessing CRC progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Quintanilla
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María López-Cerón
- Gastroenterology Department, Institut de Malalties Digestives i Metabòliques, Hospital Clínic, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)
| | - Mireya Jimeno
- Pathology Department, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic and Banc de Tumors-Biobanc Clinic-IDIBAPS-XBTC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miriam Cuatrecasas
- Pathology Department, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic and Banc de Tumors-Biobanc Clinic-IDIBAPS-XBTC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Michel Zabalza
- Gastroenterology Department, Institut de Malalties Digestives i Metabòliques, Hospital Clínic, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)
| | - Leticia Moreira
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Virginia Alonso
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Rodríguez de Miguel
- Gastroenterology Department, Institut de Malalties Digestives i Metabòliques, Hospital Clínic, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)
| | - Jennifer Muñoz
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Castellvi-Bel
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Llach
- Gastroenterology Department, Institut de Malalties Digestives i Metabòliques, Hospital Clínic, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)
| | - Antoni Castells
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Gastroenterology Department, Institut de Malalties Digestives i Metabòliques, Hospital Clínic, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)
| | - Francesc Balaguer
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Gastroenterology Department, Institut de Malalties Digestives i Metabòliques, Hospital Clínic, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)
| | - Jordi Camps
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Pellisé
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Gastroenterology Department, Institut de Malalties Digestives i Metabòliques, Hospital Clínic, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Francavilla A, Tarallo S, Pardini B, Naccarati A. Fecal microRNAs as non-invasive biomarkers for the detection of colorectal cancer: a systematic review. MINERVA BIOTECNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.23736/s1120-4826.18.02495-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
18
|
Kagemoto K, Okamoto K, Takaoka T, Sato Y, Kitamura S, Kimura T, Sogabe M, Miyamoto H, Muguruma N, Tsuneyama K, Takayama T. Detection of aberrant crypt foci with image-enhanced endoscopy. Endosc Int Open 2018; 6:E924-E933. [PMID: 30123821 PMCID: PMC6095220 DOI: 10.1055/a-0621-8794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and study aims Conventional detection of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) with dye-spraying and magnifying observation is labor- and skill-intensive. We performed a prospective non-inferiority study to investigate the utility of image-enhanced endoscopy (IEE) for detection of ACF. Patients and methods Patients with a history of colorectal neoplasm were eligible. The number of ACF in the lower rectum was counted first using IEE magnification with narrow-band imaging (NBI) or blue-laser imaging (BLI), and subsequently using the methylene blue method. The primary endpoint was the ACF detection rate with IEE, i. e., the number of ACF detected with IEE relative to the number of ACF detected with methylene blue. The secondary endpoints were bowel preparation time, ACF detection time, and the detection rate with NBI or BLI. Results A total of 40 patients were enrolled (NBI 20 and BLI 20). The overall detection rate for ACF with IEE was 81.7 % (503/616; 95 %CI 78.8 - 84.6 %), meeting the primary endpoint. The detection rate for ACF with BLI (84.9 %, 258/304) was significantly higher than with NBI (78.5 %, 245/312; P < 0.05). Both bowel preparation time and ACF detection time were significantly shorter with IEE versus the methylene blue method ( P < 0.01, respectively). The detection rates for dysplastic and non-dysplastic ACF with IEE were 84.4 % (27/32) and 80.3 % (469/584), respectively. Conclusion IEE is able to detect ACF during colonoscopy with sensitivity non-inferior to that of the conventional methylene blue method. IEE is simpler than the methylene blue method and is therefore a potentially useful new tool for ACF detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaizo Kagemoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Japan
| | - Koichi Okamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Japan
| | - Toshi Takaoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Japan
| | - Yasushi Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Japan
| | - Shinji Kitamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kimura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sogabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Japan
| | - Naoki Muguruma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Japan
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Takayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Japan,Corresponding author Tetsuji Takayama MD, PhD Department of Gastroenterology and OncologyInstitute of Biomedical SciencesTokushima University Graduate School3-18-15, Kuramoto-choTokushima City, 770-8503 Japan+81-88-633-9235
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chang WCL, Jackson C, Riel S, Cooper HS, Devarajan K, Hensley HH, Zhou Y, Vanderveer LA, Nguyen MT, Clapper ML. Differential preventive activity of sulindac and atorvastatin in Apc +/Min-FCCCmice with or without colorectal adenomas. Gut 2018; 67:1290-1298. [PMID: 29122850 PMCID: PMC6031273 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-313942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The response of subjects to preventive intervention is heterogeneous. The goal of this study was to determine if the efficacy of a chemopreventive agent differs in non-tumour-bearing animals versus those with colorectal tumours. Sulindac and/or atorvastatin was administered to Apc+/Min-FCCC mice with known tumour-bearing status at treatment initiation. DESIGN Male mice (6-8 weeks old) underwent colonoscopy and received control chow or chow with sulindac (300 ppm), atorvastatin (100 ppm) or sulindac/atorvastatin. Tissues were collected from mice treated for 14 weeks (histopathology) or 7 days (gene expression). Cell cycle analyses were performed on SW480 colon carcinoma cells treated with sulindac, atorvastatin or both. RESULTS The multiplicity of colorectal adenomas in untreated mice bearing tumours at baseline was 3.6-fold higher than that of mice that were tumour free at baseline (P=0.002). Atorvastatin completely inhibited the formation of microadenomas in mice that were tumour free at baseline (P=0.018) and altered the expression of genes associated with stem/progenitor cells. Treatment of tumour-bearing mice with sulindac/atorvastatin led to a 43% reduction in the multiplicity of colorectal adenomas versus untreated tumour-bearing mice (P=0.049). Sulindac/atorvastatin increased the expression of Hoxb13 and Rprm significantly, suggesting the importance of cell cycle regulation in tumour inhibition. Treatment of SW480 cells with sulindac/atorvastatin led to cell cycle arrest (G0/G1). CONCLUSIONS The tumour status of animals at treatment initiation dictates response to therapeutic intervention. Atorvastatin eliminated microadenomas in tumour-free mice. The tumour inhibition observed with Sul/Atorva in tumour-bearing mice was greater than that achieved with each agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chi L Chang
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christina Jackson
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stacy Riel
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Harry S Cooper
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Karthik Devarajan
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Harvey H Hensley
- Biological Imaging Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yan Zhou
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lisa A Vanderveer
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Minhhuyen T Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Margie L Clapper
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lee H, Kim N, Yoo YJ, Kim H, Jeong E, Choi S, Moon SU, Oh SH, Mills GB, Yoon S, Kim WY. β-catenin/TCF activity regulates IGF-1R tyrosine kinase inhibitor sensitivity in colon cancer. Oncogene 2018; 37:5466-5475. [PMID: 29895971 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0362-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The availability of large-scale drug screening data on cell line panels provides a unique opportunity to identify predictive biomarkers for targeted drug efficacy. Analysis of diverse drug data on ~990 cancer cell lines revealed enhanced sensitivity of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor/ Insulin Receptor (IGF-1R/IR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in colon cancer cells. Interestingly, β-catenin/TCF(T cell factor)-responsive promoter activity exhibited a significant positive association with IGF-1R/IR TKI response, while the mutational status of direct upstream genes, such as CTNNB1 and APC, was not significantly associated with the response. The β-catenin/TCF activity high cell lines express components of IGF-1R/IR signaling more than the low cell lines explaining their enhanced sensitivity against IGF-1R/IR TKI. Reinforcing β-catenin/TCF responsive promoter activity by introducing CTNNB1 gain-of-function mutations into IGF-1R/IR TKI-resistant cells increased the expression and activity of IGF-1R/IR signaling components and also sensitized the cells to IGF-1R/IR TKIs in vitro and in vivo. Analysis of TCGA data revealed that the stronger β-catenin/TCF responsive promoter activity was associated with higher IGF-1R and IGF2 transcription in human colon cancer specimens as well. Collectively, compared to the mutational status of upstream genes, β-catenin/TCF responsive promoter activity has potential to be a stronger predictive positive biomarker for IGF-1R/IR TKI responses in colon cancer cells. The present study highlights the potential of transcriptional activity as therapeutic biomarkers for targeted therapies, overcoming the limited ability of upstream genetic mutations to predict responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hani Lee
