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Shahsavari D, Rao SSC. Review article: advances in the diagnosis and management of anorectal motility disorders. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2024; 60:701-714. [PMID: 39051556 DOI: 10.1111/apt.18170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anorectal motility disorders such as dyssynergic defecation (DD), faecal incontinence (FI) and anorectal pain affect 40% of the population and are a frequent reason for gastroenterology consultation. They significantly affect the quality of life and lead to psychological distress. Lack of understanding of these problems compounded by a lack of availability and knowledge of diagnostic tools in most medical centres and/or trained physicians has significantly hampered this field. AIMS To discuss the latest advances in pathophysiology, diagnostic tests and therapeutic options for these disorders using an evidence-based approach. METHODS We reviewed the published literature over the past 20 years on DD, FI and anorectal pain and distilled these into a narrative review. RESULTS A detailed history, prospective stool diary and digital rectal exam, together with diagnostic tests such as anorectal manometry, balloon expulsion test, translumbosacral anorectal magnetic stimulation test for assessing neuropathy, defecography and anal ultrasound, can provide detailed mechanistic and structural information. Such knowledge can pave the way for a meaningful and pathophysiologic-based management approach. This could include biofeedback therapy for DD or FI, sensory training for rectal hyposensitivity or sensory adaptation training for rectal hypersensitivity or sphincter bulking agents or neuromodulation therapies. These treatments are effective and safe. CONCLUSIONS Anorectal motility disorders are common, but either less well recognized or poorly managed by most gastroenterologists. Equipped with the practical and up-to-date knowledge provided in this review, physicians could provide improved health care for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariush Shahsavari
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Satish S C Rao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Ulsh L, Halawi H, Triadafilopoulos G, Gurland B, Nguyen L, Garcia P, Sonu I, Fernandez-Becker N, Becker L, Sheth V, Neshatian L. Use of a footstool improves rectal balloon expulsion in some patients with defecatory disorders. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2024; 36:e14781. [PMID: 38488172 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether patients with defecatory disorders (DDs) with favorable response to a footstool have distinctive anorectal pressure characteristics is unknown. We aimed to identify the clinical phenotype and anorectal pressure profile of patients with DDs who benefit from a footstool. METHODS This is a retrospective review of patients with high resolution anorectal manometry (HR-ARM) and balloon expulsion test (BET) from a tertiary referral center. BET was repeated with a 7-inch-high footstool in those who failed it after 120 s. Data were compared among groups with respect to BET results. KEY RESULTS Of the 667 patients with DDs, a total of 251 (38%) had failed BET. A footstool corrected BET in 41 (16%) of those with failed BET. Gender-specific differences were noted in anorectal pressures, among patients with and without normal BET, revealing gender-based nuances in pathophysiology of DDs. Comparing patients who passed BET with footstool with those who did not, the presence of optimal stool consistency, with reduced instances of loose stools and decreased reliance on laxatives were significant. Additionally, in women who benefited from a footstool, lower anal pressures at rest and simulated defecation were observed. Independent factors associated with a successful BET with a footstool in women included age <50, Bristol 3 or 4 stool consistency, lower anal resting pressure and higher rectoanal pressure gradient. CONCLUSION & INFERENCES Identification of distinctive clinical and anorectal phenotype of patients who benefited from a footstool could provide insight into the factors influencing the efficacy of footstool utilization and allow for an individualized treatment approach in patients with DDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Ulsh
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Houssam Halawi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - George Triadafilopoulos
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Brooke Gurland
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Linda Nguyen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Patricia Garcia
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Irene Sonu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Nielsen Fernandez-Becker
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Laren Becker
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Vipul Sheth
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Leila Neshatian
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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Xu D, Kuang M, Liu Y, Jiang H. Diagnostic value of balloon expulsion test and anorectal manometry in patients with constipation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 36:534-544. [PMID: 38555600 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000002743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to compare the diagnostic value of balloon expulsion test and anorectal manometry in patients with constipation through meta-analysis. Databases, encompassing PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, etc. were searched for all English publications on the diagnosis of constipation using balloon expulsion test and anorectal manometry. The publication date was restricted from the inception of the databases until December 2022. Data analysis was carried out utilizing Stata 15.0 and Meta-Disc 1.4 software. Thirteen studies involving 2171 patients with constipation were included. According to the meta-analysis, the balloon expulsion test showed a pooled sensitivity of 0.75 (95% CI: 0.72-0.77), a pooled specificity (Spe) of 0.67 (95% CI: 0.62-0.72), a pooled positive likelihood ratio (+LR) of 3.24 (95% CI: 1.53-6.88), a pooled negative likelihood ratio (-LR) 0.35 (95% CI: 0.23-0.52) and a pooled diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) of 9.47 (95% CI: 3.27-27.44). For anorectal manometry, the pooled Sen, Spe, +LR, -LR and DOR were 0.74 (95% CI: 0.72-0.76), 0.73 (95% CI: 0.70-0.76), 2.69 (95% CI: 2.18-3.32), 0.35 (95% CI: 0.28-0.43), and 8.3 (95% CI: 5.4-12.75), respectively. The area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve areas for balloon expulsion test and anorectal manometry were 0.8123 and 0.8088, respectively, with no statistically significant disparity (Z = -0.113, P > 0.05). Both the balloon expulsion test and anorectal manometry demonstrate comparable diagnostic performance, each offering unique advantages. These diagnostic procedures hold significance in the diagnosis of constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- First Clinical Medical College, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Valiyeva S, Tiso D, Cerri P, Pisciaroli A, Pietroletti R. Results of medical treatment with psyllium, lactobacillus, and tryptophan (Plurilac® Trio) in obstructive defecation syndrome. Front Surg 2024; 11:1361049. [PMID: 38650661 PMCID: PMC11033349 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2024.1361049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The term "obstructive defecation syndrome" (ODS) describes a complex condition characterized by defecatory disorders. Such a condition represents a significant proportion of patients, which is estimated to be up to 30% of patients affected by chronic constipation. Presently, a broad agreement has been reached on diagnostic studies, whereas the choice of treatment that aims to improve the quality of life and/or correct the prevalent abnormalities or all anatomical abnormalities remains controversial. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study on 174 patients out of a total of 232 with ODS who were observed in a specialized university unit of surgical coloproctology between 2018 and 2022. Clinical assessment included examining the values of the Agachan-Wexner constipation score and Patient Assessment of Constipation (PAC)-quality of life (QoL) scores, a full digital anorectal examination, anoscopy, RX defecography, and a urogynecological consultation; a functional anorectal test, an endoanal ultrasound, and colonoscopy were performed in select patients. The patients were reevaluated after an 8-10-week course of medical treatment based on a high-fiber diet and fluid intake and 6 g of psyllium combined with lactobacillus and tryptophan b.i.d. The results were analyzed by means of the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, comparing pretreatment scores with the results at the first follow-up visit. Results After 8-10 weeks of conservative treatment, 128 patients declared full satisfaction, 29 reported moderate satisfaction, and 17 (9.7%) declared no improvement. Among these 17, there were 5 patients with paradoxical puborectal contractions. The value of the Agachan-Wexner constipation score after treatment decreased from the pretreatment Agachan-Wexner constipation score mean value of 23.4 ± 3.7 (mean ± SD range 15-27) to a mean value of 5.3 ± 0.7 (range 3-8, p < 0.001). The quality of life improved, as shown by the PAC-QoL score, indicating great improvement in social relationships. Conclusions Given the benefits of conservative therapies, they represent a cornerstone in the treatment of ODS, a complex disorder. Diet and bulking agents are mandatory forms of treatment prior to making any surgical attempt, also considering the fact that the psychosomatic component of ODS is an essential prerequisite to match patient expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayali Valiyeva
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Domenico Tiso
- Clinical Nutrition, “Villa Maria” Hospital, Rimini, Italy
| | - Paolo Cerri
- General Surgery Department, Val Vibrata Hospital, Sant’Omero, Italy
| | | | - Renato Pietroletti
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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Ingemansson A, Walter SA, Jones MP, Sjödahl J. Defecation Symptoms in Relation to Stool Consistency Significantly Reflect the Dyssynergic Pattern in High-resolution Anorectal Manometry in Constipated Patients. J Clin Gastroenterol 2024; 58:57-63. [PMID: 36730549 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000001794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
GOALS To evaluate the usefulness of a 2-week patient-completed bowel habit and symptom diary as a screening tool for disordered rectoanal coordination (DRC). BACKGROUND DRC is an important subgroup of chronic constipation that benefits from biofeedback treatment. Diagnosis of DRC requires a dyssynergic pattern (DP) of attempted defecation in high-resolution anorectal manometry (HRAM) and at least 1 other positive standardized examination, such as the balloon expulsion test or defecography. However, HRAM is generally limited to tertiary gastroenterology centres and finding tools for selecting patients for referral for further investigations would be of clinical value. STUDY Retrospective data from HRAM and a 2-week patient-completed bowel habit and symptom diary from 99 chronically constipated patients were analyzed. RESULTS Fifty-seven percent of the patients had a DP pattern during HRAM. In the DP group, 76% of bowel movements with loose or normal stool resulted in a sense of incomplete evacuation compared with 55% of the non-DP group ( P =0.004). Straining and sensation of incomplete evacuation with the loose stool were significantly more common in the DP group ( P =0.032). Hard stool was a discriminator for non-DP ( P =0.044). Multiple logistic regression including incomplete evacuation and normal stool predicted DP with a sensitivity of 82% and a specificity of 50%. CONCLUSIONS The sensation of incomplete evacuation with loose or normal stool could be a potential discriminator in favor of DP in chronically constipated patients. The bowel habit and symptom diary may be a useful tool for stratifying constipated patients for further investigation of suspected DRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ingemansson
- Department of Gastroenterology, and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Susanna A Walter
- Department of Gastroenterology, and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Michael P Jones
- Psychology Department, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Jenny Sjödahl
- Department of Gastroenterology, and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Lv CL, Song GQ, Liu J, Wang W, Huang YZ, Wang B, Tian JS, Yin MQ, Yu Y. Colorectal motility patterns and psychiatric traits in functional constipation and constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: A study from China. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:5657-5667. [PMID: 38077156 PMCID: PMC10701329 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i41.5657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional constipation (FC) and constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-C) represent a spectrum of constipation disorders. However, the majority of previous clinical investigations have focused on Western populations, with limited data originating from China. AIM To determine and compare the colorectal motility and psychiatric features of FC and IBS-C in an Eastern Chinese population. METHODS Consecutive chronic constipation patients referred to our motility clinic from December 2019 to February 2023 were enrolled. FC and IBS-C diagnoses were established using ROME IV criteria, and patients underwent high-resolution anorectal manometry (ARM) and a colonic transmit test using the Sitz marker study. Constipation-related symptoms were obtained through questionnaires. Anxiety and depression were assessed by the Hamilton anxiety rating scale and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-21. The clinical characteristics and colorectal motility patterns of FC and IBS-C patients were compared. RESULTS No significant differences in sex, age or abdominal discomfort symptoms were observed between IBS-C and FC patients (all P > 0.05). The proportion of IBS-C patients with delayed colonic transit was higher than that of patients with FC (36.63% vs 15.91%, P < 0.05), while rectosigmoid accumulation of radiopaque markers was more common in the FC group than in the IBS-C group (50% vs 26.73%, P < 0.05). Diverse proportions of these dyssynergic patterns were noted within both the FC and IBS-C groups by ARM. IBS-C patients were found to have a higher prevalence of depression than FC patients (66.30% vs 42.42%, P < 0.05). The scores for feelings of guilt, suicide, psychomotor agitation, diurnal variation, obsessive/compulsive disorder, hopelessness, self-abasedment and gastrointestinal symptoms were significantly higher in IBS-C patients than that in FC patients (P < 0.05). For IBS-C (χ2 = 5.438, P < 0.05) but not FC, patients with normal colon transit time were significantly more likely to have anxiety than those with slow colon transit time. For IBS-C patients but not FC patients, the threshold of first constant sensation, desire to defecate and sustained urgency were all weakly correlated with the degree of anxiety (r = 0.414, r = 0.404, and r = 0.418, respectively, P < 0.05). The proportion of patients with a low threshold of desire to defecate among IBS-C patients with depression was lower than that in those without depression (69.6% vs 41.9%, χ2 = 4.054, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our findings highlight both overlapping and distinctive patterns of colon transit, dyssynergic patterns, anorectal sensation, psychological distress, and associations of psychiatric and colorectal motility characteristics in FC and IBS-C patients in an Eastern Chinese population, providing valuable insights into the pathophysiological underpinnings of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Lan Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, Anhui Province, China
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, Anhui Province, China
| | - Geng-Qing Song
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Metrohealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44109, United States
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, Anhui Province, China
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, Anhui Province, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230001, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yi-Zhou Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jia-Shuang Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230001, Anhui Province, China
| | - Meng-Qing Yin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230001, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, Anhui Province, China
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van Oostendorp JY, van Hagen P, van der Mijnsbrugge GJH, Han-Geurts IJM. Study on 3D High-Resolution Anorectal Manometry Interrater Agreement in the Evaluation of Dyssynergic Defecation Disorders. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2657. [PMID: 37627915 PMCID: PMC10453409 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13162657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Anorectal manometry measurements exhibit significant interrater variability. Newer techniques like 3D high-resolution anorectal manometry (3D-HRAM) have the potential to enhance diagnostic accuracy and our understanding of defecation disorders. However, the extent of interrater variability in 3D-HRAM is still unknown. Between January 2020 to April 2022, patients referred for pelvic floor physical therapy (PFPT) due to functional defecation complaints underwent 3D-HRAM testing. In a retrospective analysis, three expert raters independently evaluated the 3D-HRAM results in a blinded matter to assess interrater agreement. The evaluation also determined the level of agreement concerning dyssynergic patterns during simulated defecation. The 3D-HRAM results of 50 patients (37 females) were included. Twenty-nine patients had complaints of fecal incontinence, eleven patients had chronic constipation, and ten patients had several other complaints. There was a substantial agreement (kappa 0.612) between the raters concerning the 3D images on dyssynergic patterns during simulated defecation. Our study emphasizes the need for standardized guidelines in evaluating 3D-HRAM test results to reduce subjectivity and further improve agreement among raters. Implementing these guidelines could improve diagnostic consistency and enhance personalized treatment strategies, increasing the reliability and usefulness of 3D-HRAM testing in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Y. van Oostendorp
- Proctos Kliniek, Prof. Bronkhorstlaan 10, 3723 MB Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (P.v.H.); (G.J.H.v.d.M.); (I.J.M.H.-G.)
