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Geng ZH, Zhu Y, Chen WF, Fu PY, Xu JQ, Wang TY, Yao L, Liu ZQ, Li XQ, Zhang ZC, Wang Y, Ma LY, Lin SL, He MJ, Zhao C, Li QL, Zhou PH. The role of type II esophageal microbiota in achalasia: Activation of macrophages and degeneration of myenteric neurons. Microbiol Res 2023; 276:127470. [PMID: 37574627 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The gut microbiota plays a critical role in the appropriate development and maintenance of the enteric nervous system (ENS). Esophageal achalasia (EA) is a rare motility disorder characterized by the selective degeneration of inhibitory neurons in the esophageal myenteric plexus. This study aimed to evaluate the composition of the esophageal microbiota in achalasia and explore the potential microbial mechanisms involved in its pathogenesis. DESIGN The lower esophageal mucosal microbiota was analyzed in patients with achalasia and control participants using 16 S rRNA sequencing. The association between the esophageal microbiota and achalasia was validated by inducing esophageal dysbiosis in C57BL/10 J and C57BL/10ScNJ (TLR4KO) mice via chronic exposure to ampicillin sodium in their drinking water. RESULTS The esophageal microbiota in EA patients had lower diversity and a predominance of Gram-negative bacteria (Type II microbiota) compared to that in the healthy controls. Additionally, the relative abundance of Rhodobacter decreased significantly in patients with achalasia, which correlated with an enrichment of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis based on the COG database. Antibiotic-treated mice showed an esophageal microbiota characterized by increased abundance of Gram-negative bacteria (Type II microbiome), decreased abundance of Rhodobacter, and enriched LPS biosynthesis. Compared to the control and TLR4KO mice, the antibiotic-treated wild-type mice had higher LES resting pressure, increased LES contraction rate after carbachol stimulation, and decreased relaxation response to L-arginine. Moreover, the number of myenteric neurons decreased, while the number of lamina propria macrophages (LpMs) increased after antibiotic exposure. Furthermore, the TLR4-MYD88-NF-κB pathway was up-regulated, and the production of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 increased in the antibiotic-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS Patients with achalasia exhibit esophageal dysbiosis, which may induce aberrant esophageal motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Han Geng
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Feng Chen
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei-Yao Fu
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Qi Xu
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong-Yao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Yao
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
| | - Zu-Qiang Liu
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Li
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao-Chao Zhang
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Yun Ma
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Li Lin
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng-Jiang He
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Quan-Lin Li
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ping-Hong Zhou
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Choi EL, Taheri N, Tan E, Matsumoto K, Hayashi Y. The Crucial Role of the Interstitial Cells of Cajal in Neurointestinal Diseases. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1358. [PMID: 37759758 PMCID: PMC10526372 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurointestinal diseases result from dysregulated interactions between the nervous system and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, leading to conditions such as Hirschsprung's disease and irritable bowel syndrome. These disorders affect many people, significantly diminishing their quality of life and overall health. Central to GI motility are the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), which play a key role in muscle contractions and neuromuscular transmission. This review highlights the role of ICC in neurointestinal diseases, revealing their association with various GI ailments. Understanding the functions of the ICC could lead to innovative perspectives on the modulation of GI motility and introduce new therapeutic paradigms. These insights have the potential to enhance efforts to combat neurointestinal diseases and may lead to interventions that could alleviate or even reverse these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egan L. Choi
- Enteric Neuroscience Program and Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Guggenheim 10, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (E.L.C.); (N.T.)
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Negar Taheri
- Enteric Neuroscience Program and Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Guggenheim 10, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (E.L.C.); (N.T.)
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Elijah Tan
- Enteric Neuroscience Program and Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Guggenheim 10, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (E.L.C.); (N.T.)
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kenjiro Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts, Kyoto 610-0395, Japan;
| | - Yujiro Hayashi
- Enteric Neuroscience Program and Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Guggenheim 10, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (E.L.C.); (N.T.)