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea.,Center for Advanced Bioinformatics & Systems Medicine, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Center for Advanced Bioinformatics & Systems Medicine, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ji Yoo
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea.,Center for Advanced Bioinformatics & Systems Medicine, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Kim
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea.,Center for Advanced Bioinformatics & Systems Medicine, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Euna Jeong
- Center for Advanced Bioinformatics & Systems Medicine, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - SeokGyeong Choi
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea.,Center for Advanced Bioinformatics & Systems Medicine, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Un Moon
- Center for Advanced Bioinformatics & Systems Medicine, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Systems Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sukjoon Yoon
- Center for Advanced Bioinformatics & Systems Medicine, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woo-Young Kim
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea. .,Center for Advanced Bioinformatics & Systems Medicine, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Benelli R, Venè R, Ferrari N. Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (cyclooxygenase-2), a complex target for colorectal cancer prevention and therapy. Transl Res 2018; 196:42-61. [PMID: 29421522 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A plentiful literature has linked colorectal cancer (CRC) to inflammation and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS)2 expression. Accordingly, several nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been tested often successfully in CRC chemoprevention despite their different ability to specifically target PTGS2 and the low or null expression of PTGS2 in early colon adenomas. Some observational studies showed an increased survival for patients with CRC assuming NSAIDs after diagnosis, but no clinical trial has yet demonstrated the efficacy of NSAIDs against established CRC, where PTGS2 is expressed at high levels. The major limits for the application of NSAIDs, or specific PTGS2 inhibitors, as adjuvant drugs in CRC are (1) a frequent confusion about the physiological role of PTGS1 and PTGS2, reflecting in CRC pathology and therapy; (2) the presence of unavoidable side effects linked to the intrinsic function of these enzymes; (3) the need of established criteria and markers for patient selection; and (4) the evaluation of the immunomodulatory potential of PTGS2 inhibitors as possible adjuvants for immunotherapy. This review has been written to rediscover the multifaceted potential of PTGS2 targeting, hoping it could act as a starting point for a new and more aware application of NSAIDs against CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Benelli
- OU Immunology, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (Istituto di ricovero e cura a carattere scientifico per l'oncologia), Genoa, Italy.
| | - Roberta Venè
- OU Molecular Oncology & Angiogenesis, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (Istituto di ricovero e cura a carattere scientifico per l'oncologia), Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Ferrari
- OU Molecular Oncology & Angiogenesis, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (Istituto di ricovero e cura a carattere scientifico per l'oncologia), Genoa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mo A, Wu R, Grady JP, Hanley MP, Toro M, Swede H, Devers TJ, Hartman TJ, Rosenberg DW. Associations of dietary fat with risk of early neoplasia in the proximal colon in a population-based case-control study. Cancer Causes Control 2018; 29:667-674. [PMID: 29846845 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-018-1039-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Excess dietary fat consumption is strongly associated with the risk of colorectal cancer, but less is known about its role in the earliest stages of carcinogenesis, particularly within the proximal colon. In the following case-control study, we evaluated the relationship between the intake of dietary fats and the frequency of early proximal neoplasia [aberrant crypt foci (ACF) or polyps], detectable by high-definition colonoscopy with contrast dye-spray. METHODS Average-risk screening individuals underwent a high-definition colonoscopy procedure as part of larger ongoing clinical study of precancerous lesions in the proximal colon. Dietary fat intake was assessed using the Block Brief Food Frequency Questionnaire, which estimates average dietary intake based on 70 food items. The diets of individuals with no endoscopically identifiable lesions (n = 36) were compared to those with either ACF or polyps detected in the proximal colon. RESULTS In multivariate analysis, high dietary intake of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and intake of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids were positively associated with neoplastic lesions in the proximal colon. When comparing ACF and polyp groups separately, a positive association was observed for both proximal polyps (OR 2.28; CI 1.16-7.09) and ACF (OR 2.86; CI 1.16-7.09) for total PUFA intake. Furthermore, the prevalence of proximal ACF was increased with higher intake of omega-6 (OR 3.54; CI 1.32-9.47) and omega-3 fatty acids (OR 2.29; CI 1.02-5.13), although there was no discernible difference in the omega-6/omega-3 ratio. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that dietary PUFAs may be positively associated with risk of early neoplasia in the proximal colon. This study provides further evidence that dietary PUFA composition may play an important role in altering the microenvironment within the human colon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allen Mo
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT, 06030-3101, USA.,Colon Cancer Prevention Program, Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Rong Wu
- Connecticut Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - James P Grady
- Connecticut Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Matthew P Hanley
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT, 06030-3101, USA.,Colon Cancer Prevention Program, Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Margaret Toro
- Clinal Trials Office, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Helen Swede
- Community Medicine and Health Care, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Thomas J Devers
- Division of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Terryl J Hartman
- Rollins School of Public Health, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Daniel W Rosenberg
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT, 06030-3101, USA. .,Colon Cancer Prevention Program, Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ishida H, Yamaguchi T, Tanakaya K, Akagi K, Inoue Y, Kumamoto K, Shimodaira H, Sekine S, Tanaka T, Chino A, Tomita N, Nakajima T, Hasegawa H, Hinoi T, Hirasawa A, Miyakura Y, Murakami Y, Muro K, Ajioka Y, Hashiguchi Y, Ito Y, Saito Y, Hamaguchi T, Ishiguro M, Ishihara S, Kanemitsu Y, Kawano H, Kinugasa Y, Kokudo N, Murofushi K, Nakajima T, Oka S, Sakai Y, Tsuji A, Uehara K, Ueno H, Yamazaki K, Yoshida M, Yoshino T, Boku N, Fujimori T, Itabashi M, Koinuma N, Morita T, Nishimura G, Sakata Y, Shimada Y, Takahashi K, Tanaka S, Tsuruta O, Yamaguchi T, Sugihara K, Watanabe T. Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum (JSCCR) Guidelines 2016 for the Clinical Practice of Hereditary Colorectal Cancer (Translated Version). J Anus Rectum Colon 2018; 2:S1-S51. [PMID: 31773066 PMCID: PMC6849642 DOI: 10.23922/jarc.2017-028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary colorectal cancer accounts for less than 5% of all colorectal cancer cases. Some of the unique characteristics that are commonly encountered in cases of hereditary colorectal cancer include early age at onset, synchronous/metachronous occurrence of the cancer, and association with multiple cancers in other organs, necessitating different management from sporadic colorectal cancer. While the diagnosis of familial adenomatous polyposis might be easy because usually 100 or more adenomas that develop in the colonic mucosa are in this condition, Lynch syndrome, which is the most commonly associated disease with hereditary colorectal cancer, is often missed in daily medical practice because of its relatively poorly defined clinical characteristics. In addition, the disease concept and diagnostic criteria for Lynch syndrome, which was once called hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer, have changed over time with continual research, thereby possibly creating confusion in clinical practice. Under these circumstances, the JSCCR Guideline Committee has developed the "JSCCR Guidelines 2016 for the Clinical Practice of Hereditary Colorectal Cancer (HCRC)," to allow delivery of appropriate medical care in daily practice to patients with familial adenomatous polyposis, Lynch syndrome, or other related diseases. The JSCCR Guidelines 2016 for HCRC were prepared by consensus reached among members of the JSCCR Guideline Committee, based on a careful review of the evidence retrieved from literature searches, and considering the medical health insurance system and actual clinical practice settings in Japan. Herein, we present the English version of the JSCCR Guidelines 2016 for HCRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Ishida
