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Ubiquitous Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule (NCAM): Potential Mechanism and Valorisation in Cancer Pathophysiology, Drug Targeting and Molecular Transductions. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5902-5924. [PMID: 35831555 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02954-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Neural cell adhesion molecule, an integrated molecule of immunoglobulin protein superfamily involved in cell-cell adhesion, undergoes various structural modifications through numerous temporal-spatial regulations that generously alter their expressions on cell surfaces. These varied expression patterns are mostly envisioned in the morphogenesis and innervations of different human organs and systems. The considerable role of NCAM in neurite growth, brain development and etc. and its altered expression of NCAM in proliferating tumour cells and metastasis of various human melanomas clearly substantiate its appropriateness as a cell surface marker for diagnosis and potential target for several therapeutic moieties. This characteristic behaviour of NCAM is confined to its novel biochemistry, structural properties, signalling interactions and polysialylation. In particular, the characteristic expressions of NCAM are mainly attributed by its polysialylation, a post-translational modification that attaches polysialyl groups to the NCAM. The altered expression of NCAM on cell surface develops curiosity amidst pharmaceutical scientists, which drives them to understand its role of such expressions in various human melanomas and to elucidate the promising therapeutic strategies that are currently available to target NCAM appositely. Therefore, this review article is articulated with an insight on the altered expressions of NCAM, the clinical significances and the consequences of such atypical expression patterns in various human organs and systems.
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Yang L, Liang H, Liu L, Guo L, Ying JM, Shi SS, Hu XS. CD56+ lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the lung: A case report and literature review. World J Clin Cases 2020; 8:1257-1264. [PMID: 32337200 PMCID: PMC7176613 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i7.1257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (LELC) is a non-keratinizing carcinoma with rich lymphocytic infiltration, which primarily originates from the nasopharynx. Primary lung LELC is a type of lung cancer with a relatively low incidence. Herein, we report a rare case of lung LELC with expression of CD56. We also performed a literature review to summarize the epidemiological, clinical, and prognostic features of this disease.
CASE SUMMARY A 51-year-old man was admitted to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College due to cough and chest pain lasting > 2 mo and 1 wk, respectively. Positron emission tomography-computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging examinations revealed the presence of a mass in the right upper lobe with enlargement of lymph nodes and multiple bone metastases. According to the results of bronchoscopy and cervical lymph node biopsy, a diagnosis of lung LELC with CD56-positive staining (CD56+ lung LELC) was made. In the literature, 458 cases of lung LELC have been reported. However, only one other case of CD56+ lung LELC has been reported thus far.
CONCLUSION The mechanism and potential role of CD56 expression in CD56+ lung LELC require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Hua Liang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao 266042, Shandong Province, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jian-Ming Ying
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Su-Sheng Shi
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xing-Sheng Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
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Triple marker composed of p16, CD56, and TTF1 shows higher sensitivity than INSM1 for diagnosis of pulmonary small cell carcinoma: proposal for a rational immunohistochemical algorithm for diagnosis of small cell carcinoma in small biopsy and cytology specimens. Hum Pathol 2019; 85:58-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Bösmüller HC, Wagner P, Pham DL, Fischer AK, Greif K, Beschorner C, Sipos B, Fend F, Staebler A. CD56 (Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule) Expression in Ovarian Carcinomas: Association With High-Grade and Advanced Stage But Not With Neuroendocrine Differentiation. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2018; 27:239-245. [PMID: 27984374 DOI: 10.1097/igc.0000000000000888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neural cell adhesion molecule (CD56) has been proposed as a potential marker for neuroendocrine differentiation in carcinomas, together with synaptophysin and chromogranin A. However, CD56 immunoreactivity by itself can be found in a broad variety of tumors, including ovarian neoplasms. CD56 has recently been suggested as a potential target for antibody-based therapy. However, for ovarian carcinoma, there is only limited data available regarding the pattern of CD56 immunoreactivity, coexpression of neuroendocrine markers, and correlation with histological types and clinical parameters. METHODS In our study, we therefore evaluated CD56 staining by immunohistochemistry on a tissue micrroarray with 206 ovarian carcinomas, including 151 high-grade serous, 7 low-grade serous, 32 endometrioid, 11 clear cell, 5 mucinous, as well as 33 atypically proliferating serous tumors/serous borderline tumors. RESULTS At least focal CD56 immunoreactivity was observed in 65% of carcinomas of all histological types. Moderate staining with at least 10% positive cells was found in 44 (28%) high-grade serous carcinomas (HGSOCs), 2 (29%) low-grade serous and 3(9%) endometrioid carcinomas. Strong immunoreactivity was limited to 10 (7%) HGSOCs. There was no correlation with the expression of chromogranin or synaptophysin. Serous borderline tumors showed only weak and focal staining in 11 (33%). Expression of CD56 overall was significantly associated with high-grade and advanced stage. In the subgroup of HGSOCs, CD56 expression was associated with reduced overall survival (median 30 vs. 47 months, P = 0.039, log rank, univariate analysis). CONCLUSIONS CD56 (neural cell adhesion molecule) is frequently expressed in ovarian carcinomas and is significantly associated with HGSOC and advanced tumor stage. Due to its lack of correlation with neuroendocrine differentiation, CD56 expression is of limited diagnostic value, but may rather serve as a marker for tumor progression or as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Christian Bösmüller