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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3
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Zhao W, Wang B, Zhang L, Jin H. Eosinophils Infiltration in Esophageal Muscularis Propria Induces Achalasia-like Esophageal Motility Disorder in Mice. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121865. [PMID: 36551293 PMCID: PMC9775547 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophil infiltration in esophageal muscularis propria is common in achalasia (AC). This study aims to evaluate the effect of eosinophil infiltration in muscularis propria of the esophagus on esophageal motility in mice. A mouse model with eosinophil infiltration in the esophageal muscle layer was established by long term Ovalbumin (OVA) exposure. The histopathology features of esophageal muscularis propria as well as parameters of esophageal motility, such as lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) and esophageal emptying, were compared between model and control group. In addition, the histopathology and motility of esophagus at each time point in the model group were compared. The esophageal motor function severely deteriorated in the model group, mimicking the abnormal esophageal motility of AC, with more eosinophils and fewer SOX-10-IR cells in esophageal muscularis propria in the model group, compared with control. With the prolongation of OVA treatment, esophageal motility disorder was aggravated, accompanied by increased eosinophils in the the muscle layer of esophagus and decreased SOX-10-IR cells in the model group. In addition, the eosinophil count was negatively correlated with SOX-10-IR cells. Long-term exposure to OVA assisted by alum may induce eosinophil infiltration in esophageal muscularis propria, reduced SOX-10-IR cells and abnormal esophageal motility, which simulates the functional and histopathological features of some AC patients. This suggests that eosinophil infiltration in esophageal muscularis propria may play a role in the pathogenesis of a subgroup of AC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lili Zhang
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (H.J.); Tel./Fax: +86-2260362608 (H.J.)
| | - Hong Jin
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (H.J.); Tel./Fax: +86-2260362608 (H.J.)
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4
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Zhang Y, Bailey D, Yang P, Kim E, Que J. The development and stem cells of the esophagus. Development 2021; 148:148/6/dev193839. [PMID: 33782045 PMCID: PMC8034879 DOI: 10.1242/dev.193839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The esophagus is derived from the anterior portion of the foregut endoderm, which also gives rise to the respiratory system. As it develops, the esophageal lining is transformed from a simple columnar epithelium into a stratified squamous cell layer, accompanied by the replacement of unspecified mesenchyme with layers of muscle cells. Studies in animal models have provided significant insights into the roles of various signaling pathways in esophageal development. More recent studies using human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) further demonstrate that some of these signaling pathways are conserved in human esophageal development. In addition, a combination of mouse genetics and hPSC differentiation approaches have uncovered new players that control esophageal morphogenesis. In this Review, we summarize these new findings and discuss how the esophagus is established and matures throughout different stages, including its initial specification, respiratory-esophageal separation, epithelial morphogenesis and maintenance. We also discuss esophageal muscular development and enteric nervous system innervation, which are essential for esophageal structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism & Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China,Authors for correspondence (; )
| | - Dominique Bailey
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA,Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA,Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Patrick Yang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Eugene Kim
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA,Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jianwen Que
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA,Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA,Authors for correspondence (; )
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5
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Gastrointestinal dysfunction in autism displayed by altered motility and achalasia in Foxp1 +/- mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:22237-22245. [PMID: 31611379 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1911429116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal dysfunctions in individuals with autism spectrum disorder are poorly understood, although they are common among this group of patients. FOXP1 haploinsufficiency is characterized by autistic behavior, language impairment, and intellectual disability, but feeding difficulties and gastrointestinal problems have also been reported. Whether these are primary impairments, the result of altered eating behavior, or side effects of psychotropic medication remains unclear. To address this question, we investigated Foxp1 +/- mice reflecting FOXP1 haploinsufficiency. These animals show decreased body weight and altered feeding behavior with reduced food and water intake. A pronounced muscular atrophy was detected in the esophagus and colon, caused by reduced muscle cell proliferation. Nitric oxide-induced relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter was impaired and achalasia was confirmed in vivo by manometry. Foxp1 targets (Nexn, Rbms3, and Wls) identified in the brain were dysregulated in the adult Foxp1 +/- esophagus. Total gastrointestinal transit was significantly prolonged due to impaired colonic contractility. Our results have uncovered a previously unknown dysfunction (achalasia and impaired gut motility) that explains the gastrointestinal disturbances in patients with FOXP1 syndrome, with potential wider relevance for autism.