- Department of Digestive Tract and General Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitma Medical University, Kawagoe, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Yamaguchi
- Department of Surgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohji Tanakaya
- Department of Surgery, Iwakuni Clinical Center, Iwakuni, Japan
| | - Kiwamu Akagi
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Molecular Genetics, Saitama Prefectural Cancer Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Inoue
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Division of Reparative Medicine, Institute of Life Sciences, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Kensuke Kumamoto
- Department of Coloproctology, Aizu Medical Center, Fukushima Medical University, Aizuwakamatsu, Japan
| | - Hideki Shimodaira
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shigeki Sekine
- Division of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center, Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Tanaka
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Chino
- Division of Gastroenterology, The Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naohiro Tomita
- Department of Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakajima
- Endoscopy Division/Department of Genetic Medicine and Service, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Takao Hinoi
- Department of Surgery, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, Kure, Japan
| | - Akira Hirasawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Miyakura
- Department of Surgery Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshie Murakami
- Department of Oncology Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Muro
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoichi Ajioka
- Division of Molecular and Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | | | - Yoshinori Ito
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Saito
- Endoscopy Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hamaguchi
- Division of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Megumi Ishiguro
- Department of Translational Oncology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soichiro Ishihara
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihide Kanemitsu
- Colorectal Surgery Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawano
- Department of Gastroenterology, St. Mary's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kinugasa
- Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Norihiro Kokudo
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery Division, Artificial Organ and Transplantation Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Murofushi
- Radiation Oncology Department, The Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takako Nakajima
- Department of Clinical Oncology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Shiro Oka
- Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Akihiko Tsuji
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Keisuke Uehara
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideki Ueno
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yamazaki
- Division of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yoshida
- Department of Hemodialysis and Surgery, Chemotherapy Research Institute, International University of Health and Welfare, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Takayuki Yoshino
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
| | - Narikazu Boku
- Division of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Michio Itabashi
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuo Koinuma
- Department of Health Administration and Policy, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takayuki Morita
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Center, Aomori Prefectural Central Hospital, Aomori, Japan
| | - Genichi Nishimura
- Department of Surgery, Japanese Red Cross Kanazawa Hospital, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yuh Sakata
- CEO, Misawa City Hospital, Misawa, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shimada
- Division of Clinical Oncology, Kochi Health Sciences Center, Kochi, Japan
| | - Keiichi Takahashi
- Department of Surgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Tanaka
- Department of Endoscopy, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Osamu Tsuruta
- Division of GI Endoscopy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Yamaguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, The Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Toshiaki Watanabe
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Margetis N, Kouloukoussa M, Pavlou K, Vrakas S, Mariolis-Sapsakos T. K- ras Mutations as the Earliest Driving Force in a Subset of Colorectal Carcinomas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 31:527-542. [PMID: 28652417 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
K-ras oncogene is a key factor in colorectal cancer. Based on published and our data we propose that K-ras could be the oncogene responsible for the inactivation of the tumor-suppressor gene APC, currently considered as the initial step in colorectal tumorigenesis. K-ras fulfills the criteria of the oncogene-induced DNA damage model, as it can provoke well-established causes for inactivating tumor-suppressors, i.e. DNA double-strand breaks (causing allele deletion) and ROS production (responsible for point mutation). The model we propose is a variation of the currently existing model and hypothesizes that, in a subgroup of colorectal carcinomas, K-ras mutation may precede APC inactivation, representing the earliest driving force and, probably, an early biomarker of colorectal carcinogenesis. This observation is clinically useful, since it may modify the preventive colorectal cancer strategy, restricting numerically patients undergoing colonoscopies to those bearing K-ras mutation in their colorectum, either in benign polyps or the normal accompanying mucosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Margetis
- "Athens Euroclinic", Athens, Greece .,Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Myrsini Kouloukoussa
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Pavlou
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lai BR, Wu YT, Kuo YC, Hsu HC, Chen JS, Chen TC, Wu RC, Chiu CT, Yeh CN, Yeh TS. Targeted ultra-deep sequencing unveils a lack of driver-gene mutations linking non-hereditary gastrointestinal stromal tumors and highly prevalent second primary malignancies: random or nonrandom, that is the question. Oncotarget 2018; 7:83270-83277. [PMID: 27806309 PMCID: PMC5347768 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The association of non-hereditary (sporadic) gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) and second primary malignancies is known to be nonrandom, although the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, 136 of 749 (18.1%) patients with sporadic GISTs were found to have additional associated cancers, with gastrointestinal and genitourinary/gynecologic/breast cancers being the most prevalent. Gene mutations in GISTs and their associated colorectal cancers (CRCs) (n=9) were analyzed using a panel of 409 cancer-related genes, while a separate group of 40 sporadic CRCs not associated with GISTs served as controls. All 9 of the GISTs had either KIT (8 of 9) or PDGFRA (1 of 9) mutations that were not present in their associated CRCs. Conversely, all but one of the 9 GIST-associated CRCs exhibited an APC mutation, a TP53 mutation or both, while none of their corresponding GISTs harbored either APC or TP53 mutations. The genetic profile of CRCs with and without associated GISTs did not differ. Although population-based studies and case series worldwide, including ours, have unanimously indicated that the GIST-CRC association is nonrandom, our targeted ultra-deep sequencing unveiled a lack of driver-gene mutations linking sporadic GISTs to highly prevalent second primaries. Further studies are needed to elucidate other genetic alterations that may be responsible for this puzzling contradiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Ru Lai
- Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tung Wu
- Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chia Kuo
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chih Hsu
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Shi Chen
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Ching Chen
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Chin Wu
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Tang Chiu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Nan Yeh
- Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Sen Yeh
- Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ghosh S, Gupta B, Verma P, Vishnubathla S, Pal S, Dash NR, Gupta SD, Das P. Topographic, histological and molecular study of aberrant crypt foci identified in human colon in different clinical groups. Intest Res 2018; 16:116-125. [PMID: 29422806 PMCID: PMC5797258 DOI: 10.5217/ir.2018.16.1.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) are early microscopic lesions of the colonic mucosa, which can be detected by magnified chromoendoscopy. Herein, we have investigated whether ACF identified in different clinical groups can be differentiated based on their characteristics. Methods Macroscopically unremarkable mucosal flaps were collected from 270 fresh colectomies and divided into 3 clinical groups: colorectal carcinoma (group A), disease controls having known pre-neoplastic potential (group Bc), and disease controls without risk of carcinoma development (group Bn). Topographic and histologic analysis, immunohistochemistry, and molecular studies (high-resolution melt curve analysis, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and Sanger sequencing) were conducted for certain neoplasia-associated markers. Results ACF were seen in 107 cases, out of which 72 were left colonic ACF and 35 right colonic ACF (67.2% vs. 32.7%, P=0.02). The overall density of left colonic ACF was 0.97/cm, which was greater than the right colonic ACF density of 0.81/cm. Hypercrinia was present in 41 out of 72 left colonic ACF and in 14 out of 35 right colonic ACF (P=0.01). Immunohistochemical expression of p53 was also greater in left colonic ACF than in right colonic ACF (60.5% vs. 38.2%, P=0.03). However, ACF identified among the 3 clinical groups did not show any distinguishing topographic, histological, or genetic changes. Conclusions Left colonic ACF appear to be high-risk based on their morphological and prototypic tumor marker signature. ACF identified in different clinical groups do not show significant genotypic or topographic differences. Further detailed genetic studies are required to elucidate them further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shouriyo Ghosh
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Brijnandan Gupta
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Pavan Verma
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sujoy Pal
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nihar R Dash
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Prasenjit Das
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Molecular imaging of aberrant crypt foci in the human colon targeting glutathione S-transferase P1-1. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6536. [PMID: 28747791 PMCID: PMC5529364 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06857-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant crypt foci (ACF), the earliest precursor lesion of colorectal cancers (CRCs), are a good surrogate marker for CRC risk stratification and chemoprevention. However, the conventional ACF detection method with dye-spraying by magnifying colonoscopy is labor- and skill-intensive. We sought to identify rat and human ACF using a fluorescent imaging technique that targets a molecule specific for ACF. We found that glutathione S-transferase (GST) P1-1 was overexpressed in ACF tissues in a screening experiment. We then synthesized the fluorogenic probe, DNAT-Me, which is fluorescently quenched but is activated by GSTP1-1. A CRC cell line incubated with DNAT-Me showed strong fluorescence in the cytosol. Fluorescence intensities correlated significantly with GST activities in cancer cell lines. When we sprayed DNAT-Me onto colorectal mucosa excised from azoxymethane-treated rats and surgically resected from CRC patients, ACF with strong fluorescent signals were clearly observed. The ACF number determined by postoperative DNAT-Me imaging was almost identical to that determined by preoperative methylene blue staining. The signal-to-noise ratio for ACF in DNAT-Me images was significantly higher than that in methylene blue staining. Thus, we sensitively visualized ACF on rat and human colorectal mucosa by using a GST-activated fluorogenic probe without dye-spraying and magnifying colonoscopy.
Collapse
|
28
|
Amaro A, Chiara S, Pfeffer U. Molecular evolution of colorectal cancer: from multistep carcinogenesis to the big bang. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2016; 35:63-74. [PMID: 26947218 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-016-9606-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is characterized by exquisite genomic instability either in the form of microsatellite instability or chromosomal instability. Microsatellite instability is the result of mutation of mismatch repair genes or their silencing through promoter methylation as a consequence of the CpG island methylator phenotype. The molecular causes of chromosomal instability are less well characterized. Genomic instability and field cancerization lead to a high degree of intratumoral heterogeneity and determine the formation of cancer stem cells and epithelial-mesenchymal transition mediated by the TGF-β and APC pathways. Recent analyses using integrated genomics reveal different phases of colorectal cancer evolution. An initial phase of genomic instability that yields many clones with different mutations (big bang) is followed by an important, previously not detected phase of cancer evolution that consists in the stabilization of several clones and a relatively flat outgrowth. The big bang model can best explain the coexistence of several stable clones and is compatible with the fact that the analysis of the bulk of the primary tumor yields prognostic information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Amaro
- Molecular Pathology, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST-Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvana Chiara
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST-Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ulrich Pfeffer
- Molecular Pathology, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST-Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
RNF43 Is an Early and Specific Mutated Gene in the Serrated Pathway, With Increased Frequency in Traditional Serrated Adenoma and Its Associated Malignancy. Am J Surg Pathol 2016; 40:1352-9. [DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000000664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
30
|
Fang B. RAS signaling and anti-RAS therapy: lessons learned from genetically engineered mouse models, human cancer cells, and patient-related studies. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2016; 48:27-38. [PMID: 26350096 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating mutations of oncogenic RAS genes are frequently detected in human cancers. The studies in genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) reveal that Kras-activating mutations predispose mice to early onset tumors in the lung, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. Nevertheless, most of these tumors do not have metastatic phenotypes. Metastasis occurs when tumors acquire additional genetic changes in other cancer driver genes. Studies on clinical specimens also demonstrated that KRAS mutations are present in premalignant tissues and that most of KRAS mutant human cancers have co-mutations in other cancer driver genes, including TP53, STK11, CDKN2A, and KMT2C in lung cancer; APC, TP53, and PIK3CA in colon cancer; and TP53, CDKN2A, SMAD4, and MED12 in pancreatic cancer. Extensive efforts have been devoted to develop therapeutic agents that target enzymes involved in RAS posttranslational modifications, that inhibit downstream effectors of RAS signaling pathways, and that kill RAS mutant cancer cells through synthetic lethality. Recent clinical studies have revealed that sorafenib, a pan-RAF and VEGFR inhibitor, has impressive benefits for KRAS mutant lung cancer patients. Combination therapy of MEK inhibitors with either docetaxel, AKT inhibitors, or PI3K inhibitors also led to improved clinical responses in some KRAS mutant cancer patients. This review discusses knowledge gained from GEMMs, human cancer cells, and patient-related studies on RAS-mediated tumorigenesis and anti-RAS therapy. Emerging evidence demonstrates that RAS mutant cancers are heterogeneous because of the presence of different mutant alleles and/or co-mutations in other cancer driver genes. Effective subclassifications of RAS mutant cancers may be necessary to improve patients' outcomes through personalized precision medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingliang Fang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Colorectal cancer presenting as tuboovarian abscess in a 40 year old patient with previous tubal occlusion. Case Rep Womens Health 2015; 9:1-3. [PMID: 29594010 PMCID: PMC5863024 DOI: 10.1016/j.crwh.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although pelvic inflammatory disease can be seen after tubal occlusion, tuboovarian abscess is rare, with only 38 cases reported since 1975 [1]. The differential diagnosis of tuboovarian abscess after tubal occlusion should include non-infectious and non-gynecologic etiology, particularly as women age [2]. Case A 40 year old multiparous woman with a distant history of tubal occlusion, presented with pelvic pain and suspected right tuboovarian abscess with air on CT scan. A colonic stricture was also seen, warranting further evaluation, which revealed a left tuboovarian abscess which had fistulized from a bowel perforation secondary to colorectal cancer. Conclusion Tuboovarian abscess is rare after tubal occlusion. These patients should be evaluated specifically for nongynecologic etiology, including colorectal cancer. Radiologic studies can be misleading, and surgical exploration should be strongly considered if a woman with a history of tubal occlusion presents with a presumptive tuboovarian abscess, particularly if the abscess contains air. Tuboovarian abscess after tubal occlusion is rare. Consider a thorough non-gynecologic differential diagnosis, in cases of tuboovarian abscess distant from tubal occlusion. Abscesses distort anatomy, so laterality seen in radiologic studies may be misleading. Surgical exploration should be strongly considered, particularly when there is air visualized radiologically in the abscess. There is a need for further studies of the incidence of radiologically visualized air in surgically proven tuboovarian abscesses.