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter van Hagen
- Proctos Kliniek, Prof. Bronkhorstlaan 10, 3723 MB Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (P.v.H.); (G.J.H.v.d.M.); (I.J.M.H.-G.)
| | | | - Ingrid J. M. Han-Geurts
- Proctos Kliniek, Prof. Bronkhorstlaan 10, 3723 MB Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (P.v.H.); (G.J.H.v.d.M.); (I.J.M.H.-G.)
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Bae SH. Dyssynergic Defecation in Chronically Constipated Children in Korea. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 2023; 26:127-133. [PMID: 36950062 PMCID: PMC10025570 DOI: 10.5223/pghn.2023.26.2.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Dyssynergic defecation (DSD) is one of the important causes of chronic constipation in children. We aimed to analyze the clinical features, diagnostic test results, and treatments for DSD in children. Methods Children diagnosed with DSD using fluoroscopic defecography were enrolled in this study. Clinical data, including the results of colon transit time (CTT) test and biofeedback (BF) therapy, were collected from medical records retrospectively. Results Nineteen children were enrolled. The median age was 9 years (6-18 years), the median frequency of bowel movement was 1/7 days (1-10 days), the median duration of constipation was 7.0 years (2-18 years), the median age of onset of constipation was 2.5 years (1-11 years). In the CTT test, outlet obstruction type was noted in 10/18 (55.6%), slow transit type in 5/18 (27.8%), and normal transit in 1/18 (5.6%). The median CTT was 52 hours (40-142 hours). Initial medical therapy was performed with the polyethylene glycol 4000, and the response was good in 9/19 (47.4%), fair in 9/19 (47.4%), and poor in 1/19 (5.0%). BF was performed in 8/19, with good results in 6/8 (75.0%) children and failure in 2/8 (25.0%) children. After long-term medical therapy (11/19), 3/5 showed good response with medication alone, 6/8 showed good response with BF and medication combined. Conclusion DSD should be considered as a cause of chronic constipation in children, especially in those with abnormal CTT test results. BF combined with medical therapy is effective even with age-limited cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Hwan Bae
- Department of Pediatrics, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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Prichard DO, Fetzer J. Recto-anal Pressures in Constipated Men and Women Undergoing High-Resolution Anorectal Manometry. Dig Dis Sci 2023; 68:922-930. [PMID: 35727425 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-022-07590-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In constipated individuals, high-resolution anorectal manometry (HRM) may suggest the presence of a defecatory disorder. Despite known physiological differences between men and women, our understanding of functional anorectal pathophysiology is based upon predominantly female cohorts. Results are generalized to men. AIMS To evaluate whether recto-anal pressure patterns in constipated men are similar to those in constipated women. METHODS The electronic health records at Mayo Clinic, Rochester were used to identify constipated adult patients, without organic anorectal disease, who had undergone HRM and balloon expulsion testing (BET) in 2018, 2019, and 2020. Comparative analyses were performed. RESULTS Among 3,298 constipated adult patients (2,633 women, 665 men), anal and rectal pressures were higher in men. Women more likely to have HRM findings suggestive of a defecatory disorder (39% versus 20%, P < 0.001). Women were more likely to exhibit a type 4 pattern (27% versus 14%, P < 0.001), and less likely to exhibit a type 1 pattern (14% versus 38%, P < 0.001), of dyssynergia. Men were more likely to have an abnormal balloon expulsion test (BET, 34% versus 29%, P = 0.006). Nominal logistic regression demonstrates that male sex, age over 50 years, reduced recto-anal gradient during simulated evacuation, and types 2 and 4 dyssynergia are associated with an abnormal BET. CONCLUSIONS In this large retrospective study, constipated men and women exhibited different patterns of dyssynergia both in the presence and absence of an abnormal BET. These findings were independent of sex-specific baseline physiological differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O Prichard
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Fetzer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
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10
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Trinh TH, Nguyen NM, Lam KT, Pham TN, Vu NT, Truong LNU, Tran VQ. Anorectal manometry findings in relation with long-term functional outcomes of the patients operated on for Hirschsprung's disease compared to the reference-based population. Pediatr Surg Int 2023; 39:131. [PMID: 36800080 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-023-05402-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated anorectal manometry (AM) findings and bowel function of patients operated on for Hirschsprung's disease (HD). METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted at Children's Hospital 2. Patients operated on for HD from January 2015 to January 2020 were reviewed. Their clinical characteristics, bowel function, and manometric findings were investigated and compared with the references. RESULTS Ninety-five patients and 95 references were enrolled. Mean ages were 6.6 ± 2.2 years and 7.2 ± 2.9 years,; fecal incontinence rates were 25.3% and 2.1%, and constipation rates were 12.6% and 4.2 for the patients versus the references, respectively. Anal resting pressures were significantly decreased in the patients compared to the references (53.2 ± 16.1 mmHg versus 62.2 ± 14.0 mmHg; p < 0.05). Among the patients, the anal resting pressure was significantly decreased in the incontinents than in the continents (46.0 ± 10.6 mmHg versus 55.6 ± 16.9 mmHg, p < 0.05). During the sensation test, the value of maximum tolerated volume was significantly decreased in the incontinents than in the continents (135.9 ± 47.9 mL versus 166.6 ± 58.3 mL, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION AM is an objective method providing beneficial information that could guide a more adapted management in HD patients with defecation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung Huu Trinh
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital 2, 14 Ly Tu Trong, Ben Nghe ward, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital 2, 14 Ly Tu Trong, Ben Nghe ward, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ngoc Minh Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital 2, 14 Ly Tu Trong, Ben Nghe ward, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Kim Thien Lam
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital 2, 14 Ly Tu Trong, Ben Nghe ward, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thach Ngoc Pham
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital 2, 14 Ly Tu Trong, Ben Nghe ward, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nhan Truong Vu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital 2, 14 Ly Tu Trong, Ben Nghe ward, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Linh Nguyen Uy Truong
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, 215 Hong Bang, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Viet Quoc Tran
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital 2, 14 Ly Tu Trong, Ben Nghe ward, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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Keshtgar AS, Selim IM. Role of 3D high resolution anorectal manometry compared to conventional technique in management of constipation and fecal incontinence in children. J Pediatr Surg 2023; 58:251-257. [PMID: 36414477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2022.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anorectal manometry is a valuable tool for objective assessment of motility motor and sensory function of the anorectum. The aim of this study was to investigate role of water-perfused (WP) three dimensional high-resolution anorectal manometry (3D-HRARM) compared to WP conventional manometry (CM) in the management of chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC) and faecal incontinence (FI) in children. METHODS This was a retrospective review of 122 consecutive children, who had WP 8-channel CM or 24 channel 3D-HRARM and endosonography under ketamine anaesthesia from September 2012 to February 2019. All patients had a validated symptom severity score questionnaire ranging from 0 (best) to 65 (worst). Mann-Whitney-U test and Spearman rank test were used and p<0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS Subjects were divided according to investigation: CM group (n = 75) and 3D-HRAM (n = 47), who were otherwise comparable. Median anal resting pressure was 50 mmHg and rectoanal inhibitory reflex (RAIR) threshold volume was 10mls across the entire cohort. There were no significant differences in resting pressure or RAIR threshold when using conventional or 3D-HRARM. Rectal capacity was significantly higher in the CM group (p = 0.002). Rectal capacity and internal anal sphincter (IAS) thickness positively correlated with symptom severity, duration and patient age. 3D-HRARM provided a more detailed depiction of the anorectal pressure profile. Botulinum toxin was injected into the external anal sphincter (EAS) muscle (n = 75, 61%) and an anterograde colonic enema (ACE) stoma was needed subsequently in 19 (16%) to treat recurrent constipation and soiling symptoms. Rectal biopsy was done in 43(35%) patients, if RAIR was absent or inconclusive. CONCLUSION CM and 3D-HRARM are comparable in terms of resting pressure and RAIR threshold. 3D-HRAM is safe and provides detailed functional morphology of anal sphincters and it is useful to understand underlying pathophysiology of constipation and faecal incontinence in children and plan further treatment. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza S Keshtgar
- Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Kings College London, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Iman M Selim
- Kings College London, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Yagi S, Furukawa S, Miyake T, Yoshida O, Shiraishi K, Tange K, Hashimoto Y, Kitahata S, Ninomiya T, Hanayama M, Suzuki S, Shibata N, Murakami H, Ohashi K, Tomida H, Yamamoto Y, Takeshita E, Ikeda Y, Hiasa Y. Aging is Associated With Constipation in Japanese Patients With Ulcerative Colitis: A Post Hoc Analysis. Gerontol Geriatr Med 2023; 9:23337214231215637. [PMID: 38035264 PMCID: PMC10683382 DOI: 10.1177/23337214231215637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Age is a risk factor for constipation. Constipation is common in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and has been positively associated with disease activity, but evidence is limited. This study aimed to assess the association between disease activity and constipation in patients with UC. Methods: The study subjects consisted of 290 Japanese UC patients. The definition of constipation was based on Rome I criteria and/or medication for constipation. Information on and lifestyle habits was obtained from a self-administered questionnaire. Mucosal healing (MH) was defined as Mayo endoscopic subscore 0. Clinical remission (CR) was defined as both the absence of rectal bleeding and no abnormally high stool frequency (<3 times per day). Results: The prevalence of constipation is not associated with MH, CR, duration of UC and disease extent of UC. The prevalence of constipation among age groups, <40, 40-49 years, 50-59 years, 60-69 years, and >70 years was 10.0%, 5.8%, 15.7%, 11.8%, and 25.6%, respectively. >70 years was independently and positively associated with the prevalence of constipation (adjusted odds ratio 3.64 [95% confidence interval 1.26, 10.95], p for trend: .001). Conclusions: Aging was independently and positively associated with the prevalence of constipation in UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Yagi
- Saiseikai Imabari Hospital, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | | | - Teruki Miyake
- Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Osamu Yoshida
- Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Kana Shiraishi
- Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tange
- Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Yu Hashimoto
- Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Katsuhisa Ohashi
- OHASHI Clinic Participate in Gastro-Enterology and Ano-Proctology, Niihama, Japan
| | | | | | - Eiji Takeshita
- Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | | | - Yoichi Hiasa
- Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
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13
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Thorsen AJ. Management of Rectocele with and without Obstructed Defecation. SEMINARS IN COLON AND RECTAL SURGERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scrs.2022.100937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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14