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6
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Inoue SI, Takahara S, Yoshikawa T, Niihori T, Yanai K, Matsubara Y, Aoki Y. Activated Braf induces esophageal dilation and gastric epithelial hyperplasia in mice. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:4715-4727. [PMID: 28973166 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline mutations in BRAF are a major cause of cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome, which is characterized by heart defects, characteristic craniofacial dysmorphology and dermatologic abnormalities. Patients with CFC syndrome also commonly show gastrointestinal dysfunction, including feeding and swallowing difficulties and gastroesophageal reflux. We have previously found that knock-in mice expressing a Braf Q241R mutation exhibit CFC syndrome-related phenotypes, such as growth retardation, craniofacial dysmorphisms, congenital heart defects and learning deficits. However, it remains unclear whether BrafQ241R/+ mice exhibit gastrointestinal dysfunction. Here, we report that BrafQ241R/+ mice have neonatal feeding difficulties and esophageal dilation. The esophagus tissues from BrafQ241R/+ mice displayed incomplete replacement of smooth muscle with skeletal muscle and decreased contraction. Furthermore, the BrafQ241R/+ mice showed hyperkeratosis and a thickened muscle layer in the forestomach. Treatment with MEK inhibitors ameliorated the growth retardation, esophageal dilation, hyperkeratosis and thickened muscle layer in the forestomach in BrafQ241R/+ mice. The esophageal dilation with aberrant skeletal-smooth muscle boundary in BrafQ241R/+ mice were recovered after treatment with the histone H3K27 demethylase inhibitor GSK-J4. Our results provide clues to elucidate the pathogenesis and possible treatment of gastrointestinal dysfunction and failure to thrive in patients with CFC syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shingo Takahara
- Department of Medical Genetics.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery
| | - Takeo Yoshikawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Kazuhiko Yanai
- Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoichi Matsubara
- Department of Medical Genetics.,National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Jia X, Min L, Zhu S, Zhang S, Huang X. Loss of sonic hedgehog gene leads to muscle development disorder and megaesophagus in mice. FASEB J 2018; 32:5703-5715. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701581r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Jia
- Department of GastroenterologyNational Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing Digestive Disease CenterBeijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Diseases
- Department of StomatologyBeijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Li Min
- Department of GastroenterologyNational Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing Digestive Disease CenterBeijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Diseases
| | - Shengtao Zhu
- Department of GastroenterologyNational Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing Digestive Disease CenterBeijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Diseases
| | - Shutian Zhang
- Department of GastroenterologyNational Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing Digestive Disease CenterBeijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Diseases
| | - Xiaofeng Huang
- Department of StomatologyBeijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
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8
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Moore SW. Advances in understanding functional variations in the Hirschsprung disease spectrum (variant Hirschsprung disease). Pediatr Surg Int 2017; 33:285-298. [PMID: 27988850 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-016-4038-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a fairly well understood congenital, genetically based functional obstruction due to the congenital absence of ganglion cells in the distal bowel. However, although over 90% of Hirschsprung cases conform to the normally accepted histological diagnostic criteria, it has become increasingly clear that in addition to HSCR, there is a group of functional disturbances relating to a number of other congenital neurodysplastic conditions causing some degree of gastrointestinal tract malfunction. Although these represent a variety of possibly separate conditions of the enteric nervous system, this spectrum it would appear to be also influenced by similar developmental processes. The term "variant Hirschsprung" is commonly used to describe these conditions, but ganglion cells are mostly present if abnormal in number and distribution. These conditions are a problem group being amongst the most difficult to diagnose and treat with possible practical and legal consequences. The problem appears to be possibly one of definition which has proven difficult in the relative paucity of normal values, especially when correlated to age and gestation. It is the purpose of this paper to review the current position on these conditions and to explore possible shared common pathogenetic and genetic mechanisms. This article explores those conditions where a similar pathogenetic mechanisms to HSCR can be demonstrated (e.g. hypoganglionosis) as well as other neural features, which appear to represent separate conditions possibly linked to certain syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Moore
- Division of Paediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa.