Collapse
|
32
|
Ezuka A, Sakai E, Kawana K, Nagase H, Kakuta Y, Uchiyama S, Ohkubo H, Higurashi T, Nonaka T, Endo H, Takahashi H, Nakajima A. Association between factors associated with colorectal cancer and rectal aberrant crypt foci in humans. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:3689-3695. [PMID: 26788192 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) are regarded as potential biomarkers for colorectal cancer (CRC), and have been used as such in recent early-phase chemoprevention trials. However, the associations between the presence of ACF and other factors associated with the development of CRC, such as lifestyle factors, medication use and comorbid medical conditions, remain unknown. Thus, the present retrospective, large, cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the potential usefulness of ACF as a surrogate biomarker of CRC. Total colonoscopy was performed and the number of rectal ACF was counted in a total of 902 subjects. A retrospective review of the medical records of the study subjects was performed, and the factors associated with the increased prevalence of ACF was investigated using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. The analysis results identified older age [odds ratio (OR), 9.24; 95% confidence interval (CI), 4.80-17.8; P<0.01], smoking habit (OR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.20-2.63; P<0.01) and use of insulin (OR, 9.97; 95% CI, 1.28-77.5; P=0.03) as significant independent risk factors associated with the increased prevalence of ACF, regardless of the presence/absence of colon tumors. In addition, it was revealed that the prevalence and number of ACF, and the Ki-67 labeling indices of the colonic epithelial cells were significantly higher in diabetic patients receiving insulin therapy than in those not receiving insulin therapy (P<0.01, P=0.03 and P=0.01, respectively). In conclusion, the potential usefulness of ACF as a surrogate biomarker of CRC was confirmed, although useful data could not be obtained on candidate chemopreventive agents. These results indicated that insulin can enhance colonic epithelial proliferative activity and induce the formation of ACF, thereby possibly triggering CRC development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Ezuka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa 222-0036, Japan
| | - Eiji Sakai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kawana
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa 222-0036, Japan
| | - Hajime Nagase
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa 222-0036, Japan
| | - Yukio Kakuta
- Department of Pathology, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa 222-0036, Japan
| | - Shiori Uchiyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hidenori Ohkubo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Takuma Higurashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Takashi Nonaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hiroki Endo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, National Cancer Center, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakajima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Puerta-García E, Cañadas-Garre M, Calleja-Hernández MÁ. Molecular biomarkers in colorectal carcinoma. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 16:1189-222. [PMID: 26237292 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a tumor with increasing incidence which represents one of the first leading causes of death worldwide. Gene alterations described for colorectal cancer include genome instability (microsatellite and chromosomal instability), CpG islands methylator phenotype, microRNA, histone modification, protein biomarkers, gene mutations (RAS, BRAF, PI3K, TP53, PTEN) and polymorphisms (APC, CTNNB1, DCC). In this article, biomarkers with prognostic value commonly found in colorectal cancer will be reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Puerta-García
- Pharmacogenetics Unit, UGC Provincial de Farmacia de Granada, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Avda. Fuerzas Armadas, 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Marisa Cañadas-Garre
- Pharmacogenetics Unit, UGC Provincial de Farmacia de Granada, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Avda. Fuerzas Armadas, 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Calleja-Hernández
- Pharmacogenetics Unit, UGC Provincial de Farmacia de Granada, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Avda. Fuerzas Armadas, 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Mikhail S, Albanese C, Pishvaian MJ. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors and the treatment of gastrointestinal cancers. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:1185-97. [PMID: 25747534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The cell cycle is a highly conserved and tightly regulated biological system that controls cellular proliferation and differentiation. The cell cycle regulatory proteins, which include the cyclins, the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), and the CDK inhibitors, are critical for the proper temporal and spatial regulation of cellular proliferation. Conversely, alterations in cell cycle regulatory proteins, leading to the loss of normal cell-cycle control, are a hallmark of many cancers, including gastrointestinal cancers. Accordingly, overexpression of CDKs and cyclins and by contrast loss of CDK inhibitors, are all linked to gastrointestinal cancers and are often associated with less favorable prognoses and outcomes. Because of the importance that the cell cycle regulatory proteins play in tumorigenesis, currently there is a broad spectrum of cell-cycle inhibitors under development that, as a group, hold promise as effective cancer treatments. In support of this approach to cancer treatment, the growing availability of molecular diagnostics techniques may help in identifying patients who have driving abnormalities in the cell-cycle machinery and are thus more likely to respond to cell-cycle inhibitors. In this review, we discuss the prevalence of cell-cycle abnormalities in patients with gastrointestinal cancers and provide a preclinical and clinical overview of new agents that target cell-cycle abnormalities with a special emphasis on gastrointestinal cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sameh Mikhail
- James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Christopher Albanese
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia; Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia.