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Seo M, Yoon J, Jung KW, Joo S, Lee J, Choi KM, Lee HJ, Yoon IJ, Noh W, Seo SY, Kim DY, Hwang SW, Park SH, Yang DH, Ye BD, Byeon JS, Yang SK, Myung SJ. Predicting Responsiveness to Biofeedback Therapy Using High-resolution Anorectal Manometry With Integrated Pressurized Volume. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022; 28:608-617. [PMID: 36250368 DOI: 10.5056/jnm21137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Biofeedback therapy is widely used to treat patients with chronic constipation, especially those with dyssynergic defecation. Yet, the utility of high-resolution manometry with novel parameters in the prediction of biofeedback response has not been reported. Thus, we constructed a model for predicting biofeedback therapy responders by applying the concept of integrated pressurized volume in patients undergoing high-resolution anorectal manometry. Methods Seventy-one female patients (age: 48-68 years) with dyssynergic defecation who underwent initial high-resolution anorectal manometry and subsequent biofeedback therapy were enrolled. The manometry profiles were used to calculate the 3-dimensional integrated pressurized volumes by multiplying the distance, time, and amplitude during simulated evacuation. Partial least squares regression was performed to generate a predictive model for responders to biofeedback therapy by using the integrated pressurized volume parameters. Results Fifty-five (77.5%) patients responded to biofeedback therapy. The responders and non-responders did not show significant differences in the conventional manometric parameters. The partial least squares regression model used a linear combination of eight integrated pressurized volume parameters and generated an area under the curve of 0.84 (95% confidence interval: 0.76-0.95, P < 0.01), with 85.5% sensitivity and 62.1% specificity. Conclusions Integrated pressurized volume parameters were better than conventional parameters in predicting the responsiveness to biofeedback therapy, and the combination of these parameters and partial least squares regression was particularly promising. Integrated pressurized volume parameters can more effectively explain the physiology of the anorectal canal compared with conventional parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeongsook Seo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Korea
| | - Jiyoung Yoon
- Department of Gastroenterology, Uijeongbu Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Uijeoungbu, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Kee Wook Jung
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Segyeong Joo
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jungbok Lee
- Departments of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Min Choi
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Jeong Lee
- Health Screening and Promotion Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Ja Yoon
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woojoo Noh
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Young Seo
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do Yeon Kim
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Wook Hwang
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Hyoung Park
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Yang
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byong Duk Ye
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Sik Byeon
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suk-Kyun Yang
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Jae Myung
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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15
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Nojkov B, Baker JR, Chey WD, Saad R, Watts L, Armstrong M, Collins K, Ezell G, Phillips C, Menees S. Age- and Gender-Based Differences in Anorectal Function, Gastrointestinal Symptoms, and Constipation-Specific Quality of Life in Patients with Chronic Constipation. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 68:1403-1410. [PMID: 36173584 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-022-07709-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of age and gender differences on anorectal function, symptoms severity, and quality of life (QoL) in patients with chronic constipation (CC) is not well studied. This study examines the impact of age and gender on anorectal function testing (AFT) characteristics, symptoms burden, and QoL in patients with CC. METHODS This is a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from 2550 adults with CC who completed AFT. Collected data include demographics, sphincter response to simulated defecation during anorectal manometry (ARM), balloon expulsion testing (BET), and validated surveys assessing constipation symptoms and QoL. DD was defined as both the inability to relax the anal sphincter during simulated defecation and an abnormal BET. RESULTS 2550 subjects were included in the analysis (mean age = 48.6 years). Most patients were female (81.6%) and Caucasian (82%). 73% were < 60 years old (mean = 41) vs. 27% ≥ 60 years old (mean = 69). The prevalence of impaired anal sphincter relaxation on ARM, abnormal BET, and DD in patients with CC was 48%, 42.1%, and 22.9%, respectively. Patients who were older and male were significantly more frequently diagnosed with DD and more frequently had impaired anal sphincter relaxation on ARM, compared to patients who were younger and female (p < 0.05). Conversely, CC patients who were younger and female reported greater constipation symptoms severity and more impaired QoL (p ≤ 0.004). CONCLUSION Among patients with CC referred for anorectal function testing, men and those older than 60 are more likely to have dyssynergic defecation, but women and patients younger than 60 experience worse constipation symptoms and QoL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borko Nojkov
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, 3912 Taubman Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr. SPC 5362, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Jason R Baker
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, 3912 Taubman Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr. SPC 5362, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - William D Chey
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, 3912 Taubman Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr. SPC 5362, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Richard Saad
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, 3912 Taubman Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr. SPC 5362, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Lydia Watts
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, 3912 Taubman Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr. SPC 5362, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Moira Armstrong
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, 3912 Taubman Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr. SPC 5362, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Kristen Collins
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, 3912 Taubman Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr. SPC 5362, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Gabrielle Ezell
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, 3912 Taubman Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr. SPC 5362, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Cari Phillips
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, 3912 Taubman Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr. SPC 5362, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Stacy Menees
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, 3912 Taubman Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr. SPC 5362, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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16
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Bharucha AE, Basilisco G, Malcolm A, Lee TH, Hoy MB, Scott SM, Rao SSC. Review of the indications, methods, and clinical utility of anorectal manometry and the rectal balloon expulsion test. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022; 34:e14335. [PMID: 35220645 PMCID: PMC9418387 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anorectal manometry (ARM) comprehensively assesses anorectal sensorimotor functions. PURPOSE This review examines the indications, techniques, interpretation, strengths, and weaknesses of high-resolution ARM (HR-ARM), 3-dimensional high-resolution anorectal manometry (3D-HR-ARM), and portable ARM, and other assessments (i.e., rectal sensation and rectal balloon expulsion test) that are performed alongside manometry. It is based on a literature search of articles related to ARM in adults. HR-ARM and 3D-HR-ARM are useful for diagnosing defecatory disorders (DD), to identify anorectal sensorimotor dysfunction and guide management in patients with fecal incontinence (FI), constipation, megacolon, and megarectum; and to screen for anorectal structural (e.g., rectal intussusception) abnormalities. The rectal balloon expulsion test is a useful, low-cost, radiation-free, outpatient assessment tool for impaired evacuation that is performed and interpreted in conjunction with ARM. The anorectal function tests should be interpreted with reference to age- and sex-matched normal values, clinical features, and results of other tests. A larger database of technique-specific normal values and newer paradigms of analyzing anorectal pressure profiles will increase the precision and diagnostic utility of HR-ARM for identifying abnormal mechanisms of defecation and continence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil E Bharucha
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Guido Basilisco
- UO Gastroenterologia, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Allison Malcolm
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tae Hee Lee
- Digestive Disease Center, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Matthew B Hoy
- Mayo Medical Library, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - S Mark Scott
- National Bowel Research Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Satish S C Rao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Srinivasan SG, Muthyala A, Sharma M, Feuerhak K, Boon A, Bailey KR, Bharucha AE. Abdomino-anal Dyscoordination in Defecatory Disorders. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 20:2091-2101.e5. [PMID: 34896282 PMCID: PMC9174349 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The contribution of the abdominal muscles to normal defecation and disturbances thereof in defecatory disorders (DDs) are unknown. METHODS In 30 healthy and 60 constipated women with normal rectal balloon expulsion time (BET) (n = 26) or prolonged BET (ie, DD; n = 34), seated anorectal pressures (manometry) and thickness (ultrasound) of the external and internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles were measured simultaneously at rest, during hollowing, squeeze, evacuation, and a Valsalva maneuver. RESULTS Compared with healthy women with a normal BET, DD women had a lower rectal and greater anal pressure increase during evacuation (P ≤ .05), and more activation of the internal oblique and the transversus abdominis muscles during squeeze (P < .05). The change in transversus abdominis thickness during a Valsalva maneuver vs hollowing (rho = 0.5; P = .002) and separately vs evacuation (rho = 0.7; P < .0001) were correlated in DD but not in healthy women with a normal BET. A principal component (PC) analysis of anorectal pressures and muscle thicknesses during evacuation uncovered a PC (PC3) that was associated with a prolonged BET. Higher PC3 scores were associated with low rectal and high anal pressures at rest and during evacuation, thinner external oblique muscle, and thicker internal oblique muscle during evacuation. A greater PC3 score was associated with increased odds for DD vs health (odds ratio, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.05-3.23), and separately vs constipation with a normal BET (odds ratio, 3.64; 95% CI, 1.73-7.69). CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings show 3, possibly inter-related, disturbances suggestive of dyscoordination in DD: aberrant activation of abdominal muscles during squeeze in DD, dyscoordination of the abdominal muscles during various tasks in constipated women, and abdomino-anal dyscoordination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anjani Muthyala
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Mayank Sharma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kelly Feuerhak
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Andrea Boon
- Department of Neurology, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kent R Bailey
- Division of Clinical Trials and Statistics, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Adil E Bharucha
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota.