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9
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Massocatto CL, Moreira NM, Muniz E, Pinge-Filho P, Rossi RM, Araújo EJDA, Sant'Ana DDMG. Aspirin prevents atrophy of esophageal nitrergic myenteric neurons in a mouse model of chronic Chagas disease. Dis Esophagus 2017; 30:1-8. [PMID: 26725535 DOI: 10.1111/dote.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The consequences of using aspirin (ASA) for the pathogenesis of Chagas disease are unclear. This study evaluated the effects of treatment of Chagas disease with ASA on the esophageal nitrergic myenteric neuron population and esophageal wall in mice. We observed that treatment of chagasic infection with ASA protects the esophageal myenteric neurons from the atrophy caused by the Trypanosoma cruzi infection. The mice were infected with 1300 trypomastigotes of Y strain T. cruzi intraperitoneally. Part of infected mice was treated with ASA from fifth to twelfth day after inoculation. Our data support the hypothesis that eicosanoids given during the acute phase of the chagasic infection may act as immunomodulators aiding the transition to and maintenance of the chronic phase of the disease. Besides, ASA treatment did not provoke alterations in the esophageal wall and the myenteric neurons in infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Massocatto
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - N M Moreira
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - E Muniz
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - P Pinge-Filho
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - R M Rossi
- Department of Statistics, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - E J de A Araújo
- Department of Histology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - D de M G Sant'Ana
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
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10
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Ye M, Zhang Q, Xu X, Zhang Q, Ge Y, Geng P, Yan J, Luo L, Sun Y, Liang X. Loss of JAM-C leads to impaired esophageal innervations and megaesophagus in mice. Dis Esophagus 2016; 29:864-871. [PMID: 26123848 DOI: 10.1111/dote.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Megaesophagus is a disease where peristalsis fails to occur properly and esophagus is enlarged. The etiology and mechanism of megaesophagus are not well understood. In this study, we reported that junctional adhesion molecule C (JAM-C) knockout mice on a C57/B6 background developed progressive megaesophagus from embryonic day (E) 15.5 onward with complete penetrance. JAM-C knockout mice exhibited a significant reduction in the number of nerve fibers/ganglia in the wall of the esophagus. However, histological analysis revealed that the esophageal wall thickness and structure of JAM-C knockout mice at embryonic stages and young adult were comparable to that of control littermates. Thus, megaesophagus observed in JAM-C knockout mice could be attributed, at least in part, to impaired esophageal innervations. Our data suggest JAM-C as a potential candidate gene for human megaesophagus, and JAM-C knockout mice might serve as a model for the study of human megaesophagus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ye
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Q Zhang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - X Xu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Q Zhang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Y Ge
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - P Geng
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - J Yan
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - L Luo
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Y Sun
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - X Liang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China.
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11
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Chen J, Hou N, Zhang C, Teng Y, Cheng X, Li Z, Ren J, Zeng J, Li R, Wang W, Yang X, Lan Y. Smooth Muscle Hgs Deficiency Leads to Impaired Esophageal Motility. Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11:794-802. [PMID: 26078721 PMCID: PMC4466460 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a master component of endosomal sorting complex required for transport proteins, hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (Hgs) participates multiple cellular behaviors. However, the physiological role of Hgs in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) is by far unknown. Here we explored the in vivo function of Hgs in SMCs by using a conditional gene knockout strategy. Hgs deficiency in SMCs uniquely led to a progressive dilatation of esophagus with a remarkable thinning muscle layer. Of note, the mutant esophagus showed a decreased contractile responsiveness to potassium chloride and acetylcholine stimulation. Furthermore, an increase in the inhibitory neurites along with an intense infiltration of T lymphocytes in the mucosa and muscle layer were observed. Consistently, Hgs deficiency in SMCs resulted in a disturbed expression of a set of genes involved in neurotrophin and inflammation, suggesting that defective SMC might be a novel source for excessive production of cytokines and chemokines which may trigger the neuronal dysplasia and ultimately contribute to the compromised esophageal motility. The data suggest potential implications in the pathogenesis of related diseases such as gastroesophageal reflux disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jicheng Chen