- *Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, and †Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
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Švajdler M, Mezencev R, Ondič O, Šašková B, Mukenšnábl P, Michal M. P16 is a useful supplemental diagnostic marker of pulmonary small cell carcinoma in small biopsies and cytology specimens. Ann Diagn Pathol 2017; 33:23-29. [PMID: 29566943 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary small cell carcinoma (SCLC) is usually diagnosed in small biopsy or cytological specimens based on cytomorphology; however in ambiguous cases diagnosis requires additional support by immunohistochemistry. While TP53 and RB1 alterations with secondary overexpression of p16 are mainstay events in SCLC pathogenesis, diagnostic value of p16-positivity in the diagnosis of SCLC has not yet been fully investigated. We examined the expression of p16, CD56, synaptophysin (SYP), chromogranin A and thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF1) in a series of pulmonary and extrapulmonary small cell carcinomas, pulmonary carcinoids and non-small cell lung carcinomas, and compared diagnostic performance of these markers in the diagnosis of SCLC. P16 was positive in 95 of 101 SCLCs, and displayed highest diagnostic sensitivity of ~94%. Composite biomarkers CD56+p16+TTF1 and CD56+p16+SYP were both able to detect correctly all SCLC cases. Importantly, three (~3%) SCLC cases completely negative for all conventional markers displayed diffuse positivity for p16. CD56 and p16 demonstrated highest concordance between paired small biopsy and cytology specimens. 50% of squamous cell carcinomas, ~41% of adenocarcinoma/NSCLC-favour adenocarcinoma cases, and ~93% of extrapulmonary small cell carcinomas also showed p16-positivity. Combination of CD56, p16 and TTF1 produced diagnostic classifier that outperformed best single marker CD56 in differential diagnosis between SCLC and NSCLC. In conclusion, in the appropriate morphological context p16 represents a useful supplementary marker for diagnosis of SCLC, even in cases where only cytological material is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marián Švajdler
- Šikl's Department of Pathology, Charles University in Prague, The Faculty of Medicine and Faculty Hospital in Pilsen, Czech Republic; Bioptická laboratoř s.r.o., Pilsen, Czech Republic.
| | - Roman Mezencev
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ondrej Ondič
- Šikl's Department of Pathology, Charles University in Prague, The Faculty of Medicine and Faculty Hospital in Pilsen, Czech Republic; Bioptická laboratoř s.r.o., Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Bohuslava Šašková
- Šikl's Department of Pathology, Charles University in Prague, The Faculty of Medicine and Faculty Hospital in Pilsen, Czech Republic; Bioptická laboratoř s.r.o., Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Mukenšnábl
- Šikl's Department of Pathology, Charles University in Prague, The Faculty of Medicine and Faculty Hospital in Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Michal
- Šikl's Department of Pathology, Charles University in Prague, The Faculty of Medicine and Faculty Hospital in Pilsen, Czech Republic; Bioptická laboratoř s.r.o., Pilsen, Czech Republic
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Pelosi G, Sonzogni A, Harari S, Albini A, Bresaola E, Marchiò C, Massa F, Righi L, Gatti G, Papanikolaou N, Vijayvergia N, Calabrese F, Papotti M. Classification of pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors: new insights. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2017; 6:513-529. [PMID: 29114468 PMCID: PMC5653522 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr.2017.09.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors of the lung (Lu-NETs) embrace a heterogeneous family of neoplasms classified into four histological variants, namely typical carcinoid (TC), atypical carcinoid (AC), large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) and small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). Defining criteria on resection specimens include mitotic count in 2 mm2 and the presence or absence of necrosis, alongside a constellation of cytological and histological traits including cell size and shape, nuclear features and overall architecture. Clinically, TC are low-grade malignant tumors, AC intermediate-grade malignant tumors and SCLC/LCNEC high-grade malignant full-blown carcinomas with no significant differences in survival between them. Homologous tumors arise in the thymus that occasionally have some difficulties in differentiating from the lung counterparts when presented with large unresectable or metastatic lesions. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) helps refine NE diagnosis at various anatomical sites, particularly on small-sized tissue material, in which only TC and small cell carcinoma categories can be recognized easily on hematoxylin & eosin stain, while AC and LCNEC can only be suggested on such material. The Ki-67 labeling index effectively separates carcinoids from small cell carcinoma and may prove useful for the clinical management of a metastatic disease to help the therapeutic decision-making process. Although carcinoids and high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas in the lung and elsewhere make up separate tumor categories on molecular grounds, emerging data supports the concept of secondary high-grade NETs arising in the preexisting carcinoids, whose clinical and biological relevance will have to be placed into the proper context for the optimal management of these patients. In this review, we will discuss the selected, recent literature with a focus on current issues regarding Lu-NET nosology, i.e., classification, derivation and tumor evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pelosi
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Inter-hospital Pathology Division, Science & Technology Park, IRCCS MultiMedica Group, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelica Sonzogni
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Harari
- Department of Medical Sciences and Division of Pneumology, San Giuseppe Hospital, Science & Technology Park, IRCCS MultiMedica Group, Milan, Italy
| | - Adriana Albini
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Angiogenesis, Science & Technology Park, IRCCS MultiMedica Group, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrica Bresaola
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Caterina Marchiò