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18
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Knaus ME, Lu PL, Lu A, Maloof ER, Ma J, Benedict J, Wood RJ, Halaweish I. Antegrade continence enemas in children with functional constipation and dyssynergic defecation: Go or no go? J Pediatr Surg 2022; 57:1672-1675. [PMID: 35534277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2022.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess outcomes of children with functional constipation after antegrade continence enemas (ACEs) and determine if pre operative anorectal manometry (AMAN) findings, including dyssynergic defecation, are associated with outcomes. METHODS A retrospective review of pediatric patients with functional constipation who received a Malone appendicostomy or cecostomy after failed medical management was conducted. Patients were included if they had AMAN data prior to their operation. Patients that underwent colonic resection were excluded. Demographics, clinical characteristics, manometry results, and post ACE outcomes were obtained. Descriptive statistics were performed. RESULTS Thirty-nine patients were identified with median age at ACE of 8.9 years (IQR: 7.2-12.6) and median follow-up of 2.5 years (IQR: 1.8-3.2 years). Twenty patients (51%) were female and most (35, 92%) were White. All patients had severe constipation prior to ACE and 59% had fecal incontinence. Thirty-four patients (87%) received a Malone and 5 (13%) received a cecostomy. Post ACE, 35 (90%) were clean with daily flushes and 6 (15%) eventually successfully transitioned to laxatives only. Awake AMAN and balloon expulsion test were performed in 15 patients, with 14 (93%) displaying evidence of dyssynergic defecation. Twelve of 14 of patients (86%) with dyssynergia were clean with ACE at follow-up. because of the majority of patients being clean post ACE, there was limited power to detect predictors of poor outcomes. CONCLUSIONS ACEs are successful treatment options for patients with severe constipation and fecal incontinence, including those with dyssynergic defecation. Larger studies are needed to identify factors predictive of poor outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Knaus
- Department of Pediatric Colorectal and Pelvic Reconstructive Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 611 E. Livingston Ave., FB Suite 6B1, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Peter L Lu
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Anan Lu
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 370 West 9th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Elias R Maloof
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 370 West 9th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jianing Ma
- Biostatistics Resource at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University Center for Biostatistics, 370 West 9th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jason Benedict
- Biostatistics Resource at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University Center for Biostatistics, 370 West 9th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Richard J Wood
- Department of Pediatric Colorectal and Pelvic Reconstructive Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 611 E. Livingston Ave., FB Suite 6B1, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Ihab Halaweish
- Department of Pediatric Colorectal and Pelvic Reconstructive Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 611 E. Livingston Ave., FB Suite 6B1, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
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19
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Jiang Y, Wang Y, Tang Y, Lin L. Clinical value of positive BET and pelvic floor dyssynergia in Chinese patients with functional defecation disorder. Scand J Gastroenterol 2022; 57:775-782. [PMID: 35180039 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2022.2039282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional defecation disorder (FDD) is a common subtype of functional constipation (FC). Balloon expulsion test (BET) and high resolution anorectal manometry (HR-ARM) are significant tools but their results are not always consistent. AIMS To investigate the characteristics of patients with positive BET and pelvic floor dyssynergia (PFD) and explore the value of both positive results in FDD diagnosis. METHODS We retrospectively diagnosed FC subtypes and enrolled FDD patients based on Rome-IV criteria. They underwent HR-ARM, BET and CTT tests. Then they were classified to two groups and further stratified by FDD subtypes. Validated questionnaires were applied to investigate patients' constipation, anxiety/depression and quality of life. RESULTS 335 FDD patients were finally enrolled. They were classified into two groups according to whether BET and PFD were both positive (consistent or not). 84.48% showed consistent results. These patients had significantly higher anal residual pressure, lower anal relaxation rate, manometric defecation index (MDI) and a more negative rectoanal pressure gradient (RAPG) (Ps < .05). The specific distribution of FDD phenotypes in two groups showed significant difference (p = .021). Males suffered a more negative RAPG (p < .001) and age was correlated with anal relaxation rate (p < .001). A subset (177 individuals) was investigated with validated questionnaires. Scores for Defecation Symptoms, Physical Discomfort and GAD-7 score were significantly high in Consistent Group (Ps < .05). GAD-7 score was associated with Defecation Symptoms (p < .001) while anal residual pressure, GAD-7 and Defecation Symptoms score were linked to Physical Discomfort (Ps < .05). The diagnostic specificity and PPV for FDD rose significantly with positive BET and PFD. CONCLUSION FDD patients with positive BET and PFD suffered from severe defecation symptoms, anxiety and impaired QOL. Positive BET and PFD could be an ideal tool for screening FDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yurong Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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20
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Deb B, Sharma M, Fletcher JG, Srinivasan SG, Chronopoulou A, Chen J, Bailey KR, Feuerhak KJ, Bharucha AE. Inadequate Rectal Pressure and Insufficient Relaxation and Abdominopelvic Coordination in Defecatory Disorders. Gastroenterology 2022; 162:1111-1122.e2. [PMID: 34951994 PMCID: PMC8934280 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.12.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Diagnostic tests for defecatory disorders (DDs) asynchronously measure anorectal pressures and evacuation and show limited agreement; thus, abdominopelvic-rectoanal coordination in normal defecation and DDs is poorly characterized. We aimed to investigate anorectal pressures, anorectal and abdominal motion, and evacuation simultaneously in healthy and constipated women. METHODS Abdominal wall and anorectal motion, anorectal pressures, and rectal evacuation were measured simultaneously with supine magnetic resonance defecography and anorectal manometry. Evacuators were defined as those who attained at least 25% rectal evacuation. Supervised (logistic regression and random forest algorithm) and unsupervised (k-means cluster) analyses identified abdominal and anorectal variables that predicted evacuation. RESULTS We evaluated 28 healthy and 26 constipated women (evacuators comprised 19 healthy participants and 8 patients). Defecation was initiated by abdominal wall expansion that was coordinated with anorectal descent, increased rectal and anal pressure, and then anal relaxation and rectal evacuation. Compared with evacuators, nonevacuators had lower anal diameters during simulated defecation, rectal pressure, anorectal junction descent, and abdominopelvic-rectoanal coordination (P < .05). Unsupervised cluster analysis identified 3 clusters that were associated with evacuator status (P < .01), that is, 10 evacuators (83%), 16 evacuators (73%), and 1 evacuator (5%) in clusters 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Each cluster had distinct characteristics (eg, maximum abdominosacral distance, rectal pressure, anorectal junction descent, anal diameter) and correlates that were more (clusters 1-2) or less (cluster 3) conducive to evacuation. Cluster 2 had 16 evacuators (73%) and intermediate characteristics (eg, lower anal resting pressure and relaxation during evacuation; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Women with DDs and a modest proportion of healthy women had specific patterns of anorectal dysfunction, including inadequate rectal pressurization, anal relaxation, and abdominopelvic-rectoanal coordination. These observations may guide individualized therapy for DDs in the future.
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Bharucha AE, Coss-Adame E. Diagnostic Strategy and Tools for Identifying Defecatory Disorders. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2022; 51:39-53. [PMID: 35135664 PMCID: PMC8829054 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the indications, techniques, interpretation, strengths, and weaknesses of tests (anal manometry, anal surface electromyography, rectal balloon expulsion test, barium and MRI defecography, assessment of rectal compliance and sensation, and colonic transit) that are used diagnose defecatory disorders in constipated patients. The selection of tests and the sequence in which they are performed should be individualized to and interpreted in the context of the clinical features. Because anorectal functions are affected by age, results should be interpreted with reference to age- and sex-matched normal values for the same technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil E. Bharucha
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Enrique Coss-Adame
- Department of Gastroenterology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, México City, México
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22
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Woo M, Pandey A, Gill H, Li D, Buresi M, Nasser Y, Sawhney S, Andrews CN. Manometric parameters, when measured with the 3-dimensional high-definition anorectal manometry probe, poorly predict prolonged balloon expulsion time. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022; 34:e14180. [PMID: 34125464 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are little data evaluating the performance of the 3-dimensional high-definition anorectal manometry (3D-HDAM) system in the diagnosis of dyssynergic defecation. Physical properties of the thicker, rigid, 3D-HDAM probe may have implications on the measurements of anorectal pressures. AIM Our aim was to compare 3D-HDAM to balloon expulsion test and magnetic resonance (MR) defecography. METHODS Consecutive constipated patients referred for anorectal function testing at the Calgary Gut Motility Centre (Calgary, Canada) between 2014 and 2019 were assessed. All patients underwent anorectal manometry with the 3D-HDAM probe, and a subset underwent BET or MR defecography. Anorectal manometric variables were compared between patients who had normal and abnormal BET. RESULTS Over the study period, 81 patients underwent both 3D-HDAM and BET for symptoms of constipation. 52 patients expelled the balloon within 3 minutes. Patients with abnormal BET had significantly lower rectoanal pressure differential (RAPD) (-61 vs. -31 mmHg for normal BET, p = 0.03) and defecation index (0.29 vs. 0.56, p = 0.03). On logistic regression analysis, RAPD (OR: 0.99, 95% CI: 0.97-0.99, p = 0.03) remained a negative predictor of abnormal BET. On ROC analysis, RAPD had an AUC of 0.65. There was good agreement between dyssynergic patterns on 3D-HDAM and defecographic evidence of dyssynergia (sensitivity 80%, specificity 90%, PLR 9, NLR 0.22, accuracy 85%). CONCLUSIONS Manometric parameters, when measured with the 3D-HDAM probe, poorly predict prolonged balloon expulsion time. RAPD remains the best predictor of prolonged balloon expulsion time. The 3D-HDAM probe may not be the ideal tool to diagnose functional defecatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Woo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Armaan Pandey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Harman Gill
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Dorothy Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Michelle Buresi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Yasmin Nasser
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Summit Sawhney
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Christopher N Andrews
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Knowles CH, Booth L, Brown SR, Cross S, Eldridge S, Emmett C, Grossi U, Jordan M, Lacy-Colson J, Mason J, McLaughlin J, Moss-Morris R, Norton C, Scott SM, Stevens N, Taheri S, Yiannakou Y. Non-drug therapies for the management of chronic constipation in adults: the CapaCiTY research programme including three RCTs. PROGRAMME GRANTS FOR APPLIED RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.3310/pgfar09140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background
Chronic constipation affects 1–2% of adults and significantly affects quality of life. Beyond the use of laxatives and other basic measures, there is uncertainty about management, including the value of specialist investigations, equipment-intensive therapies using biofeedback, transanal irrigation and surgery.
Objectives
(1) To determine whether or not standardised specialist-led habit training plus pelvic floor retraining using computer-assisted direct visual biofeedback is more clinically effective than standardised specialist-led habit training alone, and whether or not outcomes of such specialist-led interventions are improved by stratification to habit training plus pelvic floor retraining using computer-assisted direct visual biofeedback or habit training alone based on prior knowledge of anorectal and colonic pathophysiology using standardised radiophysiological investigations; (2) to compare the impact of transanal irrigation initiated with low-volume and high-volume systems on patient disease-specific quality of life; and (3) to determine the clinical efficacy of laparoscopic ventral mesh rectopexy compared with controls at short-term follow-up.
Design
The Chronic Constipation Treatment Pathway (CapaCiTY) research programme was a programme of national recruitment with a standardised methodological framework (i.e. eligibility, baseline phenotyping and standardised outcomes) for three randomised trials: a parallel three-group trial, permitting two randomised comparisons (CapaCiTY trial 1), a parallel two-group trial (CapaCiTY trial 2) and a stepped-wedge (individual-level) three-group trial (CapaCiTY trial 3).
Setting
Specialist hospital centres across England, with a mix of urban and rural referral bases.
Participants
The main inclusion criteria were as follows: age 18–70 years, participant self-reported problematic constipation, symptom onset > 6 months before recruitment, symptoms meeting the American College of Gastroenterology’s constipation definition and constipation that failed treatment to a minimum basic standard. The main exclusion criteria were secondary constipation and previous experience of study interventions.
Interventions
CapaCiTY trial 1: group 1 – standardised specialist-led habit training alone (n = 68); group 2 – standardised specialist-led habit training plus pelvic floor retraining using computer-assisted direct visual biofeedback (n = 68); and group 3 – standardised radiophysiological investigations-guided treatment (n = 46) (allocation ratio 3 : 3 : 2, respectively). CapaCiTY trial 2: transanal irrigation initiated with low-volume (group 1, n = 30) or high-volume (group 2, n = 35) systems (allocation ratio 1 : 1). CapaCiTY trial 3: laparoscopic ventral mesh rectopexy performed immediately (n = 9) and after 12 weeks’ (n = 10) and after 24 weeks’ (n = 9) waiting time (allocation ratio 1 : 1 : 1, respectively).
Main outcome measures
The main outcome measures were standardised outcomes for all three trials. The primary clinical outcome was mean change in Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life score at the 6-month, 3-month or 24-week follow-up. The secondary clinical outcomes were a range of validated disease-specific and psychological scoring instrument scores. For cost-effectiveness, quality-adjusted life-year estimates were determined from individual participant-level cost data and EuroQol-5 Dimensions, five-level version, data. Participant experience was investigated through interviews and qualitative analysis.