- 1. Model Organism Division, E-institutes of Shanghai Universities, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, China ; 2. State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders, Genetic Laboratory of Development and Disease, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Ning Hou
- 2. State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders, Genetic Laboratory of Development and Disease, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- 1. Model Organism Division, E-institutes of Shanghai Universities, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, China ; 2. State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders, Genetic Laboratory of Development and Disease, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yan Teng
- 2. State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders, Genetic Laboratory of Development and Disease, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xuan Cheng
- 2. State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders, Genetic Laboratory of Development and Disease, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zhenhua Li
- 2. State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders, Genetic Laboratory of Development and Disease, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jie Ren
- 3. Department of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology Research, College of Basic Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jian Zeng
- 2. State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders, Genetic Laboratory of Development and Disease, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Rui Li
- 2. State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders, Genetic Laboratory of Development and Disease, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Wei Wang
- 3. Department of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology Research, College of Basic Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- 1. Model Organism Division, E-institutes of Shanghai Universities, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, China ; 2. State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders, Genetic Laboratory of Development and Disease, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yu Lan
- 2. State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders, Genetic Laboratory of Development and Disease, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
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12
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Groneberg D, Zizer E, Lies B, Seidler B, Saur D, Wagner M, Friebe A. Dominant role of interstitial cells of Cajal in nitrergic relaxation of murine lower oesophageal sphincter. J Physiol 2014; 593:403-14. [PMID: 25630261 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.273540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oesophageal achalasia is a disease known to result from reduced relaxation of the lower oesophageal sphincter (LES). Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the main inhibitory transmitters. NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclase (NO-GC) acts as the key target of NO and, by the generation of cGMP, mediates nitrergic relaxation in the LES. To date, the exact mechanism of nitrergic LES relaxation is still insufficiently elucidated. To clarify the role of NO-GC in LES relaxation, we used cell-specific knockout (KO) mouse lines for NO-GC. These include mice lacking NO-GC in smooth muscle cells (SMC-GCKO), in interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC-GCKO) and in both SMC/ICC (SMC/ICC-GCKO). We applied oesophageal manometry to study the functionality of LES in vivo. Isometric force studies were performed to monitor LES responsiveness to exogenous NO and electric field stimulation of intrinsic nerves in vitro. Cell-specific expression/deletion of NO-GC was monitored by immunohistochemistry. Swallowing-induced LES relaxation is strongly reduced by deletion of NO-GC in ICC. Basal LES tone is affected by NO-GC deletion in either SMC or ICC. Lack of NO-GC in both cells leads to a complete interruption of NO-induced relaxation and, therefore, to an achalasia-like phenotype similar to that seen in global GCKO mice. Our data indicate that regulation of basal LES tone is based on a dual mechanism mediated by NO-GC in SMC and ICC whereas swallow-induced LES relaxation is mainly regulated by nitrergic mechanisms in ICC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Groneberg
- Physiologisches Institut I, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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13
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Chaudhury A. Molecular handoffs in nitrergic neurotransmission. Front Med (Lausanne) 2014; 1:8. [PMID: 25705621 PMCID: PMC4335390 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2014.