| | - Michael J Pishvaian
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Gillen DL, Meyskens FL, Morgan TR, Zell JA, Carroll R, Benya R, Chen WP, Mo A, Tucker C, Bhattacharya A, Huang Z, Arcilla M, Wong V, Chung J, Gonzalez R, Rodriguez LM, Szabo E, Rosenberg DW, Lipkin SM. A phase IIa randomized, double-blind trial of erlotinib in inhibiting epidermal growth factor receptor signaling in aberrant crypt foci of the colorectum. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 8:222-30. [PMID: 25604134 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer progresses through multiple distinct stages that are potentially amenable to chemopreventative intervention. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors are efficacious in advanced tumors including colorectal cancer. There is significant evidence that EGFR also plays important roles in colorectal cancer initiation, and that EGFR inhibitors block tumorigenesis. We performed a double-blind randomized clinical trial to test whether the EGFR inhibitor erlotinib given for up to 30 days had an acceptable safety and efficacy profile to reduce EGFR signaling biomarkers in colorectal aberrant crypt foci (ACF), a subset of which progress to colorectal cancer, and normal rectal tissue. A total of 45 patients were randomized to one of three erlotinib doses (25, 50, and 100 mg) with randomization stratified by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use. There were no unanticipated adverse events with erlotinib therapy. Erlotinib was detected in both normal rectal mucosa and ACFs. Colorectal ACF phosphorylated ERK (pERK), phosphorylated EGFR (pEGFR), and total EGFR signaling changes from baseline were modest and there was no dose response. Overall, this trial did not meet is primary efficacy endpoint. Colorectal EGFR signaling inhibition by erlotinib is therefore likely insufficient to merit further studies without additional prescreening stratification or potentially longer duration of use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Gillen
- Department of Statistics, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California. Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Frank L Meyskens
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Timothy R Morgan
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California. Department of Medicine, VA Long Beach Health Care System, Long Beach, California
| | - Jason A Zell
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California. Department of Epidemiology, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Robert Carroll
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Medical Center at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Richard Benya
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Medical Center at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Wen-Pin Chen
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Allen Mo
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut
| | | | - Asmita Bhattacharya
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Zhiliang Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Myra Arcilla
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Vanessa Wong
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Jinah Chung
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Rachel Gonzalez
- Department of Medicine, VA Long Beach Health Care System, Long Beach, California
| | - Luz Maria Rodriguez
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland. Department of Surgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Eva Szabo
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Daniel W Rosenberg
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Steven M Lipkin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Neumann H, Kudo SE, Kiesslich R, Neurath MF. Advanced colonoscopic imaging using endocytoscopy. Dig Endosc 2015; 27:232-8. [PMID: 25311804 DOI: 10.1111/den.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Optical biopsy techniques were recently introduced to luminal gastrointestinal endoscopy. These include confocal laser endomicroscopy, spectroscopic imaging techniques and endocytoscopy. Optical biopsy techniques allow on demand in vivo histology during ongoing endoscopy, thereby potentially accelerating clinical diagnosis and specific therapy. In the present review, we focus on endocytoscopy as one of the rapidly emerging optical biopsy techniques. We provide technical details of currently available endocytoscopy systems and give tips on their use in clinical practice. We also summarize applications of endocytoscopy for colorectal pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Neumann
- Department of Medicine I, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Ludwig Demling Endoscopy Center of Excellence, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Although often viewed as a single disease, colorectal cancer more accurately represents a family of diseases with different precursor lesions. Conventional (tubular, tubulovillous and villous) adenomas are the most common neoplastic lesions occurring in the large intestine. They have adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) mutations and arise from dysplastic aberrant crypt foci, initially as polyclonal lesions. In sporadic tumours, neoplastic progression follows the traditional pathway (chromosomal instability pathway), resulting in CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP)-negative, microsatellite-stable (MSS), BRAF and KRAS wild-type cancers. Germline mutations in the APC gene lead to familial adenomatous polyposis. Conventional adenomas are also the precursors of Lynch syndrome-associated microsatellite-instable (MSI-high) cancers. Sessile serrated adenoma/polyp (SSA/P) is the principal precursor lesion of the serrated pathway, in which BRAF mutation can lead to colorectal cancer with MSI-high CIMP-high or MSS CIMP-high phenotype. SSA/Ps have been associated with synchronous and metachronous invasive adenocarcinomas as well as so-called interval carcinomas. Serrated polyposis is rare but most likely underdiagnosed. Affected individuals bear an increased but unspecified risk for the development of colorectal cancer; close endoscopic surveillance is warranted. Traditional serrated adenomas (TSAs) are much less common than the other serrated lesions. Cancers originating from TSAs may show KRAS mutation with a CIMP-high MSS phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cord Langner
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Detection and characterization of oncogene mutations in preneoplastic and early neoplastic lesions. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1105:381-98. [PMID: 24623243 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-739-6_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
While it has been nearly 30 years since its discovery, the ras family of genes has not yet lost its impact on basic and clinical oncology. These genes remain central to the field of molecular oncology as tools for investigating carcinogenesis and oncogenic signaling, as powerful biomarkers for the identification of those who have or are at high risk of developing cancer, and as oncogene targets for the design and development of new chemotherapeutic drugs. Mutational activation of the K-RAS proto-oncogene is an early event in the development and progression of the colorectal, pancreatic, and lung cancers that are the major causes of cancer death in the world. The presence of point mutational "hot spots" at sites necessary for the activation of this proto-oncogene has led to the development of a number of highly sensitive PCR-based methods that are feasible for the early detection of K-RAS oncogene mutations in the clinical setting. In light of these facts, mutation at the K-RAS oncogene has the potential to serve as a useful biomarker in the early diagnosis and risk assessment of cancers with oncogenic ras signaling. This chapter describes a highly sensitive method for detecting mutant K-RAS, enriched PCR, and its application to early detection of alterations in this oncogene in preneoplastic and early neoplastic lesions of the colon and rectum.
Collapse
|
39
|
B-RAF mutation and accumulated gene methylation in aberrant crypt foci (ACF), sessile serrated adenoma/polyp (SSA/P) and cancer in SSA/P. Br J Cancer 2014; 112:403-12. [PMID: 25314065 PMCID: PMC4453443 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Sessile serrated adenomas/polyps (SSA/Ps) are a putative precursor of colon cancer with microsatellite instability (MSI). However, the developmental mechanism of SSA/P remains unknown. We performed genetic analysis and genome-wide DNA methylation analysis in aberrant crypt foci (ACF), SSA/P, and cancer in SSA/P specimens to show a close association between ACF and the SSA/P-cancer sequence. We also evaluated the prevalence and number of ACF in SSA/P patients. Methods: ACF in the right-side colon were observed in 36 patients with SSA/Ps alone, 2 with cancers in SSA/P, and 20 normal subjects and biopsied under magnifying endoscopy. B-RAF mutation and MSI were analysed by PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and PCR–SSCP, respectively, in 15 ACF, 20 SSA/P, and 2 cancer specimens. DNA methylation array analysis of seven ACF, seven SSA/P, and two cancer in SSA/P specimens was performed using the microarray-based integrated analysis of methylation by isochizomers (MIAMI) method. Results: B-RAF mutations were frequently detected in ACF, SSA/P, and cancer in SSA/P tissues. The number of methylated genes increased significantly in the order of ACF<SSA/P<cancer. The most commonly methylated genes in SSA/P were PQLC1, HDHD3, RASL10B, FLI1, GJA3, and SLC26A2. Some of these genes were methylated in ACF, whereas all genes were methylated in cancers. Immunohistochemistry revealed their silenced expression. Microsatellite instability and MLH1 methylation were observed only in cancer. The prevalence and number of ACF were significantly higher in SSA/P patients than in normal subjects. A significant correlation was seen between the numbers of SSA/P and ACF in SSA/P patients. Conclusions: Our results suggest that ACF are precursor lesions of the SSA/P-cancer sequence in patients with SSA/P, where ACF arise by B-RAF mutation and methylation of some of the six identified genes and develop into SSA/Ps through accumulated methylation of these genes.