Results
A total of 275 participants were recruited. Baseline phenotyping demonstrated high levels of symptom burden and psychological morbidity. CapaCiTY trial 1: all interventions (standardised specialist-led habit training alone, standardised specialist-led habit training plus pelvic floor retraining using computer-assisted direct visual biofeedback and standardised radiophysiological investigations-guided habit training alone or habit training plus pelvic floor retraining using computer-assisted direct visual biofeedback) led to similar reductions in the Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life score (approximately –0.8 points), with no statistically significant difference between habit training alone and habit training plus pelvic floor retraining using computer-assisted direct visual biofeedback (–0.03 points, 95% confidence interval –0.33 to 0.27 points; p = 0.8445) or between standardised radiophysiological investigations and no standardised radiophysiological investigations (0.22 points, 95% confidence interval –0.11 to 0.55 points; p = 0.1871). Secondary outcomes reflected similar levels of benefit for all interventions. There was no evidence of greater cost-effectiveness of habit training plus pelvic floor retraining using computer-assisted direct visual biofeedback or stratification by standardised radiophysiological investigations compared with habit training alone (with the probability that habit training alone is cost-effective at a willingness-to-pay threshold of £30,000 per quality-adjusted life-year gain; p = 0.83). Participants reported mixed experiences and similar satisfaction in all groups in the qualitative interviews. CapaCiTY trial 2: at 3 months, there was a modest reduction in the Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life score, from a mean of 2.4 to 2.2 points (i.e. a reduction of 0.2 points), in the low-volume transanal irrigation group compared with a larger mean reduction of 0.6 points in the high-volume transanal irrigation group (difference –0.37 points, 95% confidence interval –0.89 to 0.15 points). The majority of participants preferred high-volume transanal irrigation, with substantial crossover to high-volume transanal irrigation during follow-up. Compared with low-volume transanal irrigation, high-volume transanal irrigation had similar costs (median difference –£8, 95% confidence interval –£240 to £221) and resulted in significantly higher quality of life (0.093 quality-adjusted life-years, 95% confidence interval 0.016 to 0.175 quality-adjusted life-years). CapaCiTY trial 3: laparoscopic ventral mesh rectopexy resulted in a substantial short-term mean reduction in the Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life score (–1.09 points, 95% confidence interval –1.76 to –0.41 points) and beneficial changes in all other outcomes; however, significant increases in cost (£5012, 95% confidence interval £4446 to £5322) resulted in only modest increases in quality of life (0.043 quality-adjusted life-years, 95% confidence interval –0.005 to 0.093 quality-adjusted life-years), with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of £115,512 per quality-adjusted life-year.
Conclusions
Excluding poor recruitment and underpowering of clinical effectiveness analyses, several themes emerge: (1) all interventions studied have beneficial effects on symptoms and disease-specific quality of life in the short term; (2) a simpler, cheaper approach to nurse-led behavioural interventions appears to be at least as clinically effective as and more cost-effective than more complex and invasive approaches (including prior investigation); (3) high-volume transanal irrigation is preferred by participants and has better clinical effectiveness than low-volume transanal irrigation systems; and (4) laparoscopic ventral mesh rectopexy in highly selected participants confers a very significant short-term reduction in symptoms, with low levels of harm but little effect on general quality of life.
Limitations
All three trials significantly under-recruited [CapaCiTY trial 1, n = 182 (target 394); CapaCiTY trial 2, n = 65 (target 300); and CapaCiTY trial 3, n = 28 (target 114)]. The numbers analysed were further limited by loss before primary outcome.
Trial registration
Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN11791740, ISRCTN11093872 and ISRCTN11747152.
Funding
This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Programme Grants for Applied Research programme and will be published in full in Programme Grants for Applied Research; Vol. 9, No. 14. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Knowles
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Steve R Brown
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Sheffield, UK
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Samantha Cross
- Pragmatic Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Population Health Sciences, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Sandra Eldridge
- Pragmatic Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Population Health Sciences, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Ugo Grossi
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mary Jordan
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Jon Lacy-Colson
- Royal Shrewsbury Hospital, Shrewsbury and Telford Hospital NHS Trust, Shrewsbury, UK
| | - James Mason
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - John McLaughlin
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Christine Norton
- Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - S Mark Scott
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Natasha Stevens
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Shiva Taheri
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Yan Yiannakou
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Ortengren AR, Ramkissoon RA, Chey WD, Baker JR, Staller K, Iturrino J, Shah ED. Anorectal manometry to diagnose dyssynergic defecation: Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021; 33:e14137. [PMID: 33772969 PMCID: PMC10091423 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic constipation is a common condition, and dyssynergic defecation underlies up to 40% of cases. Anorectal manometry is recommended to assess for dyssynergic defecation among chronically constipated patients but remains poorly standardized. We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of anorectal manometry and determine optimal testing parameters. METHODS We performed a systematic review with meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy including cohort studies of chronically constipated patients and case-control studies of patients with dyssynergic defecation or healthy controls. Meta-analysis was performed to determine summary sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). KEY RESULTS A total of 15 studies comprising 2140 patients were included. Including all studies (estimating optimal diagnostic accuracy), the AUC was 0.78 [95% CI 0.72-0.82], summary sensitivity was 79% [61%-90%], and summary specificity was 64% [44%-79%] to diagnose dyssynergic defecation. In cohort studies only (estimating real-world diagnostic accuracy), the AUC was 0.72 [0.66-0.77], summary sensitivity was 86% [64%-95%], and summary specificity was 49% [30%-68%]. Employing three consecutive simulated defecation attempts improved sensitivity to 94%. A fourth simulated defecation maneuver with air insufflation may improve accuracy. Measuring anorectal pressures to identify complex dyssynergic patterns did not improve real-world diagnostic accuracy estimates over anal pressure measurement alone. Choice of manometry system did not impact diagnostic accuracy. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Following the current iteration of the London consensus protocol (three simulated defecation attempts measuring anal relaxation), the role of anorectal manometry in evaluating dyssynergic defecation appears limited. Future iterations of this protocol may improve diagnostic accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra R. Ortengren
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Health, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Resham A. Ramkissoon
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Health, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - William D. Chey
- Division of Gastroenterology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jason R. Baker
- Division of Gastroenterology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kyle Staller
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachussetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Johanna Iturrino
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric D. Shah
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Health, Lebanon, NH, USA
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25
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Understanding the physiology of human defaecation and disorders of continence and evacuation. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 18:751-769. [PMID: 34373626 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-021-00487-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The act of defaecation, although a ubiquitous human experience, requires the coordinated actions of the anorectum and colon, pelvic floor musculature, and the enteric, peripheral and central nervous systems. Defaecation is best appreciated through the description of four phases, which are, temporally and physiologically, reasonably discrete. However, given the complexity of this process, it is unsurprising that disorders of defaecation are both common and problematic; almost everyone will experience constipation at some time in their life and many will develop faecal incontinence. A detailed understanding of the normal physiology of defaecation and continence is critical to inform management of disorders of defaecation. During the past decade, there have been major advances in the investigative tools used to assess colonic and anorectal function. This Review details the current understanding of defaecation and continence. This includes an overview of the relevant anatomy and physiology, a description of the four phases of defaecation, and factors influencing defaecation (demographics, stool frequency/consistency, psychobehavioural factors, posture, circadian rhythm, dietary intake and medications). A summary of the known pathophysiology of defaecation disorders including constipation, faecal incontinence and irritable bowel syndrome is also included, as well as considerations for further research in this field.
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26
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ACG Clinical Guidelines: Management of Benign Anorectal Disorders. Am J Gastroenterol 2021; 116:1987-2008. [PMID: 34618700 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Benign anorectal disorders of structure and function are common in clinical practice. These guidelines summarize the preferred approach to the evaluation and management of defecation disorders, proctalgia syndromes, hemorrhoids, anal fissures, and fecal incontinence in adults and represent the official practice recommendations of the American College of Gastroenterology. The scientific evidence for these guidelines was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation process. When the evidence was not appropriate for Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation, we used expert consensus to develop key concept statements. These guidelines should be considered as preferred but are not the only approaches to these conditions.
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Srinivasan SG, Sharma M, Feuerhak K, Bailey KR, Bharucha AE. A comparison of rectoanal pressures during Valsalva maneuver and evacuation uncovers rectoanal discoordination in defecatory disorders. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021; 33:e14126. [PMID: 33797175 PMCID: PMC8486876 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is suggested that patients with defecation disorders (DD) strain excessively or do a Valsalva maneuver (VM) during evacuation, resulting in rectoanal discoordination, which hinders rectal evacuation. However, definitive data are lacking. METHODS Rectoanal pressures during evacuation and a VM were measured with seated high-resolution manometry (HRM) in 64 healthy and 136 constipated women with a normal (84 women, C-normal) or prolonged (52 women, C-abnormal) balloon expulsion time (BET). The number of abnormal rectoanal parameters during evacuation and the joint distribution of pressures during evacuation and a VM were used to discriminate between controls and C-abnormal BET patients. KEY RESULTS The peak anal pressure (5 s) during a VM accounted for 0%, 26%, and 49% of the variance in anal pressure during evacuation in healthy women, C-normal BET, and C-abnormal BET. The association between anal pressure during a VM and evacuation was stronger in C-abnormal BET than in healthy women and C-normal BET (p for interaction <0.001). Fifty-eight of 64 controls and 33 of 52 C-abnormal BET patients had no or one abnormal parameter during evacuation; hence, the probability of C-abnormal BET was 33/91 (36%). In patients with no or one abnormal parameter during evacuation, a logistic model based on anal pressures during evacuation and a VM discriminated between controls and patients with C-abnormal BET with a sensitivity and a specificity of 67% and 75%. CONCLUSIONS Assessment of rectoanal pressures during evacuation and a VM uncovers rectaoanal discoordination and facilitates the diagnosis of DD in selected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmitha Grama Srinivasan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Drs Srinivasan and Sharma, Ms. Feuerhak, and Dr. Bharucha) and Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (Dr Bailey), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mayank Sharma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Drs Srinivasan and Sharma, Ms. Feuerhak, and Dr. Bharucha) and Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (Dr Bailey), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kelly Feuerhak
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Drs Srinivasan and Sharma, Ms. Feuerhak, and Dr. Bharucha) and Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (Dr Bailey), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kent R Bailey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Drs Srinivasan and Sharma, Ms. Feuerhak, and Dr. Bharucha) and Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (Dr Bailey), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Adil E Bharucha
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Drs Srinivasan and Sharma, Ms. Feuerhak, and Dr. Bharucha) and Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (Dr Bailey), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Banasiuk M, Dobrowolska ME, Skowrońska B, Konys J, Banaszkiewicz A. Comparison of Anorectal Function as Measured with High-Resolution and High-Definition Anorectal Manometry. Dig Dis 2021; 40:448-457. [PMID: 34515101 DOI: 10.1159/000518357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anorectal manometry (ARM) provides comprehensive assessment of pressure activity in the rectum and anal canal. Absolute pressure values might depend on the catheter used. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to compare the results obtained by different anorectal catheters in children with functional anorectal disorders. METHODS Children diagnosed with functional defecation disorders based on the Rome IV criteria were prospectively enrolled. ARM was performed in the supine position successively using 2 different probes in each patient in random order. Resting, squeeze pressures, and bear-down maneuver variables obtained by high-resolution (2-dimensional [2D]) and high-definition (3-dimensional [3D]) catheters were compared. RESULTS We prospectively included 100 children {mean age 7.5 [standard deviation (SD) ± 4.3] years; 62 boys}. Mean resting pressures were significantly higher when measured with the 3D than with the 2D catheter (71 [SD ± 19.4] vs. 65 [SD ± 20.1] mm Hg, respectively; p = 0.000). Intrarectal pressure measured by 3D and 2D catheters was similar (35 vs. 39 mm Hg, respectively; p = 0.761), but the percent of anal relaxation appeared to be higher for the 3D than for the 2D probe (12 vs. 5%, respectively; p = 0.002). Dyssynergic defecation (DD) was diagnosed in 41/71 patients (57.7%) using the 3D probe and in 51/71 children (71.8%) using the 2D probe (p = 0.044). Cohen's kappa showed only fair agreement between the catheters (κ = 0.40) in diagnosis of DD. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated significantly different values of pressures obtained with different types of catheters. Normal ranges for conventional manometry cannot be applied to high-resolution systems, and results obtained by different types of manometry cannot be compared without adjustments (NCT02812823).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Banasiuk
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Barbara Skowrońska
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Konys
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Banaszkiewicz
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Cuong LM, Van Quyet H, Hung TM, Anh NN, Ha TT, Van Du V, Van Loi D, Khai HHH, Kien VD. Normal values for high-resolution anorectal manometry in healthy young adults: evidence from Vietnam. BMC Gastroenterol 2021; 21:295. [PMID: 34266417 PMCID: PMC8281378 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-021-01865-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-resolution anorectal manometry (HRAM) has been developed to improve measurement of anorectal functions. This study aims to identify normal HRAM values in healthy young Vietnamese adults. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study at the National Hospital of Traditional Medicine (Hanoi, Vietnam) from July through December 2014. Healthy young adults were invited to participate in the study. All anorectal measurement values were performed using the ISOLAB high-resolution manometry system. Differences between groups were analyzed using Student's t-tests. RESULTS Thirty healthy young adults, including 15 males and 15 females aged 19-26 years, were recruited. Mean functional anal canal length was 3.4 ± 0.5 cm (range: 2.4-4.8 mm). Mean maximum resting pressure, mean maximum squeezing pressure, mean maximum coughing pressure, and mean maximum strain pressure were 65.5, 168.0, 125.9, and 84.2 mm Hg, respectively. All anal pressure values were significantly different between males and females. For rectal sensation measurements, only the volume at first sensation was significantly higher in males than in females. CONCLUSIONS This study provides normal HRAM value for healthy young adults in Vietnam. Sex may influence anal pressure and first rectal sensation values in this cohort. Further studies should be conducted in order to improve the quality of HRAM normal values and to confirm the effects of sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Manh Cuong
- National Hospital of Traditional Medicine, No. 29 Nguyen Binh Khiem Street, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Ha Van Quyet
- Hanoi Medical University, No. 1 Ton That Tung Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tran Manh Hung
- Bach Mai Hospital, No. 78 Giai Phong Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Ngoc Anh
- Hanoi Medical University, No. 1 Ton That Tung Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tran Thu Ha
- National Hospital of Traditional Medicine, No. 29 Nguyen Binh Khiem Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vu Van Du
- National Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, No. 43 Trang Thi Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Do Van Loi
- National Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, No. 43 Trang Thi Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ha Huu Hoang Khai
- Hanoi Medical University, No. 1 Ton That Tung Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vu Duy Kien
- OnCare Medical Technology Company Limited, No. 77/508 Lang Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
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DELSA HANANE, Serraj I, Khalis M, Kabbaj N. Anorectal Manometry on Children: A Moroccan Series and Literature Review. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.6058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction and objectives: Anorectal manometry is a test that evaluates the function of the rectum,but also the anus. It is useful for the diagnosis of several conditions like fecal incontinence and constipation.In children these tests are being increasingly used for all ages.The aim of this study was to determine the benefit of anorectal manometry in children and to report our experience.