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Postsynaptic density (PSD) proteins in excitatory synapses are relatively immobile components, while there is a structured organization of mobile scaffolding proteins lying beneath the PSDs. For example, shank proteins are located further away from the membrane in the cytosolic faces of the PSDs, facing the actin cytoskeleton. The rationale of this organization may be related to important roles of these proteins as “exchange hubs” for the signaling proteins for their migration from the subcortical cytosol to the membrane. Notably, PSD95 have also been demonstrated in prejunctional nerve terminals of nitrergic neuronal varicosities traversing the gastrointestinal smooth muscles. It has been recently reported that motor proteins like myosin Va play important role in transcytosis of nNOS. In this review, the hypothesis is forwarded that nNOS delivered to subcortical cytoskeleton requires interactions with scaffolding proteins prior to docking at the membrane. This may involve significant role of “shank,” named for SRC-homology (SH3) and multiple ankyrin repeat domains, in nitric oxide synthesis. Dynein light chain LC8–nNOS from acto-myosin Va is possibly exchanged with shank, which thereafter facilitates transposition of nNOS for binding with palmitoyl-PSD95 at the nerve terminal membrane. Shank knockout mice, which present with features of autism spectrum disorders, may help delineate the role of shank in enteric nitrergic neuromuscular transmission. Deletion of shank3 in humans is a monogenic cause of autism called Phelan–McDermid syndrome. One fourth of these patients present with cyclical vomiting, which may be explained by junctionopathy resulting from shank deficit in enteric nitrergic nerve terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Chaudhury
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School and VA Boston Healthcare System , Boston, MA , USA
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14
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Pang J, Borjeson TM, Muthupalani S, Ducore RM, Carr CA, Feng Y, Sullivan MP, Cristofaro V, Luo J, Lindstrom JM, Fox JG. Megaesophagus in a line of transgenic rats: a model of achalasia. Vet Pathol 2014; 51:1187-200. [PMID: 24457157 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813519136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Megaesophagus is defined as the abnormal enlargement or dilatation of the esophagus, characterized by a lack of normal contraction of the esophageal walls. This is called achalasia when associated with reduced or no relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). To date, there are few naturally occurring models for this disease. A colony of transgenic (Pvrl3-Cre) rats presented with megaesophagus at 3 to 4 months of age; further breeding studies revealed a prevalence of 90% of transgene-positive animals having megaesophagus. Affected rats could be maintained on a total liquid diet long term and were shown to display the classic features of dilated esophagus, closed lower esophageal sphincter, and abnormal contractions on contrast radiography and fluoroscopy. Histologically, the findings of muscle degeneration, inflammation, and a reduced number of myenteric ganglia in the esophagus combined with ultrastructural lesions of muscle fiber disarray and mitochondrial changes in the striated muscle of these animals closely mimic that seen in the human condition. Muscle contractile studies looking at the response of the lower esophageal sphincter and fundus to electrical field stimulation, sodium nitroprusside, and L-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester also demonstrate the similarity between megaesophagus in the transgenic rats and patients with achalasia. No primary cause for megaesophagus was found, but the close parallel to the human form of the disease, as well as ease of care and manipulation of these rats, makes this a suitable model to better understand the etiology of achalasia as well as study new management and treatment options for this incurable condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pang
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - T M Borjeson
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - S Muthupalani
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - R M Ducore
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - C A Carr
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, RIKEN-MIT Center for Neural Circuit Genetics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Y Feng
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M P Sullivan
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA, USA
| | - V Cristofaro
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA, USA
| | - J Luo
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J M Lindstrom
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Cook DR, Rossman KL, Der CJ. Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors: regulators of Rho GTPase activity in development and disease. Oncogene 2013; 33:4021-35. [PMID: 24037532 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aberrant activity of Ras homologous (Rho) family small GTPases (20 human members) has been implicated in cancer and other human diseases. However, in contrast to the direct mutational activation of Ras found in cancer and developmental disorders, Rho GTPases are activated most commonly in disease by indirect mechanisms. One prevalent mechanism involves aberrant Rho activation via the deregulated expression and/or activity of Rho family guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEFs). RhoGEFs promote formation of the active GTP-bound state of Rho GTPases. The largest family of RhoGEFs is comprised of the Dbl family RhoGEFs with 70 human members. The multitude of RhoGEFs that activate a single Rho GTPase reflects the very specific role of each RhoGEF in controlling distinct signaling mechanisms involved in Rho activation. In this review, we summarize the role of Dbl RhoGEFs in development and disease, with a focus on Ect2 (epithelial cell transforming squence 2), Tiam1 (T-cell lymphoma invasion and metastasis 1), Vav and P-Rex1/2 (PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 (phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate)-dependent Rac exchanger).
