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Xu N, Han X, Zhang Y, Huang X, Zhu W, Shen M, Zhang W, Jialin C, Wei M, Qiu Z, Zeng X. Clinical features of gout in adult patients with type Ia glycogen storage disease: a single-centre retrospective study and a review of literature. Arthritis Res Ther 2022; 24:58. [PMID: 35219330 PMCID: PMC8881853 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-021-02706-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to explore the clinical features of gout in adult patients with glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD Ia). Methods Ninety-five adult patients with GSD Ia admitted to Peking Union Medical College Hospital were retrospectively analysed. A clinical diagnosis of GSD Ia was confirmed in all patients through gene sequencing. All patients had hyperuricaemia; 31 patients complicated with gout were enrolled, and 64 adult GSD Ia patients with asymptomatic hyperuricaemia were selected as a control group during the same period. Clinical characteristics were analysed and compared between the two groups. Results Thirty-one of the 95 patients had complications of gout (median age, 25 years; 11 (35.5%) females). All 31 patients had hepatomegaly, abnormal liver function, fasting hypoglycaemia, hyperuricaemia, hyperlipaemia, and hyperlacticaemia. A protuberant abdomen, growth retardation, recurrent epistaxis, and diarrhoea were the most common clinical manifestations. Among these 31 patients, 10 patients (32.3%) had gout as the presenting manifestation and were diagnosed with GSD Ia at a median time of 5 years (range, 1–14) after the first gout flare. The median age of gout onset was 18 years (range, 10–29). Fifteen of the 31 GSD Ia-related gout patients were complicated with gouty tophi, which has an average incidence time of 2 years after the first gouty flare. The mean value of the maximum serum uric acid (SUA) was 800.5 μmol/L (range, 468–1068). The incidence of gout in adult GSD Ia patients was significantly associated with the initial age of regular treatment with raw corn starch, the proportion of urate-lowering therapy initiated during the asymptomatic hyperuricaemic stage, maximum SUA level, and mean cholesterol level. Conclusions Determination of GSD Ia should be performed for young-onset gout patients with an early occurrence of gouty tophi, especially in patients with hepatomegaly, recurrent hypoglycaemia, or growth retardation. Early detection and long-term regulatory management of hyperuricaemia, in addition to early raw corn starch and lifestyle intervention, should be emphasized for GSD Ia patients in order to maintain good metabolic control. Trial registration Retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Xu
- Department of family medicine & Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases (Peking Union Medical College Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Xinxin Han
- Department of family medicine & Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases (Peking Union Medical College Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of family medicine & Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases (Peking Union Medical College Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoming Huang
- Department of family medicine & Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases (Peking Union Medical College Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Weiguo Zhu
- Department of family medicine & Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases (Peking Union Medical College Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Min Shen
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Jialin
- Department of family medicine & Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases (Peking Union Medical College Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Min Wei
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengqing Qiu
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Xuejun Zeng
- Department of family medicine & Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases (Peking Union Medical College Hospital), Beijing, China.
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The Role of Oxidative Stress in Hyperuricemia and Xanthine Oxidoreductase (XOR) Inhibitors. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:1470380. [PMID: 33854690 PMCID: PMC8019370 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1470380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Uric acid is the end product of purine metabolism in humans. Hyperuricemia is a metabolic disease caused by the increased formation or reduced excretion of serum uric acid (SUA). Alterations in SUA homeostasis have been linked to a number of diseases, and hyperuricemia is the major etiologic factor of gout and has been correlated with metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, and renal disease. Oxidative stress is usually defined as an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in our body and is considered to be one of the main causes of cell damage and the development of disease. Studies have demonstrated that hyperuricemia is closely related to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the human body, xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) catalyzes the oxidative hydroxylation of hypoxanthine to xanthine to uric acid, with the accompanying production of ROS. Therefore, XOR is considered a drug target for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of uric acid transport and the development of hyperuricemia, emphasizing the role of oxidative stress in the occurrence and development of hyperuricemia. We also summarize recent advances and new discoveries in XOR inhibitors.