Material and Methods:Over a period of four years, 273children that underwent anorectal manometry were included in the study,their data and tests results were analyzed.
Results:Out of 273 patients included,68,5% were boys and 31,5% were girls.The mean age was 9 years.154patients(51,6%) had Fecal incontinence(Group1),75children(27,5%) had chronic constipation(Group2),and both of them(Group3) were reported in 37children(13,6%).An awake manometry was performed in 248children(91%) however this test under sedation allowed us the exclusion of Hirschsprung’s disease in 21children(84%).In group1, 25%patients had bad anal contraction.In groupe3, 21,6%children had bad anal contraction.The statistical analysis showed a significant difference in age(p=0.022) and resting pressure(p=0.050) between the three groups.Children with fecal incontinence had a higher rate of dyssynergy,80.2% and 83.8% in groups 1 and 3 respectively compared to 60.4% in patients with chronic constipation(p=0,852)
Conclusion:The gold standard for the exploration of children’s terminal constipation and encopresis is the anorectal manometry.It is an important tool to establish diagnosis.In our study, this test allow the exclusion of Hirschsprung’s disease in infants with constipation, in other hand we found a higher rate of dyssynergy in children with fecal incontinence(80%) which had allow us to propose a biofeedback therapy.
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Lalwani N, El Sayed RF, Kamath A, Lewis S, Arif H, Chernyak V. Imaging and clinical assessment of functional defecatory disorders with emphasis on defecography. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2021; 46:1323-1333. [PMID: 31332501 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-019-02142-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Functional defecation disorders (FDD) encompass causes of constipation associated with anorectal dysfunction, which include dyssynergia or inadequate defecatory propulsion. FDD are frequently encountered in clinical practice and may affect up to 33-50% of patients with chronic constipation. The etiology of FDD is unclear, however, it has been defined as an acquired, but subliminal behavioral disorder. Pathophysiologic mechanisms may include discoordination of rectoanal muscles, paradoxical contraction or insufficient relaxation of puborectalis and/or anal sphincter during defecation, and sluggish colonic transit. A combination of comprehensive clinical assessment, digital rectal examination and a battery of physiologic tests are needed to make an accurate diagnosis of FDD. Defecography may play a crucial role in the evaluation of FDD, especially when a balloon expulsion test (BET) and/or anorectal manometry (ARM) are equivocal or demonstrate contradictory results. In this review, we provide a thorough overview of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic criteria, clinical and imaging evaluation, and treatment options for FDD, with an emphasis on available diagnostic imaging tools such as defecography and conventional fluoroscopic methods.
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Yates G, Friedmacher F, Cleeve S, Athanasakos E. Anorectal manometry in pediatric settings: A systematic review of 227 studies. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021; 33:e14006. [PMID: 33118295 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is wide variation in the clinical use of diagnostic tools for children with chronic constipation and functional/structural fecal incontinence (CCFSFI). Anorectal manometry (ARM) is a well-recognized technique to assess the function of the anorectum. PURPOSE Our aim was to perform an up-to-date review on ARM in pediatric patients with CCFSFI, with specific focus on the indication of use and protocol. Variation of its use in pediatrics will be explored. METHODS A systematic search was conducted for empirical studies utilizing ARM with a pediatric sample. A keyword search of literature published in English before July 2018 was conducted and updated to October 2019. Data on demographics, clinical information, study aims, ARM parameters and use of sedation/anesthesia were collected. KEY RESULTS A total of 227 studies were included in this systematic review. The age of study participants at the time of ARM ranged from birth to 18 years. ARM was most commonly used in patients with organic conditions (65%) compared to functional constipation (41%). In almost half [108/227 (48%)] of the studies, ARM was performed awake. The ARM parameters most frequently assessed were the rectoanal inhibitory reflex, which was evaluated in 198/227 studies (87%) and the anal resting pressure [166/227 studies (73%)]. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES This systematic review has highlighted the vast variation of ARM use within pediatrics and the need to strive toward standardization and use of consensus guidelines. We anticipate this will further advance our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in children with defecation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Yates
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK.,Barts and The London, School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Florian Friedmacher
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK.,Barts and The London, School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, UK
| | - Stewart Cleeve
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK.,Barts and The London, School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Eleni Athanasakos
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK.,Barts and The London, School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
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Diagnosing Constipation Spectrum Disorders in a Primary Care Setting. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10051092. [PMID: 33807888 PMCID: PMC7961346 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10051092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding pathophysiological causes of constipation is worthwhile in directing therapy and improving symptoms. This review aims to identify and fill gaps in the understanding of the pathophysiology of constipation, understand its prevalence, review diagnostic tools available to primary care physicians (PCPs), and highlight patients’ expectations for the management of this common spectrum of disorders. Literature searches conducted via PubMed included terms related to constipation, diagnosis, and patient perceptions. Case studies were developed to highlight the differences between patients who may be appropriately managed in the primary care setting and those requiring specialty consultation. Myriad pathophysiological factors may contribute to constipation, including stool consistency, altered intestinal motility, gut microbiome, anorectal abnormalities, as well as behavioral and psychological factors. Common diagnoses of “primary constipation” include slow-transit constipation, defecation disorders, irritable bowel syndrome with constipation, and chronic idiopathic constipation. A detailed medical history should be conducted to exclude alarm features and PCPs should be familiar with pathophysiological factors that cause constipation, available diagnostic tools, alarm signs, and the various classification criteria for constipation subtypes in order to diagnose and treat patients accordingly. PCPs should understand when a referral to a gastroenterologist, anorectal specialist, pelvic floor physical therapist, and/or mental health specialist is appropriate.
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Sharma M, Feuerhak K, Corner SM, Manduca A, Bharucha AE. A new method for assessing anal distensibility with a barostat and magnetic resonance imaging in healthy and constipated women. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021; 33:e13972. [PMID: 32815246 PMCID: PMC7864861 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Defecation requires relaxation of the internal and external anal sphincters. High anal resting pressure is associated with painful constipation, defecatory disorders, and increased healthcare utilization in constipated patients; the mechanisms are unclear. Perhaps patients with a high anal resting pressure have a less distensible canal, which impedes defecation. METHODS In 50 of 64 participants (33 healthy and 17 constipated women), anal pressures and distensibility were measured, respectively, with manometry and balloon distention combined with magnetic resonance imaging; rectal balloon expulsion time (BET) was also studied. RESULTS The BET (P = .006) was longer, and the mean (SD) rectoanal pressure gradient (-58[40] vs -34[26] mm Hg, P = .03) was more negative in constipated than healthy women; anal resting pressure was not different. During anal distention, the balloon expanded rapidly at an opening pressure of 49 (18) mm Hg, which was lower (P < .0001) than resting pressure (90 [25] mm Hg). The resting pressure was correlated with the opening pressure (r = 0.57, P < .0001) and inversely (r = -0.38, P = .007) with maximum volume but not with anal distensibility (volume-pressure slope). In healthy women, the difference (opening-resting pressure) was correlated with anal relaxation during evacuation (r = 0.35, P = .04). Anal distensibility and sensory thresholds were not different between constipated and healthy women. CONCLUSIONS Among healthy and constipated women, a greater anal resting pressure is correlated with greater opening pressure and lower maximum volume during distention, and, hence, provides a surrogate marker of anal distensibility. The difference (opening-resting pressure), which reflects anal relaxation during distention, is correlated with anal relaxation during evacuation. Anal resting pressure and distensibility were comparable in healthy and constipated women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Sharma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kelly Feuerhak
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Armando Manduca
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Adil E. Bharucha
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Fomenko OY, Morozov SV, Scott S, Knowles H, Morozov DA, Shelygin YA, Maev IV, Nikityuk DB, Shkoda AS, Kashnikov VN, Bordin DS, Isakov VA, Biryukov OM, Belousova SV, Pimenova ES, Rumiantsev AS, Fedorov ED, Gvozdev MY, Trukhmanov AS, Storonova OA, Indeykina LH, Biryukova MG, Andreev DN, Kucheryavyy YA, Achkasov SI. [Recommendations for the Protocol of functional examination of the anorectal zone and disorders classification: the International Anorectal Physiology Working Group consensus and Russian real-world practice]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2020; 92:105-119. [PMID: 33720582 DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2020.12.200472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript summarizes consensus reached by the International Anorectal Physiology Working Group (IAPWG) for the performance, terminology used, and interpretation of anorectal function testing including anorectal manometry (focused on high-resolution manometry), the rectal sensory test, and the balloon expulsion test. Based on these measurements, a classification system for disorders of anorectal function is proposed. Aim to provide information about methods of diagnosis and new classification of functional anorectal disorders to a wide range of specialists general practitioners, therapists, gastroenterologists, coloproctologists all who face the manifestations of these diseases in everyday practice and determine the diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm. Current paper provides agreed statements of IAPWG Consensus and comments (in italics) of Russian experts on real-world practice, mainly on methodology of examination. These comments in no way intended to detract from the provisions agreed by the international group of experts. We hope that these comments will help to improve the quality of examination based on the systematization of local experience with the use of the methods discussed and the results obtained. Key recommendations: the International Anorectal Physiology Working Group protocol for the performance of anorectal function testing recommends a standardized sequence of maneuvers to test rectoanal reflexes, anal tone and contractility, rectoanal coordination, and rectal sensation. Major findings not seen in healthy controls defined by the classification are as follows: rectoanal areflexia, anal hypotension and hypocontractility, rectal hyposensitivity, and hypersensitivity. Minor and inconclusive findings that can be present in health and require additional information prior to diagnosis include anal hypertension and dyssynergia.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Y Fomenko
- Ryzhikh National Medical Research Centre for Coloproctology
| | - S V Morozov
- Federal Research Center of Nutrition and Biotechnology
| | - S Scott
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London
| | - H Knowles
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London
| | - D A Morozov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
| | - Y A Shelygin
- Ryzhikh National Medical Research Centre for Coloproctology
| | - I V Maev
- Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry
| | - D B Nikityuk
- Federal Research Center of Nutrition and Biotechnology
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
| | | | - V N Kashnikov
- Ryzhikh National Medical Research Centre for Coloproctology
| | - D S Bordin
- Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry
- Loginov Moscow Clinical Research Center
- Tver State Medical University
| | - V A Isakov
- Federal Research Center of Nutrition and Biotechnology
| | - O M Biryukov
- Ryzhikh National Medical Research Centre for Coloproctology
| | - S V Belousova
- Ryzhikh National Medical Research Centre for Coloproctology
| | - E S Pimenova
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
| | | | - E D Fedorov
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
| | - M Y Gvozdev
- Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry
| | - A S Trukhmanov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
| | - O A Storonova
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
| | - L H Indeykina
- Loginov Moscow Clinical Research Center
- Research Institute of Health Care Organization and Medical Management
| | - M G Biryukova
- Federal Research Center of Nutrition and Biotechnology
| | - D N Andreev
- Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry
| | - Y A Kucheryavyy
- Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry
- Ilyinsky Hospital
| | - S I Achkasov
- Ryzhikh National Medical Research Centre for Coloproctology
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Yin Y, Xia Z, Luan M, Qin M. Improvement in Outlet Obstructive Constipation Symptoms After Vaginal Stent Treatment for Rectocele. Surg Innov 2020; 28:634-641. [PMID: 33251935 DOI: 10.1177/1553350620975616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective. The objective is to determine the possible improvement in outlet obstructive constipation symptoms after vaginal stent treatment for rectocele. Methods. Female patients with rectocele (n = 156) accompanied with outlet obstructive constipation were selected in this study. Longo's obstructed defecation syndrome (ODS) questionnaire, rectoanal pressures, and rectal balloon expulsion (BET) were evaluated at baseline, 1 month follow-up, and 6 months follow-up. Moreover, the side effects and the potential reasons for giving up treatment were also detected. Results. Vaginal stent significantly decreased the straining intensity, shortened the straining extensity time, decreased the use of laxatives, and alleviated the symptoms of incomplete evacuation (P < .05). The vaginal stent also increased the rectal pressure and shortened the balloon expulsion time (P < .05). Conclusions. As an effective, feasible, and safe procedure, the vaginal stent can be recommended as a treatment of choice for rectocele combined with outlet obstructive constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Yin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Pelvic Floor Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, China
| | - Zhijun Xia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Pelvic Floor Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, China
| | - Meng Luan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Pelvic Floor Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, China
| | - Meiying Qin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Pelvic Floor Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, China