Collapse
|
40
|
Kaneda A, Matsusaka K, Sakai E, Funata S. DNA methylation accumulation and its predetermination of future cancer phenotypes. J Biochem 2014; 156:63-72. [PMID: 24962701 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvu038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberant DNA methylation is a common epigenomic alteration in carcinogenesis. Comprehensive analyses of DNA methylation have stratified gastrointestinal cancer into several subgroups according to specific DNA methylation accumulation. In gastric cancer, Helicobacter pylori infection is a cause of methylation accumulation in apparently normal mucosa. Epstein-Barr virus infection is another methylation inducer that causes more genome-wide methylation, resulting in the formation of unique epigenotype with extensive methylation. In colorectal carcinogenesis, accumulation of high levels of methylation in combination with BRAF mutation is characteristic of the serrated pathway, but not of the adenoma-carcinoma sequence through conventional adenoma. In a de novo pathway, laterally spreading tumours generate intermediate- and low-methylation epigenotypes, accompanied by different genetic features and different macroscopic morphologies. These methylation epigenotypes, with specific genomic aberrations, are mostly completed by the adenoma stage, and additional molecular aberration, such as TP53 mutation, is suggested to lead to cancer development with the corresponding epigenotype. Accumulation of DNA methylation and formation of the epigenotype is suggested to occur during the early stages of carcinogenesis and predetermines the future cancer type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kaneda
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; and Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, JapanDepartment of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; and Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Keisuke Matsusaka
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; and Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, JapanDepartment of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; and Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Eiji Sakai
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; and Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, JapanDepartment of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; and Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Sayaka Funata
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; and Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, JapanDepartment of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; and Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Drew DA, Devers TJ, O'Brien MJ, Horelik NA, Levine J, Rosenberg DW. HD chromoendoscopy coupled with DNA mass spectrometry profiling identifies somatic mutations in microdissected human proximal aberrant crypt foci. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:823-9. [PMID: 24651453 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Despite increased implementation of screening colonoscopy, interval cancers in the proximal colon remain a major public health concern. This fact underscores the limitations of current screening paradigms and the need for developing advanced endoscopic techniques. The density of aberrant crypt foci (ACF), the earliest identifiable mucosal abnormality, may serve as a surrogate marker for colon cancer risk, but has rarely been studied in the proximal colon. To this end, high-definition (HD) chromoendoscopy was conducted to define the relevance of ACF in the proximal colon. In addition, due to limited ACF size, the development of a combinatorial approach was required to maximize data acquisition obtained from individual biopsy samples. Proximal and distal ACF samples were characterized for a total of 105 mutations across 22 known tumor suppressor and proto-oncogenes using high-throughput Sequenom MassARRAY analysis. From this profiling, a discrete number of somatic mutations were identified, including APC(R876*) and FLT3(I836M), as well as a deletion within the EGFR gene. Combined, these data highlight the significance of ACF within the context of colon cancer pathogenesis, particularly in the proximal colon. IMPLICATIONS The identification of cancer-related mutations in commonly overlooked mucosal lesions underscores the preventive benefit of implementing advanced endoscopic screening to larger patient populations, particularly in the proximal colon. Visual Overview: http://mcr.aacrjournals.org/content/early/2014/05/22/1541-7786.MCR-13-0624/F1.large.jpg. Mol Cancer Res; 12(6); 823-9. ©2014 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Drew
- Authors' Affiliations: Center for Molecular Medicine; Colon Cancer Prevention Program, Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut; and
| | - Thomas J Devers
- Division of Gastroenterology; Colon Cancer Prevention Program, Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut; and
| | - Michael J O'Brien
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nicole A Horelik
- Authors' Affiliations: Center for Molecular Medicine; Colon Cancer Prevention Program, Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut; and
| | - Joel Levine
- Division of Gastroenterology; Colon Cancer Prevention Program, Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut; and
| | - Daniel W Rosenberg
- Authors' Affiliations: Center for Molecular Medicine; Colon Cancer Prevention Program, Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut; and
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Human colonic crypts in culture: segregation of immunochemical markers in normal versus adenoma-derived. J Transl Med 2014; 94:222-34. [PMID: 24365748 PMCID: PMC4108175 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2013.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to advance a culture model of human colonic neoplasia, we developed methods for the isolation and in vitro maintenance of intact colonic crypts from normal human colon tissue and adenomas. Crypts were maintained in three-dimensional Matrigel culture with a simple, serum-free, low Ca(2+) (0.15 mM) medium. Intact colonic crypts from normal human mucosa were viably maintained for 3-5 days with preservation of the in situ crypt-like architecture, presenting a distinct base and apex. Abnormal structures from adenoma tissue could be maintained through multiple passages (up to months), with expanding buds/tubules. Immunohistochemical markers for intestinal stem cells (Lgr5), growth (Ki67), differentiation (E-cadherin, cytokeratin 20 (CK20) and mucin 2 (MUC2)) and epithelial turnover (Bax, cleaved Caspase-3), paralleled the changes in function. The epithelial cells in normal crypts followed the physiological sequence of progression from proliferation to differentiation to dissolution in a spatially and temporally appropriate manner. Lgr5 expression was seen in a few basal cells of freshly isolated crypts, but was not detected after 1-3 days in culture. After 24 h in culture, crypts from normal colonic tissue continued to show strong Ki67 and MUC2 expression at the crypt base, with a gradual decrease over time such that by days 3-4 Ki67 was not expressed. The differentiation marker CK20 increased over the same period, eventually becoming intense throughout the whole crypt. In adenoma-derived structures, expression of markers for all stages of progression persisted for the entire time in culture. Lgr5 showed expression in a few select cells after months in culture. Ki67 and MUC2 were largely associated with the proliferative budding regions while CK20 was localized to the parent structure. This ex vivo culture model of normal and adenomatous crypts provides a readily accessible tool to help understand the growth and differentiation process in human colonic epithelium.
Collapse
|
43
|
Tsuda M, Okamoto K, Muguruma N, Sannomiya K, Nakagawa T, Miyamoto H, Kitamura S, Goji T, Kimura T, Okahisa T, Izumi K, Takayama T. Suppressive effect of RAS inhibitor manumycin A on aberrant crypt foci formation in the azoxymethane-induced rat colorectal carcinogenesis model. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 28:1616-23. [PMID: 23730936 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The chemopreventive effect of RAS inhibitors on colorectal cancer is unknown. Because aberrant crypt foci (ACF), earliest preneoplastic lesions, are highly positive for K-RAS mutation, RAS inhibitors are likely to be effective for chemoprevention. Therefore, in the present study, the suppressive effect of a RAS inhibitor, manumycin A, on ACF formation in an azoxymethane (AOM)-induced rat colorectal carcinogenesis model was investigated. METHODS Rats injected with AOM were administered manumycin A (30 mg/kg) subcutaneously thrice weekly for 8 weeks or for 4 weeks (latter half), sacrificed at 8 weeks, and examined for ACF in the colorectum. Phosphorylated ERK and Ki-67 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Apoptosis was assessed by TUNEL staining. RESULTS The mean number of ACF in the 8-week manumycin A group (72.9 ± 20.1) was significantly lower than in the vehicle group (155.6 ± 56.7, P < 0.01), and it was significantly lower even in the 4-week manumycin A group than in the vehicle group (92.2 ± 13.0 vs 222.3 ± 83.3, P < 0.01). The positive rate for phosphorylated ERK in the manumycin A group (13.5 ± 19.2%) was significantly lower than in the vehicle group (50.2 ± 19.8%, P < 0.01). The positive rate for Ki-67 in the manumycin A group (2.2 ± 3.4%) was significantly lower than in the vehicle group (14.7 ± 8.2%, P < 0.01). There were significantly more terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling-positive cells in tissue samples from the manumycin A group versus the vehicle group (8.6 ± 9.7% vs 2.9 ± 2.0%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Manumycin A suppressed ACF formation in the AOM-induced colorectal carcinogenesis model, demonstrating that RAS inhibitors may be very effective for chemoprevention of colorectal cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miho Tsuda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Meguerditchian AN, Bullard Dunn K. Biomarkers and Targeted Therapeutics in Colorectal Cancer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2013; 22:841-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