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, and Pathology Division, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Massa
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, and Pathology Division, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Luisella Righi
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Pathology Division, San Luigi Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Gaia Gatti
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Pathology Division, San Luigi Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Nikolaos Papanikolaou
- Inter-hospital Pathology Division, Science & Technology Park, IRCCS MultiMedica Group, Milan, Italy
| | - Namrata Vijayvergia
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fiorella Calabrese
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Mauro Papotti
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, and Pathology Division, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
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Markovsky E, Vax E, Ben-Shushan D, Eldar-Boock A, Shukrun R, Yeini E, Barshack I, Caspi R, Harari-Steinberg O, Pode-Shakked N, Dekel B, Satchi-Fainaro R. Wilms Tumor NCAM-Expressing Cancer Stem Cells as Potential Therapeutic Target for Polymeric Nanomedicine. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:2462-2472. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Recent updates on grading and classification of neuroendocrine tumors. Ann Diagn Pathol 2017; 29:11-16. [PMID: 28807335 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are originating from neuroendocrine cells in diffuse endocrine systems. NETs are diagnosed by characteristic histologic features and immunoprofiles. Recent 2010 WHO classification for gastroenteropancreatic NETs introduced grading system based on mitotic count and Ki-67 proliferation index. Gastroenteropancreatic NETs are classified as NET grade 1, NET grade 2, and neuroendocrine carcinoma (NET grade 3). However, the carcinoid is still used in classification of NETs of the lung and uterine cervix. Some issues with grading system such as methodologies for evaluation of Ki-67 index and subclassification of neuroendocrine carcinoma (NET grade 3) are arising. The importance of Ki-67 labeling index is emerging in differential diagnosis of lung carcinoids. In this review, we focus on recent grading and classification of NETs and related issues in various organs, including gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, lung, and female reproductive organs.
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Targeting NCAM-expressing neuroblastoma with polymeric precision nanomedicine. J Control Release 2017; 249:162-172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Pelosi G, Scarpa A, Forest F, Sonzogni A. The impact of immunohistochemistry on the classification of lung tumors. Expert Rev Respir Med 2016; 10:1105-21. [PMID: 27617475 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2017.1235975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To highlight the role of immunohistochemistry to lung cancer classification on the basis of existing guidelines and future perspectives. AREAS COVERED Four orienting key-issues were structured according to an extensive review on the English literature: a) cancer subtyping; b) best biomarkers and rules to follow; c) negative and positive profiling; d) suggestions towards an evidence-based proposal for lung cancer subtyping. A sparing material approach based on a limited number of specific markers is highly desirable. It includes p40 for squamous cell carcinoma ('no p40, no squamous'), TTF1 for adenocarcinoma, synaptophysin for neuroendocrine tumors and vimentin for sarcomatoid carcinoma. A close relationship between genotype and phenotype also supports a diagnostic role for negative profiles. Expert commentary: Highly specific and sensitive IHC markers according to positive and negative diagnostic algorithms seem appropriate for individual patients' lung cancer subtyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pelosi
- a Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- b Department of Pathology and Diagnostics , University and Hospital Trust of Verona , Verona , Italy.,c ARC-Net Research Centre , University and Hospital Trust of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Fabien Forest
- d Department of Pathology , University Hospital Center (CHU), North Hospital , Saint Etienne , France
| | - Angelica Sonzogni
- e Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori , Milan , Italy
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Simon P, Feuerstacke C, Kaese M, Saboor F, Middendorff R, Galuska SP. Polysialylation of NCAM characterizes the proliferation period of contractile elements during postnatal development of the epididymis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123960. [PMID: 25822229 PMCID: PMC4379024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysialic acid (polySia) attached to the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) regulates inter alia the proliferation and differentiation via the interactions with neurotrophins. Since in postnatal epididymis neurotrophins and their receptors like the Low-Affinity Nerve Growth Factor Receptor p75 and TrK B receptor are expressed, we wanted to analyze if the polysialylation of NCAM is also involved during the development of the epididymis. To this end, we monitored the developmental changes in the expression of the polysialyltransferases and NCAM polysialylation using murine epididymis at different time points during postnatal development. Our results revealed that during postnatal development of the epididymis both polysialyltransferases, ST8SiaII and ST8SiaIV, were expressed and that the expression levels dropped with increasing age. In agreement with the expression levels of the polysialyltransferases the highest content of polysialylated NCAM was present during the first 10 days after birth. Interestingly, proliferating smooth muscle cell populations prevalently expressed polysialylated NCAM. Furthermore, we observed that inverse to the decrease in polysialylation of smooth muscle cells a strong up-regulation of collagen takes place suggesting a functional relationship since collagen was recently described to induce the turnover of polysialylated NCAM via an induction of endocytosis in cellulo. The same time course of polySia and collagen synthesis was also observed in other regions of the male reproductive system e.g. vas deferens and tunica albuginea (testis). Together, we identified a spatio-temporal expression pattern of polySia-NCAM characterized by high proliferation rate of smooth muscle cells and low collagen content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Simon