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Abstract
Gout, a debilitating inflammatory arthritis, currently affects more than 9 million Americans. Hyperuricemia, the laboratory abnormality associated with the development of gout, also occurs in a significant number of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), a condition that affects approximately 14% of the US population. Several recent studies have attempted to provide a definitive link between the presence of hyperuricemia and progression of CKD; however, the treatment of asymptomatic hyperuricemia in CKD is not supported by recent randomized controlled trials. The pharmacology of acute gout flares and urate lowering is complicated in patients who also have evidence of CKD, primarily because of an increased risk of medication toxicity. Recipients of kidney transplants are particularly at risk of debilitating gout and medication toxicity. We review the available data linking CKD, gout, and hyperuricemia, providing practice guidelines on managing gout in CKD patients and kidney transplant recipients. We advocate for much greater involvement of nephrologists in the management of gout in renal patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David B Mount
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Renal Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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4
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Erickson TD, Assylbekova B, Chong ACM. Multiple Subcutaneous Gouty Tophi Even with Appropriate Medical Treatment: Case Report and Review of Literature. Kans J Med 2021; 14:12-16. [PMID: 33643522 PMCID: PMC7833980 DOI: 10.17161/kjm.vol1414505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexander C M Chong
- Sanford Health Department of Graduate Medical Education, Fargo, ND.,University of North Dakota, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND
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5
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Park JH, Jo YI, Lee JH. Renal effects of uric acid: hyperuricemia and hypouricemia. Korean J Intern Med 2020; 35:1291-1304. [PMID: 32872730 PMCID: PMC7652664 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2020.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing worldwide. Although hyperuricemia has been associated with CKD in many studies, it remains controversial whether this is the cause or the result of decreased renal function. Recent observational studies of healthy populations and patients with CKD have reported that uric acid (UA) has an independent role in the development or progression of CKD. Experimental studies have shown several potential mechanisms by which hyperuricemia may cause or promote CKD. However, other reports have indicated an association between hypouricemia and CKD. This opposing effect is hypothesized to occur because UA is a major antioxidant in human plasma and is associated with oxidative stress. In this article, we discuss the potential association between UA imbalance and CKD and how they can be treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwan Park
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Correspondence to Jung Hwan Park, M.D. Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, 120-1 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05030, Korea Tel: +82-2-2030-7528, Fax: +82-2-2030-7748, E-mail:
| | - Yong-Il Jo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Uric acid, the end product of purine metabolism, plays a key role in the pathogenesis of gout and other disease processes. The circulating serum uric acid concentration is governed by the relative balance of hepatic production, intestinal secretion, and renal tubular reabsorption and secretion. An elegant synergy between genome-wide association studies and transport physiology has led to the identification and characterization of the major transporters involved with urate reabsorption and secretion, in both kidney and intestine. This development, combined with continued analysis of population-level genetic data, has yielded an increasingly refined mechanistic understanding of uric acid homeostasis as well as greater understanding of the genetic and acquired influences on serum uric acid concentration. The continued delineation of novel and established regulatory pathways that regulate uric acid homeostasis promises to lead to a more complete understanding of uric acid-associated diseases and to identify new targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asim K Mandal
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - David B Mount
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Renal Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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Xia Z, Wang L, He G, Jiang X. Morphology Regulation of Monosodium Urate Monohydrate Crystals via Fabricated Uniform Hydrogel Slices. CRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/crat.202000039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeqiu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; School of Chemical Engineering; Engineering laboratory for Petrochemical Energy-Efficient Separation Technology of Liaoning Province; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian Liaoning 116024 China
| | - Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; School of Chemical Engineering; Engineering laboratory for Petrochemical Energy-Efficient Separation Technology of Liaoning Province; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian Liaoning 116024 China
| | - Gaohong He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; School of Chemical Engineering; Engineering laboratory for Petrochemical Energy-Efficient Separation Technology of Liaoning Province; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian Liaoning 116024 China
| | - Xiaobin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; School of Chemical Engineering; Engineering laboratory for Petrochemical Energy-Efficient Separation Technology of Liaoning Province; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian Liaoning 116024 China