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Sharma M, Muthyala A, Feuerhak K, Puthanmadhom Narayanan S, Bailey KR, Bharucha AE. Improving the utility of high-resolution manometry for the diagnosis of defecatory disorders in women with chronic constipation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13910. [PMID: 32613711 PMCID: PMC7529936 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We compared the utility of existing and modified versions of high-resolution manometry for diagnosing defecatory disorders (DD). METHODS In 64 healthy and 136 constipated women, we compared left lateral (LL) and seated manometry, and analyzed with existing (ManoView™) and new methods, for discriminating between constipated patients with normal and prolonged rectal balloon expulsion time (BET). In both positions, the rectoanal gradient (RAG) and, for the new analysis, the pressure topography pattern during evacuation were used to discriminate between constipated patients without and with DD. KEY RESULTS The BET was prolonged, suggestive of a DD, in 52 patients (38%). During evacuation, rectoanal pressures and the RAG were greater in the seated than the LL position (P≤.001). The new analysis identified 4 rectoanal pressure patterns. In the seated position, the BET was associated with the pattern (P=.0001), being prolonged in, respectively, 45%, 15%, 53%, and 0% of patients with minimal change, anal relaxation, paradoxical contraction, and transmission. Within each pattern, the RAG was greater (ie, less negative, P<.0001) in patients with a normal than a prolonged BET. Compared to the ManoView™ RAG in the LL position, the integrated analysis (ie, pattern and new RAG) in the LL position (P<.01) and the seated ManoView™ gradient (P=.02) were more effective for discriminating between constipated patients without and with DD. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Anorectal HRM ideally should be performed in the more physiological seated position and analyzed by a two-tier approach, which incorporates the overall pattern followed by the rectoanal gradient. These findings reinforce the utility of manometry for diagnosing DD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Sharma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Anjani Muthyala
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kelly Feuerhak
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Kent R Bailey
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Adil E Bharucha
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Curtin B, Jimenez E, Rao SSC. Clinical Evaluation of a Patient With Symptoms of Colonic or Anorectal Motility Disorders. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 26:423-436. [PMID: 32989182 PMCID: PMC7547199 DOI: 10.5056/jnm20012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, fecal incontinence, abdominal pain, and anorectal pain are problems that affect 40% of the population. They commonly present with overlapping symptoms indicating that their pathophysiology affects multiple segments of the gut as well as brain and gut interactions. Clinically, although some conditions are readily recognized, dyssynergic defecation, fecal incontinence, and anorectal pain are often missed or misdiagnosed. Consequently, the assessment of lower gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with suspected colonic or anorectal motility disorder(s) remains challenging for most clinicians. A detailed history, use of the Bristol stool form scale, prospective stool diaries, ideally through a phone App, digital rectal examination, and judicious use of complementary diagnostic tests are essential. Additionally, it is important to evaluate the impact of these problems on quality of life and psychosocial issues, because they are intricately linked with these disorders. The Rome IV diagnostic questionnaire for functional gastrointestinal disorders can provide additional information often missed during history taking. Here, we discuss a systematic approach for the clinical evaluation of patients with suspected lower gastrointestinal problems, grouped under 4 common diagnostic categories. We describe how to take a detailed history, perform meticulous digital rectal examination, and use validated tools to supplement clinical evaluation, including assessments of quality of life and scoring systems for disease severity and digital Apps. These tools could facilitate a comprehensive plan for clinical management including diagnostic tests, and translate the patients' complaints into definable, diagnostic categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Curtin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Health Center, Augusta University, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Enoe Jimenez
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Health Center, Augusta University, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Satish S C Rao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Health Center, Augusta University, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
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Attari A, Chey WD, Baker JR, Ashton-Miller JA. Comparison of anorectal function measured using wearable digital manometry and a high resolution manometry system. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228761. [PMID: 32991595 PMCID: PMC7523952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a need for a lower cost manometry system for assessing anorectal function in primary and secondary care settings. We developed an index finger-based system (termed "digital manometry") and tested it in healthy volunteers, patients with chronic constipation, and fecal incontinence. Anorectal pressures were measured in 16 participants with the digital manometry system and a 23-channel high-resolution anorectal manometry system. The results were compared using a Bland-Altman analysis at rest as well as during maximum squeeze and simulated defecation maneuvers. Myoelectric activity of the puborectalis muscle was also quantified simultaneously using the digital manometry system. The limits of agreement between the two methods were -7.1 ± 25.7 mmHg for anal sphincter resting pressure, 0.4 ± 23.0 mmHg for the anal sphincter pressure change during simulated defecation, -37.6 ± 50.9 mmHg for rectal pressure changes during simulated defecation, and -20.6 ± 172.6 mmHg for anal sphincter pressure during the maximum squeeze maneuver. The change in the puborectalis myoelectric activity was proportional to the anal sphincter pressure increment during a maximum squeeze maneuver (slope = 0.6, R2 = 0.4). Digital manometry provided a similar evaluation of anorectal pressures and puborectalis myoelectric activity at an order of magnitude less cost than high-resolution manometry, and with a similar level of patient comfort. Digital Manometry provides a simple, inexpensive, point of service means of assessing anorectal function in patients with chronic constipation and fecal incontinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Attari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - William D. Chey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan Hospitals and Health Centers, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Jason R. Baker
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan Hospitals and Health Centers, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - James A. Ashton-Miller
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
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40
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Scott SM, Carrington EV. The London Classification: Improving Characterization and Classification of Anorectal Function with Anorectal Manometry. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2020; 22:55. [PMID: 32935278 PMCID: PMC7497505 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-020-00793-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Objective measurement of anorectal sensorimotor function is a requisite component in the clinical evaluation of patients with intractable symptoms of anorectal dysfunction. Regrettably, the utility of the most established and widely employed investigations for such measurement (anorectal manometry (ARM), rectal sensory testing and the balloon expulsion test) has been limited by wide variations in clinical practice. RECENT FINDINGS This article summarizes the recently published International Anorectal Physiology Working Group (IAPWG) consensus and London Classification of anorectal disorders, together with relevant allied literature, to provide guidance on the indications for, equipment, protocol, measurement definitions and results interpretation for ARM, rectal sensory testing and the balloon expulsion test. The London Classification is a standardized method and nomenclature for description of alterations in anorectal motor and sensory function using office-based investigations, adoption of which should bring much needed harmonization of practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mark Scott
- Neurogastroenterology Group and GI Physiology Unit, Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University London, London, UK.
| | - Emma V Carrington
- Neurogastroenterology Group and GI Physiology Unit, Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
- Surgical Professorial Unit, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Khoshbin K, Busciglio I, Burton D, Breen‐Lyles MK, Camilleri M. Expanding criteria for slow colonic transit in patients being evaluated for chronic constipation by scintigraphy. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13878. [PMID: 32394592 PMCID: PMC7483962 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colonic transit measurement [geometric center (GC) at 24 and 48 hours] identifies slow transit constipation (STC) in patients with chronic constipation. AIM To evaluate the utility of the difference between GC24 and GC48 (Δ48-24 ) to identify STC in adults with chronic constipation. METHODS We reviewed medical records of 250 patients, aged 18-75 years, who underwent colonic transit by scintigraphy during 1994-2019 for investigation of chronic constipation. Data collected included demographics, medical and surgical histories, and anorectal manometry. We used colonic transit from 220 healthy controls to identify the 5th percentile for diagnosing STC: 1.3 at 24 hours, and 1.9 at 48 hours. In addition, the 5th percentile for Δ48-24 was 0.38 for females and 0.29 for males. Data are reported as median and IQR [Q1, Q3]). KEY RESULTS Among the 250 patients [median age 42.5 years (IQR 30.75, 56), 84% female], based on GC24 < 1.3, 52 (20.8%) had STC (3 males, 49 females); and based on GC48 < 1.9, 28(11.2%) had STC (3 males, 25 females). Colonic transit was normal in 74.8%. In the groups with normal GC24 and GC48, Δ48-24 identified an additional 32(15.1%) of 212 female patients and 4 (10.5%) of 38 male patients with slow progression of colonic transit between 24 and 48 hours. Among these 36 patients with abnormal Δ48-24 , 13(36.1%) had evidence of rectal evacuation disorder. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Δ48-24 measurement on scintigraphic colonic transit can identify an additional 9.2% of STC in patients with constipation without rectal evacuation disorder and can help individualize treatment of chronic constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katayoun Khoshbin
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.) Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | - Irene Busciglio
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.) Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | - Duane Burton
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.) Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | - Margaret K. Breen‐Lyles
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.) Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | - Michael Camilleri
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.) Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
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Magnetic imaging defecography results are comparable to high-resolution manometry and conventional X-ray defecography in the assessment of functional pelvic floor disorders. Tech Coloproctol 2020; 24:1155-1161. [DOI: 10.1007/s10151-020-02292-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Athanasakos E, Cleeve S, Thapar N, Lindley K, Perring S, Cronin H, Borrelli O, Mutalib M. Anorectal manometry in children with defecation disorders BSPGHAN Motility Working Group consensus statement. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13797. [PMID: 31989766 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Defecatory disorders in children, including chronic constipation (CC) and fecal incontinence (FI), are common conditions worldwide and have a significant impact on children, their families, and the healthcare system. Anorectal manometry (ARM) and high-resolution anorectal manometry (HRAM) are relatively novel tools for the assessment of anal sphincter function and rectal sensation and have contributed significantly to improving the understanding of the anorectum as a functional unit. ARM has been recognized as the investigation of choice for adults with symptoms of defecation disorders, including fecal incontinence (FI), evacuation difficulties, and constipation. Although it is the gold standard tool in adults, it has yet to be formally accepted as a standardized diagnostic tool in the pediatric age, with limited knowledge regarding indications, protocol, and normal values. ARM/HRAM is slowly becoming recognized among pediatricians, but given that there are currently no agreed guidelines there is a risk that will lead to diversity in practice. The British Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (BSPGHAN)-Motility Working Group (MWG) therefore has taken the opportunity to provide guidance on the use of ARM/HRAM in children with CC and/or FI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nikhil Thapar
- Gastroenterology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK.,UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Library, London, UK
| | - Keith Lindley
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Division of Paediatric Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Steve Perring
- Medical Physics, Poole Hospital NHS Trust, Poole, UK
| | - Hannah Cronin
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Division of Paediatric Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Osvaldo Borrelli
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Division of Paediatric Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Mohamed Mutalib
- Paediatric Gastroenterology, Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, UK
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Identification of a Gene-Related Risk Signature in Melanoma Patients Using Bioinformatic Profiling. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2020; 2020:7526204. [PMID: 32411243 PMCID: PMC7206882 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7526204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Gene signature has been used to predict prognosis in melanoma patients. Meanwhile, the efficacy of immunotherapy was correlated with particular genes expression or mutation. In this study, we systematically explored the gene expression pattern in the melanoma-immune microenvironment and its relationship with prognosis. Methods A cohort of 122 melanoma cases with whole-genome microarray expression data were enrolled from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The findings were validated using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. A principal component analysis (PCA), gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), and gene oncology (GO) analysis were performed to explore the bioinformatic implications. Results Different gene expression patterns were identified according to the clinical stage. All eligible gene sets were analyzed, and the 8 genes (GPR87, KIT, SH3GL3, PVRL1, ATP1B1, CDAN1, FAU, and TNFSF14) with the greatest prognostic impact on melanoma. A gene-related risk signature was developed to distinguish patients with a high or low risk of an unfavorable outcome, and this signature was validated using the TCGA database. Furthermore, the prognostic significance of the signature between the classified subgroups was verified as an independent prognostic predictor of melanoma. Additionally, the low-risk melanoma patients presented an enhanced immune phenotype compared to that of the high-risk gene signature patients. Conclusions The gene pattern differences in melanoma were profiled, and a gene signature that could independently predict melanoma patients with a high risk of poor survival was established, highlighting the relationship between prognosis and the local immune response.