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Friedrichstr. 24, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Aulweg 123, 35385, Giessen, Germany
| | - Caroline Feuerstacke
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Aulweg 123, 35385, Giessen, Germany
| | - Miriam Kaese
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Friedrichstr. 24, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Farhan Saboor
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Aulweg 123, 35385, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ralf Middendorff
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Aulweg 123, 35385, Giessen, Germany
- * E-mail: (RM); (SPG)
| | - Sebastian P. Galuska
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Friedrichstr. 24, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- * E-mail: (RM); (SPG)
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Ulm C, Saffarzadeh M, Mahavadi P, Müller S, Prem G, Saboor F, Simon P, Middendorff R, Geyer H, Henneke I, Bayer N, Rinné S, Lütteke T, Böttcher-Friebertshäuser E, Gerardy-Schahn R, Schwarzer D, Mühlenhoff M, Preissner KT, Günther A, Geyer R, Galuska SP. Soluble polysialylated NCAM: a novel player of the innate immune system in the lung. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:3695-708. [PMID: 23619613 PMCID: PMC11113884 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1342-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational modification of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) by polysialic acid (polySia) is well studied in the nervous system and described as a dynamic modulator of plastic processes like precursor cell migration, axon fasciculation, and synaptic plasticity. Here, we describe a novel function of polysialylated NCAM (polySia-NCAM) in innate immunity of the lung. In mature lung tissue of healthy donors, polySia was exclusively attached to the transmembrane isoform NCAM-140 and located to intracellular compartments of epithelial cells. In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, however, increased polySia levels and processing of the NCAM carrier were observed. Processing of polysialylated NCAM was reproduced in a mouse model by bleomycin administration leading to an activation of the inflammasome and secretion of interleukin (IL)-1β. As shown in a cell culture model, polySia-NCAM-140 was kept in the late trans-Golgi apparatus of lung epithelial cells and stimulation by IL-1β or lipopolysaccharide induced metalloprotease-mediated ectodomain shedding, resulting in the secretion of soluble polySia-NCAM. Interestingly, polySia chains of secreted NCAM neutralized the cytotoxic activity of extracellular histones as well as DNA/histone-network-containing "neutrophil extracellular traps", which are formed during invasion of microorganisms. Thus, shedding of polySia-NCAM by lung epithelial cells may provide a host-protective mechanism to reduce tissue damage during inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Ulm
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Mona Saffarzadeh
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Poornima Mahavadi
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sandra Müller
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gerlinde Prem
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Farhan Saboor
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Simon
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ralf Middendorff
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hildegard Geyer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ingrid Henneke
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Nils Bayer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Susanne Rinné
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Lütteke
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | - David Schwarzer
- Institute of Cellular Chemistry, Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Andreas Günther
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rudolf Geyer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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Transforming growth factor-beta1 induces microvascular abnormalities through a down-modulation of neural cell adhesion molecule in human hepatocellular carcinoma. J Transl Med 2012; 92:1297-309. [PMID: 22732936 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2012.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a very angiogenic and malignant cancer. Conventional chemotherapy is poorly effective because of the abnormal structural organization of HCC-infiltrating vessels. In previous work, we demonstrated that HCC angiogenesis is driven by transforming growth factor beta-1(TGF-β1)/CD105 axis, stimulating liver-derived microvascular endothelial cells (Ld-MECs) migration. As TGF-β1 also affects mural cells (MCs) recruitment and maturation, we asked whether it may contribute to HCC-induced vascular abnormalities. HCC and adjacent non-neoplastic liver (nNL) biopsies obtained from 12 patients were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for angiogenic markers CD105, TGF-β1, CD44 and vascular endothelial growth factor-a (VEGFa) and for MC markers NG2, α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) and neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM). The same markers were also investigated by immunocytochemistry on cultured HCC-derived stromal cells (HCC-StCs) and nNL-derived StCs (nNL-StCs) isolated from the same liver biopsies. Angiogenic factors released by StCs were analyzed by ELISA and the interaction between StCs and Ld-MECs by adhesion assay. Compared with nNL, HCC biopsies showed increased angiogenic markers and αSMA that was localized in vessels. By contrast, NG2 and NCAM were substantially localized in tumor cells but absent in vessels and stroma. Cultured HCC-StCs showed less expression of NG2, αSMA and NCAM. They also demonstrated a lower capacity to release angiogenic factors and adhered on Ld-MECs. HCC-StCs and nNL-StCs treated with TGF-β1 or with of HepG2 (a human hepatoma cell line) derived conditioned medium (CM), down-modulated NCAM expression, whereas anti-NCAM antibodies significantly reduced the adhesion of StCs to Ld-MECs. By further blocking TGF-β1 with anti-TGF-β1 antibodies or with Ly-364947 (a specific inhibitor TGF-β1-receptor) adhesion to Ld-MECs and NCAM expression respectively was partially restored. TGF-β1 contributes to HCC-induced vascular alterations by affecting the interaction between HCC-StCs and Ld-MECs through a down-modulation of NCAM expression.