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Tanev D, Peteva P, Fairbanks L, Marinaki A, Ivanova M, Alaikov T, Shivarov V. Beware of the Uric Acid: Severe Azathioprine Myelosuppression in a Patient With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis and Hereditary Xanthinuria. J Clin Rheumatol 2020; 26:e49-e52. [PMID: 32073534 DOI: 10.1097/rhu.0000000000000838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dobromir Tanev
- Department of Rheumatology, Sofiamed University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria Purine Research Laboratory, Viapath, Guy's and St Thomas', NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Alexandrovska University Hospital, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria Department of Clinical Hematology, Sofiamed University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria Department of Clinical Hematology, Sofiamed University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria; Department of Clinical Hematology and Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Sofiamed University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria,
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Hypouricemia: what the practicing rheumatologist should know about this condition. Clin Rheumatol 2019; 39:135-147. [PMID: 31650389 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-019-04788-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We presented an update in the field of hypouricemia, which is defined as a serum urate concentration of < 2 mg/dL (119 μmol/L), for the practicing rheumatologist, who usually is the consulting physician in cases of disorders of urate metabolism. We performed a narrative review through a literature search for original and review articles in the field of human hypouricemia published between January 1950 and July 2018. We divided the etiology of hypouricemia into two main categories: those associated with a decrease in urate production and those promoting the elimination of urate via the kidneys. The most common conditions associated with these categories are discussed. Furthermore, the etiology of hypouricemia may be associated with certain medications prescribed by the practicing rheumatologists, such as the following: urate-lowering drugs (allopurinol and febuxostat); recombinant uricase (pegloticase); uricosuric agents (probenecid, benzbromarone); urate transporter URAT1 inhibitor (lesinurad); angiotensin II receptor blocker (losartan); fenofibrate; high-dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; some NSAID; and high-dose salicylate therapy. The rheumatologist is considered an expert in the metabolism of urate and its associated pathological conditions. Therefore, specialists must recognize hypouricemia as a biomarker of various pathological and potentially harmful conditions, highlighting the importance of conducting a deeper clinical investigation to reach a more accurate diagnosis and treatment.
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van der Wijst J, Belge H, Bindels RJM, Devuyst O. Learning Physiology From Inherited Kidney Disorders. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1575-1653. [PMID: 31215303 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00008.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of genes causing inherited kidney diseases yielded crucial insights in the molecular basis of disease and improved our understanding of physiological processes that operate in the kidney. Monogenic kidney disorders are caused by mutations in genes coding for a large variety of proteins including receptors, channels and transporters, enzymes, transcription factors, and structural components, operating in specialized cell types that perform highly regulated homeostatic functions. Common variants in some of these genes are also associated with complex traits, as evidenced by genome-wide association studies in the general population. In this review, we discuss how the molecular genetics of inherited disorders affecting different tubular segments of the nephron improved our understanding of various transport processes and of their involvement in homeostasis, while providing novel therapeutic targets. These include inherited disorders causing a dysfunction of the proximal tubule (renal Fanconi syndrome), with emphasis on epithelial differentiation and receptor-mediated endocytosis, or affecting the reabsorption of glucose, the handling of uric acid, and the reabsorption of sodium, calcium, and magnesium along the kidney tubule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny van der Wijst
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; and Division of Nephrology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hendrica Belge
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; and Division of Nephrology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - René J M Bindels
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; and Division of Nephrology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Devuyst
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; and Division of Nephrology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Benn CL, Dua P, Gurrell R, Loudon P, Pike A, Storer RI, Vangjeli C. Physiology of Hyperuricemia and Urate-Lowering Treatments. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:160. [PMID: 29904633 PMCID: PMC5990632 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gout is the most common form of inflammatory arthritis and is a multifactorial disease typically characterized by hyperuricemia and monosodium urate crystal deposition predominantly in, but not limited to, the joints and the urinary tract. The prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia has increased in developed countries over the past two decades and research into the area has become progressively more active. We review the current field of knowledge with emphasis on active areas of hyperuricemia research including the underlying physiology, genetics and epidemiology, with a focus on studies which suggest association of hyperuricemia with common comorbidities including cardiovascular disease, renal insufficiency, metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Finally, we discuss current therapies and emerging drug discovery efforts aimed at delivering an optimized clinical treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pinky Dua
- Pfizer Ltd., Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Andrew Pike