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Bharucha AE, Lacy BE. Mechanisms, Evaluation, and Management of Chronic Constipation. Gastroenterology 2020; 158:1232-1249.e3. [PMID: 31945360 PMCID: PMC7573977 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With a worldwide prevalence of 15%, chronic constipation is one of the most frequent gastrointestinal diagnoses made in ambulatory medicine clinics, and is a common source cause for referrals to gastroenterologists and colorectal surgeons in the United States. Symptoms vary among patients; straining, incomplete evacuation, and a sense of anorectal blockage are just as important as decreased stool frequency. Chronic constipation is either a primary disorder (such as normal transit, slow transit, or defecatory disorders) or a secondary one (due to medications or, in rare cases, anatomic alterations). Colonic sensorimotor disturbances and pelvic floor dysfunction (such as defecatory disorders) are the most widely recognized pathogenic mechanisms. Guided by efficacy and cost, management of constipation should begin with dietary fiber supplementation and stimulant and/or osmotic laxatives, as appropriate, followed, if necessary, by intestinal secretagogues and/or prokinetic agents. Peripherally acting μ-opiate antagonists are another option for opioid-induced constipation. Anorectal tests to evaluate for defecatory disorders should be performed in patients who do not respond to over-the-counter agents. Colonic transit, followed if necessary with assessment of colonic motility with manometry and/or a barostat, can identify colonic dysmotility. Defecatory disorders often respond to biofeedback therapy. For specific patients, slow-transit constipation may necessitate a colectomy. No studies have compared inexpensive laxatives with newer drugs with different mechanisms. We review the mechanisms, evaluation, and management of chronic constipation. We discuss the importance of meticulous analyses of patient history and physical examination, advantages and disadvantages of diagnostic testing, guidance for individualized treatment, and management of medically refractory patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil E Bharucha
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
| | - Brian E Lacy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
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Scientific solution to a complex problem: physiology and multidisciplinary team improve understanding and outcome in chronic constipation and faecal incontinence. Pediatr Surg Int 2020; 36:295-303. [PMID: 31844977 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-019-04605-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is a lack of diagnostic credibility to direct focused management for children with chronic constipation (CC) and faecal incontinence (FI). The aim is to assess the impact of an innovative Children's Anorectal Physiology Service (CAPS) focusing on improving outcomes in children with CC/FI. METHODS Prospective data: demographics, bowel and quality of life (QoL)/risk of distress questionnaires. Diagnostics: awake high-resolution anorectal manometry (AHRAM), endoanal ultrasound and transit marker studies (TMS). RESULTS Total patients: 112; 66 males (59%); median 9 years (17 months to 16 years). Patient groups included: 89 (79%) had functional CC/FI; 9 (8%), Hirschsprung's disease; 12 (11%), anorectal malformations and 2 (2%), trauma. St Marks Incontinence score (SMIS) abnormal in 91 (81%) and Cleveland Constipation Score (CCS) in 101 (90%) patients. Anorectal manometry: 94 (84%) awake and 18 (17%) under anaesthesia. Play specialist input 37 (33%) patients. AHRAM abnormal 65 (58%): sphincter dysfunction 36 (32%) and altered rectal sensation: hyposensitive 22% (20/91); 21% (19/91) hypersensitive. TMS normal in 64 (57%), 17 (15%) slow transit and 27 (24%) rectal evacuatory disorder. Risk of distress in 38% and poor QoL in 55% patients which correlated with abnormal SMIS (p = 0.02). Patient/parent satisfaction improved significantly (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Scientific investigations combined with multidisciplinary team improve patient satisfaction and reduces patient self-report illness severity. A complex problem requires a scientific solution.
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Carrington EV, Heinrich H, Knowles CH, Fox M, Rao S, Altomare DF, Bharucha AE, Burgell R, Chey WD, Chiarioni G, Dinning P, Emmanuel A, Farouk R, Felt‐Bersma RJF, Jung KW, Lembo A, Malcolm A, Mittal RK, Mion F, Myung S, O’Connell PR, Pehl C, Remes‐Troche JM, Reveille RM, Vaizey CJ, Vitton V, Whitehead WE, Wong RK, Scott SM. The international anorectal physiology working group (IAPWG) recommendations: Standardized testing protocol and the London classification for disorders of anorectal function. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13679. [PMID: 31407463 PMCID: PMC6923590 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This manuscript summarizes consensus reached by the International Anorectal Physiology Working Group (IAPWG) for the performance, terminology used, and interpretation of anorectal function testing including anorectal manometry (focused on high-resolution manometry), the rectal sensory test, and the balloon expulsion test. Based on these measurements, a classification system for disorders of anorectal function is proposed. METHODS Twenty-nine working group members (clinicians/academics in the field of gastroenterology, coloproctology, and gastrointestinal physiology) were invited to six face-to-face and three remote meetings to derive consensus between 2014 and 2018. KEY RECOMMENDATIONS The IAPWG protocol for the performance of anorectal function testing recommends a standardized sequence of maneuvers to test rectoanal reflexes, anal tone and contractility, rectoanal coordination, and rectal sensation. Major findings not seen in healthy controls defined by the classification are as follows: rectoanal areflexia, anal hypotension and hypocontractility, rectal hyposensitivity, and hypersensitivity. Minor and inconclusive findings that can be present in health and require additional information prior to diagnosis include anal hypertension and dyssynergia. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES This framework introduces the IAPWG protocol and the London classification for disorders of anorectal function based on objective physiological measurement. The use of a common language to describe results of diagnostic tests, standard operating procedures, and a consensus classification system is designed to bring much-needed standardization to these techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mark Fox
- University of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Satish Rao
- Medical College of GeorgiaAugustaGeorgiaUSA
| | | | | | - Rebecca Burgell
- Monash University and Alfred HealthMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | | | | | | | | | - Ridzuan Farouk
- National University Hospital SingaporeSingapore CitySingapore
| | | | | | | | - Allison Malcolm
- University of Sydney and Royal North Shore HospitalSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | | | - Franҫois Mion
- Université de Lyon et Hospices Civils de LyonLyonFrance
| | | | | | - Christian Pehl
- Krankenhaus Vilsbiburg and Technical University MunichMunichGermany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Reuben K. Wong
- National University Hospital SingaporeSingapore CitySingapore
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Abstract
Constipation is a common symptom that may be primary (idiopathic or functional) or associated with a number of disorders or medications. Although most constipation is self-managed by patients, 22% seek health care, mostly to primary care physicians (>50%) and gastroenterologists (14%), resulting in large expenditures for diagnostic testing and treatments. There is strong evidence that stimulant and osmotic laxatives, intestinal secretagogues, and peripherally restricted μ-opiate antagonists are effective and safe; the lattermost drugs are a major advance for managing opioid-induced constipation. Constipation that is refractory to available laxatives should be evaluated for defecatory disorders and slow-transit constipation using studies of anorectal function and colonic transit. Defecatory disorders are often responsive to biofeedback therapies, whereas slow-transit constipation may require surgical intervention in selected patients. Both efficacy and cost should guide the choice of treatment for functional constipation and opiate-induced constipation. Currently, no studies have compared inexpensive laxatives with newer drugs that work by other mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil E. Bharucha
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Arnold Wald
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison
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Das R, Wille L, Zhang L, Chen C, Winchester W, Selimkhanov J, Wykosky J, Apgar JF, Burke JM, Rogge M, Hua F, Vakilynejad M. A quantitative systems pharmacology model of colonic motility with applications in drug development. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2019; 46:485-498. [DOI: 10.1007/s10928-019-09651-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Muthyala A, Feuerhak KJ, Harmsen WS, Chakraborty S, Bailey KR, Bharucha AE. Effects of psychosensory stimulation on anal pressures: Effects of alfuzosin. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13618. [PMID: 31032543 PMCID: PMC6559834 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our aim is to explain the lack of clarity in the ways in which anxiety and depression, which are common in defecatory disorders (DD), may contribute to the disorder. In this study, we evaluate the effects of mental stress and relaxation on anal pressures and the mechanisms thereof. METHODS In 38 healthy women and 36 DD patients, rectoanal pressures were assessed at rest and during mental stressors (ie, word-color conflict [Stroop] and mental arithmetic tests) and mental relaxation, before and after randomization to placebo or the adrenergic α1 -antagonist alfuzosin. KEY RESULTS During the baseline Stroop test, the anal pressure increased by 6 ± 13 mm Hg (mean ± SD, P = 0.004) in healthy women and 9 ± 10 mm Hg (P = 0.0001) in constipated women. During mental arithmetic, the anal pressure increased in healthy (4 ± 8 mm Hg, P = 0.002) and constipated women (5 ± 9 mm Hg, P = 0.004). After relaxation, anal pressure declined (P = 0.0004) by 3 ± 4 mm Hg in DD patients but not in controls. Alfuzosin reduced (P = 0.0001) anal resting pressure (by 31 ± 19 mm Hg) vs placebo (16 ± 18 mm Hg). However, during the postdrug Stroop test, anal pressure increased (P = 0.0001) in participants who received alfuzosin but not placebo. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES In healthy controls and DD patients, mental stressors likely increased anal pressure by contracting the internal anal sphincter; relaxation reduced anal pressure in DD patients. Alfuzosin reduced anal resting pressure but did not block the Stroop-mediated contractile response, which suggests that this response is not entirely mediated by adrenergic α1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjani Muthyala
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
| | - Kelly J. Feuerhak
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
| | - William S. Harmsen
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Subhankar Chakraborty
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
| | - Kent R. Bailey
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Adil E. Bharucha
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
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