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Abstract
The early diagnosis of mesothelioma is notoriously difficult, both from a clinical and pathological perspective. Patients often undergo several medical investigations without definitive diagnosis. The discovery of biomarkers that can be assessed in pleural effusions, histological samples, and serum may assist with the difficult early diagnosis of mesothelioma. In this chapter we focus on those markers that have been examined in the setting of either early diagnosis of mesothelioma in symptomatic individuals or that have been proposed as suitable for screening of asbestos-exposed individuals, with an emphasis on cytology and histology.
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Eliciting carbohydrate-specific immune response against sialosides: success and challenges. Future Med Chem 2011; 3:519-34. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.11.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoenzymatic synthesis has been shown to be a powerful adjunct to carbohydrate chemistry since it allows chemists to prepare a wide range of complex carbohydrate analogs in large amounts and with unparalleled efficiency. Here we summarize investigations conducted in our group into the synthesis and immunochemistry of tumor-associated gangliosides and the development of a chemoenzymatic route to α(2→8)-linked oligosialosides by probing substrate binding to the enzyme, α(2→8)-sialyltransferase.
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Pelosi G, Sonzogni A, Galetta D, Perrone F, Braidotti P, Manzotti M, Fabbri A, Spaggiari L, Veronesi G, Viale G. Combined small-cell carcinoma of the lung with quadripartite differentiation of epithelial, neuroendocrine, skeletal muscle, and myofibroblastic type. Virchows Arch 2011; 458:497-503. [PMID: 21210145 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-010-1011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2010] [Revised: 11/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The combined variant of small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) refers to the variable admixture of small cell and non-small cell carcinoma, whereas the association with sarcoma or sarcoma-like elements is exceedingly rare. A 76-year-old Caucasian man underwent right upper lobectomy with regional lymphadenectomy because of a symptomatic 7 cm-sized tumor mass. Formalin fixed-paraffin embedded material was used to highlight several differentiation cell lineages by means of immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and mutational assay. The tumor was discovered as being IIB stage (pT2b pN1(1/51) pM0) and featured biphasic appearance with close intermingling of SCLC (40%) and collagen-rich spindle cell sarcoma (60%). Epithelial (cytokeratins, TTF-1), neural (neurofilaments, GFAP), endocrine (chromogranin, synaptophysin, CD56), and skeletal muscle (desmin, sarcomeric actin, myogenin) markers were variably co-expressed by SCLC elements, whereas mesenchymal (vimentin), smooth muscle (actin, myosin, H-caldesmon, calponin), fibroblastic (CD10), and, more focally, skeletal muscle (desmin, sarcomeric actin and myogenin) markers were highlighted in the spindle cell sarcoma elements. TP53 codon V274F mutation in exon 8 was shared by either cell component. After undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy, the patient is currently alive and well at the 40-month follow-up. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of combined SCLC with quadripartite differentiation of epithelial, neuroendocrine, skeletal muscle, and myofibroblastic type, somewhere at the level of the same individual tumor cells. This tumor had probably derived for clonal evolution of a p53-mutated common ancestor lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pelosi
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy.
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Campodónico PB, de Kier Joffé EDB, Urtreger AJ, Lauria LS, Lastiri JM, Puricelli LI, Todaro LB. The neural cell adhesion molecule is involved in the metastatic capacity in a murine model of lung cancer. Mol Carcinog 2010; 49:386-97. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.20611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Melotti A, Daga A, Marubbi D, Zunino A, Mutti L, Corte G. In vitro and in vivo characterization of highly purified human mesothelioma derived cells. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:54. [PMID: 20175889 PMCID: PMC2850899 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant pleural mesothelioma is a rare disease known to be resistant to conventional therapies. A better understanding of mesothelioma biology may provide the rationale for new therapeutic strategies. In this regard, tumor cell lines development has been an important tool to study the biological properties of many tumors. However all the cell lines established so far were grown in medium containing at least 10% serum, and it has been shown that primary cell lines cultured under these conditions lose their ability to differentiate, acquire gene expression profiles that differ from that of tissue specific stem cells or the primary tumor they derive from, and in some cases are neither clonogenic nor tumorigenic. Our work was aimed to establish from fresh human pleural mesothelioma samples cell cultures maintaining tumorigenic properties. METHODS The primary cell cultures, obtained from four human pleural mesotheliomas, were expanded in vitro in a low serum proliferation-permissive medium and the expression of different markers as well as the tumorigenicity in immunodeficient mice was evaluated. RESULTS The established mesothelioma cell cultures are able to engraft, after pseudo orthotopic intraperitoneal transplantation, in immunodeficient mouse and maintain this ability to after serial transplantation. Our cell cultures were strongly positive for CD46, CD47, CD56 and CD63 and were also strongly positive for some markers never described before in mesothelioma cell lines, including CD55, CD90 and CD99. By real time PCR we found that our cell lines expressed high mRNA levels of typical mesothelioma markers as mesothelin (MSLN) and calretinin (CALB2), and of BMI-1, a stemness marker, and DKK1, a potent Wingless [WNT] inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS These cell cultures may provide a valuable in vitro and in vivo model to investigate mesothelioma biology. The identification of new mesothelioma markers may be useful for diagnosis and/or prognosis of this neoplasia as well as for isolation of mesothelioma tumor initiating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Melotti