- DMPK, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - R Ian Storer
- IMED Biotech Unit, Medicinal Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Chittoor G, Haack K, Mehta NR, Laston S, Cole SA, Comuzzie AG, Butte NF, Voruganti VS. Genetic variation underlying renal uric acid excretion in Hispanic children: the Viva La Familia Study. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2017; 18:6. [PMID: 28095793 PMCID: PMC5240212 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-016-0366-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Reduced renal excretion of uric acid plays a significant role in the development of hyperuricemia and gout in adults. Hyperuricemia has been associated with chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease in children and adults. There are limited genome-wide association studies associating genetic polymorphisms with renal urate excretion measures. Therefore, we investigated the genetic factors that influence the excretion of uric acid and related indices in 768 Hispanic children of the Viva La Familia Study. Methods We performed a genome-wide association analysis for 24-h urinary excretion measures such as urinary uric acid/urinary creatinine ratio, uric acid clearance, fractional excretion of uric acid, and glomerular load of uric acid in SOLAR, while accounting for non-independence among family members. Results All renal urate excretion measures were significantly heritable (p <2 × 10−6) and ranged from 0.41 to 0.74. Empirical threshold for genome-wide significance was set at p <1 × 10−7. We observed a strong association (p < 8 × 10−8) of uric acid clearance with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in zinc finger protein 446 (ZNF446) (rs2033711 (A/G), MAF: 0.30). The minor allele (G) was associated with increased uric acid clearance. Also, we found suggestive associations of uric acid clearance with SNPs in ZNF324, ZNF584, and ZNF132 (in a 72 kb region of 19q13; p <1 × 10−6, MAFs: 0.28–0.31). Conclusion For the first time, we showed the importance of 19q13 region in the regulation of renal urate excretion in Hispanic children. Our findings indicate differences in inherent genetic architecture and shared environmental risk factors between our cohort and other pediatric and adult populations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12881-016-0366-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Chittoor
- Department of Nutrition and UNC Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Karin Haack
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Nitesh R Mehta
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sandra Laston
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Shelley A Cole
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Anthony G Comuzzie
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Nancy F Butte
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - V Saroja Voruganti
- Department of Nutrition and UNC Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA.
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Rick J, Tsai MC, Hwang BJ. Biosensors Incorporating Bimetallic Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 6:E5. [PMID: 28344262 PMCID: PMC5302532 DOI: 10.3390/nano6010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This article presents a review of electrochemical bio-sensing for target analytes based on the use of electrocatalytic bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs), which can improve both the sensitivity and selectivity of biosensors. The review moves quickly from an introduction to the field of bio-sensing, to the importance of biosensors in today's society, the nature of the electrochemical methods employed and the attendant problems encountered. The role of electrocatalysts is introduced with reference to the three generations of biosensors. The contributions made by previous workers using bimetallic constructs, grouped by target analyte, are then examined in detail; following which, the synthesis and characterization of the catalytic particles is examined prior to a summary of the current state of endeavor. Finally, some perspectives for the future of bimetallic NPs in biosensors are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Rick
- NanoElectrochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Meng-Che Tsai
- NanoElectrochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Bing Joe Hwang
- NanoElectrochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
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Abstract
Gout is a common crystal-induced arthritis, in which monosodium urate (MSU) crystals precipitate within joints and soft tissues and elicit an inflammatory response. The causes of elevated serum urate and the inflammatory pathways activated by MSU crystals have been well studied, but less is known about the processes leading to crystal formation and growth. Uric acid, the final product of purine metabolism, is a weak acid that circulates as the deprotonated urate anion under physiologic conditions, and combines with sodium ions to form MSU. MSU crystals are known to have a triclinic structure, in which stacked sheets of purine rings form the needle-shaped crystals that are observed microscopically. Exposed, charged crystal surfaces are thought to allow for interaction with phospholipid membranes and serum factors, playing a role in the crystal-mediated inflammatory response. While hyperuricemia is a clear risk factor for gout, local factors have been hypothesized to play a role in crystal formation, such as temperature, pH, mechanical stress, cartilage components, and other synovial and serum factors. Interestingly, several studies suggest that MSU crystals may drive the generation of crystal-specific antibodies that facilitate future MSU crystallization. Here, we review MSU crystal biology, including a discussion of crystal structure, effector function, and factors thought to play a role in crystal formation. We also briefly compare MSU biology to that of uric acid stones causing nephrolithasis, and consider the potential treatment implications of MSU crystal biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Martillo
- Divisions of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, USA
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