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Cook
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - K L Rossman
- 1] Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA [2] Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - C J Der
- 1] Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA [2] Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA [3] Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Jacobs IJ, Ku WY, Que J. Genetic and cellular mechanisms regulating anterior foregut and esophageal development. Dev Biol 2012; 369:54-64. [PMID: 22750256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Separation of the single anterior foregut tube into the esophagus and trachea involves cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as dynamic changes in cell-cell adhesion and migration. These biological processes are regulated and coordinated at multiple levels through the interplay of the epithelium and mesenchyme. Genetic studies and in vitro modeling have shed light on relevant regulatory networks that include a number of transcription factors and signaling pathways. These signaling molecules exhibit unique expression patterns and play specific functions in their respective territories before the separation process occurs. Disruption of regulatory networks inevitably leads to defective separation and malformation of the trachea and esophagus and results in the formation of a relatively common birth defect, esophageal atresia with or without tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TEF). Significantly, some of the signaling pathways and transcription factors involved in anterior foregut separation continue to play important roles in the morphogenesis of the individual organs. In this review, we will focus on new findings related to these different developmental processes and discuss them in the context of developmental disorders or birth defects commonly seen in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Jacobs
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Chuah SK, Hsu PI, Wu KL, Wu DC, Tai WC, Changchien CS. 2011 update on esophageal achalasia. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:1573-8. [PMID: 22529685 PMCID: PMC3325522 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i14.1573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There have been some breakthroughs in the diagnosis and treatment of esophageal achalasia in the past few years. First, the introduction of high-resolution manometry with pressure topography plotting as a new diagnostic tool has made it possible to classify achalasia into three subtypes. The most favorable outcome is predicted for patients receiving treatment for type II achalasia (achalasia with compression). Patients with typeI(classic achalasia) and type III achalasia (spastic achalasia) experience a less favorable outcome. Second, the first multicenter randomized controlled trial published by the European Achalasia Trial group reported 2-year follow-up results indicating that laparoscopic Heller myotomy was not superior to endoscopic pneumatic dilation (PD). Although the follow-up period was not long enough to reach a convincing conclusion, it merits the continued use of PD as a generally available technique in gastroenterology. Third, the novel endoscopic technique peroral endoscopic myotomy is a promising option for treating achalasia, but it requires increased experience and cautious evaluation. Despite all this good news, the bottom line is a real breakthrough from the basic studies to identify the actual cause of achalasia that may impede treatment success is still anticipated.
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Kozasa T, Hajicek N, Chow CR, Suzuki N. Signalling mechanisms of RhoGTPase regulation by the heterotrimeric G proteins G12 and G13. J Biochem 2011; 150:357-69. [PMID: 21873336 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvr105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-mediated signal transduction can transduce signals from a large variety of extracellular stimuli into cells and is the most widely used mechanism for cell communication at the membrane. The RhoGTPase family has been well established as key regulators of cell growth, differentiation and cell shape changes. Among G protein-mediated signal transduction, G12/13-mediated signalling is one mechanism to regulate RhoGTPase activity in response to extracellular stimuli. The alpha subunits of G12 or G13 have been shown to interact with members of the RH domain containing guanine nucleotide exchange factors for Rho (RH-RhoGEF) family of proteins to directly connect G protein-mediated signalling and RhoGTPase signalling. The G12/13-RH-RhoGEF signalling mechanism is well conserved over species and is involved in critical steps for cell physiology and disease conditions, including embryonic development, oncogenesis and cancer metastasis. In this review, we will summarize current progress on this important signalling mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Kozasa
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan.
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de Godoy MAF, Rattan S. Role of rho kinase in the functional and dysfunctional tonic smooth muscles. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2011; 32:384-93. [PMID: 21497405 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 03/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Tonic smooth muscles play pivotal roles in the pathophysiology of debilitating diseases of the gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systems. Tonic smooth muscles differ from phasic smooth muscles in the ability to spontaneously develop myogenic tone. This ability has been primarily attributed to the local production of specific neurohumoral substances that can work in conjunction with calcium sensitization via signal transduction events associated with the Ras homolog gene family, member A (RhoA)/Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase 2 (ROCK II) pathways. In this article, we discuss the molecular pathways involved in the myogenic properties of tonic smooth muscles, particularly the contribution of protein kinase C vs the RhoA/ROCK II pathway in the genesis of basal tone, pathophysiology and novel therapeutic approaches for certain gastrointestinal and cardiovascular diseases. Emerging evidence suggests that manipulation of RhoA/ROCK II activity through inhibitors or silencing of RNA interface techniques could represent a new therapeutic approach for various gastrointestinal and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio A F de Godoy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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