45
|
Ito K, Ishigamori R, Mutoh M, Ohta T, Imai T, Takahashi M. Ay allele promotes azoxymethane-induced colorectal carcinogenesis by macrophage migration in hyperlipidemic/diabetic KK mice. Cancer Sci 2013; 104:835-43. [PMID: 23551905 PMCID: PMC7657178 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of colorectal cancer has been increasing and is associated with obesity and diabetes. We have found that type 2 diabetes model KK-Ay/TaJcl (KK-Ay) mice develop tumors within a short period after treatment with azoxymethane (AOM). However, factors that contribute to the promotion of carcinogenesis have not been clarified. Therefore, we looked at the genetic background of KK-Ay, including two genetic characteristics of KK/TaJcl (KK) mice and C57BL/6J-Ham-Ay/+ (Ay) mice, compared with other non-obese and non-diabetic mouse strains C57BL/6J and ICR, and induced colorectal premalignant lesions, aberrant crypt foci (ACF), and tumors using AOM (150 μg/mouse/week for 4 weeks and 200 μg/mouse/week for 6 weeks, respectively). The mice with a diabetes feature, KK-Ay and KK, developed significantly more ACF, 67 and 61 per mouse, respectively, whereas ICR, Ay, and C57BL/6J mice developed 42, 24, and 18 ACF/mouse, respectively, at 17 weeks of age. Serum insulin and triglyceride levels in KK-Ay and KK mice were quite high compared with other non-diabetic mouse strains. Interestingly, KK-Ay mice developed more colorectal tumors (2.7 ± 2.3 tumor/mouse) than KK mice (1.2 ± 1.1 tumor/mouse) at 25 weeks of age, in spite of similar diabetic conditions. The colon cancers that developed in both KK-Ay and KK mice showed similar activation of β-catenin signaling. However, mRNA levels of inflammatory factors related to the activation of macrophages were significantly higher in colorectal cancer of KK-Ay mice than in KK. These data indicate that factors such as insulin resistance and dyslipidemia observed in obese and diabetic patients could be involved in susceptibility to colorectal carcinogenesis. In addition, increase of tumor-associated macrophages may play important roles in the stages of promotion of colorectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Ito
- Division of Cancer Prevention Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Patai AV, Molnár B, Tulassay Z, Sipos F. Serrated pathway: alternative route to colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:607-15. [PMID: 23431044 PMCID: PMC3574586 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i5.607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Serrated polyps have been an area of intense focus for gastroenterologists over the past several years. Contrary to what was thought before, a growing body of literature indicates that these polyps can be precursors of colorectal cancer (CRC). Most of these lesions, particularly those in the proximal colon, have so far been under-recognized and missed during colonoscopy, qualifying these lesions to be the main cause of interval cancers. It is estimated that 10%-20% of CRCs evolve through this alternative, serrated pathway, with a distinct genetic and epigenetic profile. Aberrant DNA methylation plays a central role in the development of this CRC subtype. This characteristic molecular background is reflected in a unique pathological and clinical manifestation different from cancers arising via the traditional pathway. In this review we would like to highlight morphological, molecular and clinical features of this emerging pathway that are essential for gastroenterologists and may influence their everyday practice.
Collapse
|
47
|
Leve F, Morgado-Díaz JA. Rho GTPase signaling in the development of colorectal cancer. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:2549-59. [PMID: 22467564 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of Rho GTPases in major aspects of cancer development, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell polarity, adhesion, migration, and invasion, have recently been attracting increasing attention. In this review, we have summarized the current findings in the literature, and we discuss the participation of the Rho GTPase members RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 in the development of colorectal cancer, the second most lethal neoplasia worldwide. First, we present an overview of the mechanisms of Rho GTPase regulation and the impact that regulator proteins exert on GTPase signaling. Second, we focus on the participation of Rho GTPases as modulators of colorectal cancer development. Third, we emphasize the involvement of activation and expression alterations of Rho GTPases in events associated with cancer progression, such as loss of cell-cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, and invasion. Finally, we highlight the potential use of novel anticancer drugs targeting specific components of the Rho GTPase signaling pathway with antineoplastic activity in this cancer type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Leve
- Grupo de Biologia Estrutural, Divisão de Biologia Celular, Centro de Pesquisas, Instituto Nacional de Câncer-INCa, Rio de Janeiro 2231050, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Liang JJ, Bissett I, Kalady M, Bennet A, Church JM. Importance of serrated polyps in colorectal carcinogenesis. ANZ J Surg 2012; 83:325-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-2197.2012.06269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J. Liang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery; Digestive Diseases Institute; Cleveland Clinic Foundation; Cleveland; Ohio; USA
| | - Ian Bissett
- Department of Colorectal Surgery; Digestive Diseases Institute; Cleveland Clinic Foundation; Cleveland; Ohio; USA
| | - Matthew Kalady
- Department of Colorectal Surgery; Digestive Diseases Institute; Cleveland Clinic Foundation; Cleveland; Ohio; USA
| | - Ana Bennet
- Department of Colorectal Surgery; Digestive Diseases Institute; Cleveland Clinic Foundation; Cleveland; Ohio; USA
| | - James M. Church
- Department of Colorectal Surgery; Digestive Diseases Institute; Cleveland Clinic Foundation; Cleveland; Ohio; USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Epidural brain metastases in a patient with early onset pancreatic cancer: a case report and literature review. Case Rep Oncol Med 2012; 2012:962305. [PMID: 23119207 PMCID: PMC3483655 DOI: 10.1155/2012/962305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a case of early onset pancreatic cancer related extra-axial brain metastases. A 46-year-old Caucasian non-Jewish nonobese male with a history of PC diagnosed 3 months ago with metastases to the liver, omentum, malignant ascites, and a history of a pulmonary embolism was admitted to the hospital because of a new onset headache, nausea, and vomiting which started 2 days prior to the encounter. Brain MRI was ordered, which showed acute bihemispheric subdural hematomas and left hemispheric extra-axial heterogeneously enhancing lesions consisting with metastatic disease. The patient was started on ondansentron, metoclopramide, and dexamethasone. The cranial irradiation was started, and the patient's headache and nausea significantly improved. There are only 9 published reports of extra-axial brain metastases related to the pancreatic cancer, whereas our paper is the first such case reported on a patient with epidural metastases and early onset pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
|
50
|
Triolet J, Shaik AA, Gallaher DD, O'Sullivan MG, Xing C. Reduction in colon cancer risk by consumption of kava or kava fractions in carcinogen-treated rats. Nutr Cancer 2012; 64:838-46. [PMID: 22693990 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2012.689917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that kava reduces colon cancer risk. However, no experimental studies of the chemopreventive properties of kava toward colon cancer have been reported. Further, there are concerns regarding hepatotoxicity of kava. The goal of this study was to determine whether kava consumption reduces markers of colon cancer in an animal model and to study the safety of kava. An ethanolic extract and polar and nonpolar fractions of the kava extract were fed to rats for 12 days prior to, during, and after administration of dimethylhydrazine, a colon-specific carcinogen. After 14 wk, rats fed the nonpolar extract had a significant reduction in precancerous lesions [aberrant crypt (AC) foci (ACF)] as well as large (≥ 4 AC/ACF) sialomucin-only expressing foci, an indicator of greater tumorigenic potential, compared to the control group. Groups fed the ethanolic extract and polar kava fraction trended toward reductions in ACF and large sialomucin-only expressing foci. The combined kava groups had significantly fewer total AC, ACF, large ACF, and large sialomucin-only expressing foci compared to the control group. Histological examination found no hepatic lesions in animals consuming the kava diets, suggesting that kava is safe to consume. Our results support that kava may reduce colon cancer risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Triolet
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|