- Department of Oncology, Biology and Genetics, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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Lane Z, Epstein JI. Small blue cells mimicking small cell carcinoma in spermatocele and hydrocele specimens: a report of 5 cases. Hum Pathol 2010; 41:88-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2009.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Davidson B. New diagnostic and molecular characteristics of malignant mesothelioma. Ultrastruct Pathol 2009; 32:227-40. [PMID: 19117264 DOI: 10.1080/01913120802454298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma is a primary cancer of the serosal cavities, an anatomic site that is also frequently affected by metastatic disease, predominantly from primary carcinomas of the lung, breast, and ovary. Advances in immunohistochemistry have resulted in improved diagnostic sensitivity and specificity in the differential diagnosis between metastatic adenocarcinoma and malignant mesothelioma in both cytological and histological material. Recently, the author's group applied high throughput technology to the identification of new markers that may aid in differentiating malignant mesothelioma from ovarian and peritoneal serous carcinoma, tumors with closely related histogenesis and antigenic profile. In addition to the improved tools available for serosal cancer diagnosis, knowledge regarding the biology of malignant mesothelioma has been accumulating in recent years. This review presents current data regarding the diagnostic and biological aspects of malignant mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Davidson
- Division of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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Chekhonin VP, Shepeleva II, Gurina OI. Disturbances in the expression Of neuronal cell adhesion proteins NCAM. Clinical aspects. NEUROCHEM J+ 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712408040028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Expression of CD56 isoforms in primary and relapsed adult granulosa cell tumors of the ovary. Diagn Pathol 2008; 3:29. [PMID: 18613980 PMCID: PMC2474830 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-3-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult granulosa cell tumors of the ovary (GCTs) are sex cord stromal tumors of unpredictable behaviour. Up to now, the prediction of the relapsing/malignant potential remains difficult. CD56 (NCAM) in GCTs was previously described in only two studies. However, the expression of its isoforms was not examined. METHODS 30 GCTs (16 primaries, 14 relapses) were investigated immunohistochemically with antibodies against Pan-CD56 (CD56Pan) and the isoform with 140/180 kDa length (CD56140/180 kDa). The reaction was assessed with respect to percentage of positive cells and intensity of staining. RESULTS In all GCTs, CD56Pan was expressed, but differences were found between primaries and relapses. The percentage of CD56Pan positive tumor cells was lower in relapses, whereas CD56140/180 kDa showed a higher staining intensity in the latter. CONCLUSION Expression of CD56 is an additional sensitive and helpful immunohistochemical tool for histopathologists diagnosing a GCT. It does not seem possible to provide a validly individual risk assessment. However, the different expression of CD56 isoforms might indicate important changes in the course to a more malignant behaviour.
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Todaro L, Christiansen S, Varela M, Campodónico P, Pallotta MG, Lastiri J, Sacerdote de Lustig E, Bal de Kier Joffé E, Puricelli L. Alteration of serum and tumoral neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) isoforms in patients with brain tumors. J Neurooncol 2007; 83:135-44. [PMID: 17216340 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-006-9312-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) is involved in the intercellular junctions of neurons and glial cells. We investigated its relevance as a biomarker in gliomas which main characteristic is their high invasiveness. We studied by Western blot the pattern of serum NCAM bands in patients with gliomas (n = 34), with brain metastasis of different primary cancers (n = 27) and with benign brain tumors (n = 22)] compared with healthy controls (n = 69). For densitometric analysis NCAM bands > or = 130 kDa (HMW) and <130 kDa (LMW) were clustered. We observed that glioma patients presented higher NCAM HMW and lower NCAM LMW levels than control subjects (P < 0.01). A similar pattern was found in patients with brain metastasis or brain benign tumors, suggesting that the pattern of serum NCAM bands would be useful to detect brain tumor pathology. On the other hand, serum NCAM expression was not associated with the main clinicopathological features of gliomas, including overall survival. Interestingly, we found that 9/12 patients with glioma showed a significant decrease in NCAM HMW/LMW ratio between 1-3 months after successful tumor removal. Thus, serum NCAM could be a useful marker for monitoring treatment.NCAM expression was also analyzed at tissular level in 59 glioma sections from paraffined tumors. We observed that NCAM immunostaining was inversely correlated with the histological grade of malignancy, remaining this association in a multivariate analysis. Besides, loss of NCAM staining was significantly associated with bad prognosis in an univariate analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Todaro
- Research Area of the Institute of Oncology Angel H. Roffo, University of Buenos Aires, Av. San Martin 5481, Buenos Aires, C1417DTB, Argentina
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Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a malignant tumor derived from mesothelial cells, native cells of the body cavities. Exposure to asbestos is the most strongly established etiologic factor, predominantly for the most common disease form, pleural mesothelioma. The pathogenesis of MM involves the accumulation of extensive cytogenetic changes, as well as cancer-related phenotypic alterations that facilitate tumor cell survival, invasion and metastasis. This review presents current knowledge regarding the biological characteristics of this disease that are linked to the so-called hallmarks of cancer. In addition, data suggesting that the anatomic site (solid tumor vs. effusion) affects the expression of metastasis-associated and regulatory molecules in MM are presented. Finally, recent work in which high-throughput methodology has been applied to MM research is reviewed. The data obtained in the reviewed research may aid in defining new prognostic markers and therapeutic targets for this aggressive disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Davidson
- Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, Montebello N-0310 Oslo, Norway
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Kapur U, Wojcik EM. Fine-needle aspiration of malignant mesothelioma with unusual morphologic features: A case report. Diagn Cytopathol 2007; 35:174-8. [PMID: 17415923 DOI: 10.1002/dc.20605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma is an aggressive neoplasm linked to asbestos exposure. Most mesothelioma patients present with pleural effusion and the fluid is typically sent for cytological examination. Therefore, cytopathologists are most familiar with features of mesothelioma in fluid preparations. We present here a case of malignant mesothelioma with unusual cytological features diagnosed on FNA. The diagnosis was confirmed by immuno-histochemical and electron microscopic studies. In addition, we compare the cytomorphological features observed in malignant effusion versus fine-needle aspiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh Kapur
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
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Suster S, Moran CA. Applications and limitations of immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. Adv Anat Pathol 2006; 13:316-29. [PMID: 17075297 DOI: 10.1097/01.pap.0000213064.05005.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma is an uncommon malignant epithelial neoplasm originating from the serosal surface of body cavities. Because serosal surfaces are a common site of metastatic spread for a variety of malignant neoplasms originating from internal organs, separating malignant mesothelioma from metastatic tumors is of clinical importance. The diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma is complex and usually requires a multimodal approach that includes careful clinical history and physical examination, imaging studies, and tissue sampling for multimodal evaluation including routine histology, histochemistry, electron microscopy, and immunohistochemical tests. Of these, immunohistochemistry has emerged as the most valuable and readily available modality for the routine evaluation of these tumors. Unfortunately, no specific antibodies have yet been developed that can be accepted as exclusive for these tumors. The immunohistochemical diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma therefore depends on the use of a panel of stains that includes markers that are commonly expected to react with these tumors ("positive" markers) and markers that are not commonly expected to react with these tumors ("negative" markers). Additionally, the selection and utility of these various markers can vary considerably based on a constellation of circumstances, including patient sex, histologic appearance of the tumor (ie, epithelioid vs. sarcomatoid, etc), and various other clinical circumstances. Herein, we will review the currently available immunohistochemical markers used for the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma and offer suggestions for the use of appropriate panels of stains based on specific morphologic types and clinical circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul Suster
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University and the James Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Schinstine M, Abati A, Tsokos M, Fox E, Filie AC. Cytological identification of metastatic epithelial nephroblastoma in pleural fluid: Report of a case and review of literature. Diagn Cytopathol 2006; 34:621-5. [PMID: 16900470 DOI: 10.1002/dc.20535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nephroblastoma (Wilms' tumor) is the most common childhood renal tumor and usually presents with a histology and cytology consisting of blastemal, epithelial, and stromal cells. Effusions are not uncommon and may suggest an unfavorable prognosis when containing anaplastic tumor cells. In the present case, we report the cytological appearance of a Wilms' tumor metastatic to the pleura. The effusion consisted primarily of tumor cells demonstrating epithelial differentiation. The tumor cells mostly presented as three-dimensional aggregates in an inflammatory background. Many cystic and tubular structures were identified. The tumor cells demonstrated strong CD56 and WT1 immunoreactivity. The histology of a subsequent surgical specimen reflected the features seen in cytology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Schinstine
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1500, USA
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Crnic I, Strittmatter K, Cavallaro U, Kopfstein L, Jussila L, Alitalo K, Christofori G. Loss of neural cell adhesion molecule induces tumor metastasis by up-regulating lymphangiogenesis. Cancer Res 2005; 64:8630-8. [PMID: 15574770 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-2523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reduced expression of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) has been implicated in the progression to tumor malignancy in cancer patients. Previously, we have shown that the loss of NCAM function causes the formation of lymph node metastasis in a transgenic mouse model of pancreatic beta cell carcinogenesis (Rip1Tag2). Here we show that tumors of NCAM-deficient Rip1Tag2 transgenic mice exhibit up-regulated expression of the lymphangiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C and -D (17% in wild-type versus 60% in NCAM-deficient Rip1Tag2 mice) and, with it, increased lymphangiogenesis (0% in wild-type versus 19% in NCAM-deficient Rip1Tag2 mice). Repression of VEGF-C and -D function by adenoviral expression of a soluble form of their cognate receptor, VEGF receptor-3, results in reduced tumor lymphangiogenesis (56% versus 28% in control versus treated mice) and lymph node metastasis (36% versus 8% in control versus treated mice). The results indicate that the loss of NCAM function causes lymph node metastasis via VEGF-C- and VEGF-D-mediated lymphangiogenesis. These results also establish Rip1Tag2;NCAM-deficient mice as a unique model for stochastic, endogenous tumor lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis in immunocompetent mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Crnic
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Department of Clinical-Biological Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Rayhan N, Sano T, Qian ZR, Obari AK, Hirokawa M. Histological and immunohistochemical study of composite neuroendocrine-exocrine carcinomas of the stomach. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2005; 52:191-202. [PMID: 16167538 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.52.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Composite neuroendocrine-exocrine carcinomas (NEECs) with two distinct components of adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine (NE) carcinoma within the same tumor are rare but may have a clue for clarifying the pathogenesis of NE tumors arising from non-endocrine organs. This study was done to characterize histological and immunohistochemical features of NEECs of the stomach comparing with pure NE tumors of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Microscopically, adenocarcinoma components in 6 of 8 NEECs were well differentiated and located superficially, whereas NE components were poorly differentiated and located deeply. In the remaining two cases, smaller NE components were intermingled within adenocarcinoma components. Immunohistochemically, neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) was positive in 5 NE components, of which 3 cases were homogeneously positive, and 2 adenocarcinoma components of 8 NEECs, while 19 of 21 pure NE tumors of GI tract were homogeneously positive for NCAM. Ghrelin-immunoreactivity was found in 4 NE components and 2 adenocarcinoma components of NEECs, although 20 pure NE tumors were positive for ghrelin. Smad4 was positive in both components of 7 NEECs. These findings suggest that composite NEECs and pure NE tumors of GI tract may have different NE properties and that most NE components of composite NEECs of the stomach may originate from an adenocarcinoma precursor cell and occasional tumors from a pluripotent cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Rayhan
- Department of Human Pathology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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Cavallaro U, Christofori G. Multitasking in tumor progression: signaling functions of cell adhesion molecules. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004; 1014:58-66. [PMID: 15153420 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1294.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 90% of all cancer deaths arise from metastasis formation. Hence, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying tumor progression, local invasion, and the formation of tumor metastases represents one of the great challenges in exploratory cancer research. Recent experimental results indicate that changes in cell adhesion play a critical role in tumor progression. Cell adhesion molecules of varying classes and functions, including cadherins, cell adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin family (Ig-CAMs), CD44, and integrins, can interact with and modulate the signaling function of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Conversely, signaling by RTKs can directly affect the adhesive function of adhesion molecules. Loss of E-cadherin and gain of mesenchymal cadherin function as well as changes in the expression of Ig-CAMs during the progression of many cancer types exemplify such functional implicatons: cell adhesion molecules not only define a tumor cell's adhesive repertoire, but also directly influence classic signal transduction pathways, thereby modulating the metastatic behavior of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Cavallaro
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Department of Clinical-Biological Sciences, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, CH - 4051 Basel, Switzerland
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Cavallaro
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Department of Clincal-Biological Sciences, University of Basel. Switzerland
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Cornfield D, Liu Z, Gorczyca W, Weisberger J. The potential role of flow cytometry in the diagnosis of small cell carcinoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2003; 127:461-4. [PMID: 12683875 DOI: 10.5858/2003-127-0461-tprofc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Virtually no information exists in the medical literature on the immunophenotyping of small cell carcinoma by flow cytometry. CD56, or neural cell adhesion molecule, is widely expressed by small cell carcinoma and easily measured by flow cytometry. OBJECTIVE To determine the potential usefulness of flow cytometry in the diagnosis of small cell carcinoma. DESIGN AND SETTING Retrospective data and archival material on 27 patients were obtained from community hospitals. Specimens (needle aspirations and tissue biopsies) from all patients demonstrated cytomorphologic and flow cytometric features consistent with small cell carcinoma. All measurements were performed at a large reference laboratory. Routine 3- and 4-color flow cytometry using a lymphoma antibody panel, including anti-CD56, was performed. Anti-cytokeratin antibody was also used in the last 12 cases. Immunohistochemical staining with a panel of conventional markers for neuroendocrine neoplasms was performed on available tissue for purposes of confirmation of small cell carcinoma. PATIENTS Twenty-seven patients whose tissue specimens showed a clearly defined population of CD45-CD56+ cells by flow cytometry and cytomorphologic features consistent with small cell carcinoma. INTERVENTIONS Needle aspiration (n = 3) and tissue biopsy (n = 24) from a variety of sites. RESULTS CD56 positivity by flow cytometry was 100 to 1000 times that of the matched isotype control in 25 cases and 10 to 100 times that of the control in 2 cases. Cytokeratin positivity by flow cytometry was found in 12 of 12 cases. Immunohistochemical staining showed positivity for at least 1 cytokeratin and 1 or more neuroendocrine markers in 26 of 27 cases and confirmed the diagnosis of small cell carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS Routine flow cytometry can identify a neuroendocrine phenotype that shows a strong correlation with confirmatory immunohistochemical markers in cases exhibiting cytomorphologic features of small cell carcinoma. Flow cytometry appears to complement and may possibly be a satisfactory alternative to immunohistochemical staining when small cell carcinoma is suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Cornfield
- Section of Hematopathology, Health Network Laboratories/Lehigh Valley Hospital, Allentown, Pa 18103, USA.
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Sandberg AA, Bridge JA. Updates on the cytogenetics and molecular genetics of bone and soft tissue tumors. Mesothelioma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(01)00432-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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