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Mao J, He Y, Chu J, Hu B, Yao Y, Yan Q, Han S. Analysis of clinical characteristics of mismatch repair status in colorectal cancer: a multicenter retrospective study. Int J Colorectal Dis 2024; 39:100. [PMID: 38967814 PMCID: PMC11226506 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-024-04674-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microsatellite instability (MSI) caused by DNA mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency is of great significance in the occurrence, diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). AIM This study aimed to analyze the relationship between mismatch repair status and clinical characteristics of CRC. METHODS The histopathological results and clinical characteristics of 2029 patients who suffered from CRC and underwent surgery at two centers from 2018 to 2020 were determined. After screening the importance of clinical characteristics through machine learning algorithms, the patients were divided into deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) and proficient mismatch repair (pMMR) groups based on the immunohistochemistry results and the clinical feature data between the two groups were observed by statistical methods. RESULTS The dMMR and pMMR groups had significant differences in histologic type, TNM stage, maximum tumor diameter, lymph node metastasis, differentiation grade, gross appearance, and vascular invasion. There were significant differences between the MLH1 groups in age, histologic type, TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, tumor location, and depth of invasion. The MSH2 groups were significantly different in age. The MSH6 groups had significant differences in age, histologic type, and TNM stage. There were significant differences between the PMS2 groups in lymph node metastasis and tumor location. CRC was dominated by MLH1 and PMS2 combined expression loss (41.77%). There was a positive correlation between MLH1 and MSH2 and between MSH6 and PMS2 as well. CONCLUSIONS The proportion of mucinous adenocarcinoma, protruding type, and poor differentiation is relatively high in dMMR CRCs, but lymph node metastasis is rare. It is worth noting that the expression of MMR protein has different prognostic significance in different stages of CRC disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Mao
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer of Huzhou, No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang He
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, No. 92, Zheshan West Road, Jinghu District, Wuhu, Anhui, 241001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Chu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth Affiliated Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang, Chinese Medical University, No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer of Huzhou, No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, People's Republic of China
| | - Boyang Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer of Huzhou, No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjun Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer of Huzhou, No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer of Huzhou, No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuwen Han
- Department of Oncology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer of Huzhou, No.1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, People's Republic of China.
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van Ravesteyn TW, Dekker M, Riele HT. Mono- and Biallelic Replication-Coupled Gene Editing Discriminates Dominant-Negative and Loss-of-Function Variants of DNA Mismatch Repair Genes. J Mol Diagn 2024:S1525-1578(24)00131-4. [PMID: 38925454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2024.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Replication-coupled gene editing using locked nucleic acid-modified single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides (LMOs) can genetically engineer mammalian cells with high precision at single nucleotide resolution. Based on this method, oligonucleotide-directed mutation screening (ODMS) was developed to determine whether variants of uncertain clinical significance of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes can cause Lynch syndrome. In ODMS, the appearance of 6-thioguanine-resistant colonies upon introduction of the variant is indicative for defective MMR and hence pathogenicity. Whereas mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) hemizygous for MMR genes were used previously, we now show that ODMS can also be applied in wild-type mESCs carrying two functional alleles of each MMR gene. 6-Thioguanine resistance can result from two possible events: first, the mutation is present in only one allele, which is indicative for dominant-negative activity of the variant; and second, both alleles contain the planned modification, which is indicative for a regular loss-of-function variant. Thus, ODMS in wild-type mESCs can discriminate fully disruptive and dominant-negative MMR variants. The feasibility of biallelic targeting suggests that the efficiency of LMO-mediated gene targeting at a nonselectable locus may be enriched in cells that had undergone a simultaneous selectable LMO targeting event. This turned out to be the case and provided a protocol to improve recovery of LMO-mediated gene modification events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W van Ravesteyn
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen Dekker
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hein Te Riele
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Rodriguez JE, Vasseur D, Bani MA, Cabaret O, Cotteret S, Muleris M, Golbarg V, Malka D, Pudlarz T, Caron O, Smolenschi C. Case report: Microsatellite instability determination is not always black and white in Lynch syndrome diagnosis. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1396869. [PMID: 38957326 PMCID: PMC11217479 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1396869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Microsatellite instability (MSI) is a genetic marker that is useful in the detection and treatment of Lynch syndrome (Sd). Although conventional techniques such as immunohistochemistry (IHC) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are the standards for MSI detection, the advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) has offered new possibilities, especially with circulating DNA. Case report We present the case of a 26-year-old patient with Lynch Sd and a BRAF-mutated metastatic colon cancer. The discordant MSI results between the conventional methods and NGS posed challenges in making treatment decisions. Subsequent NGS analysis revealed a high MSI status, leading to participation in an immunotherapy trial, with remarkable clinical response. Conclusion This case emphasizes the importance of comprehensive molecular profiling and strong interdisciplinary collaborations, especially in cases with ambiguous MSI results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Damien Vasseur
- Medical Biology and Pathology Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Mohamed Amine Bani
- Medical Biology and Pathology Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Medical Oncology Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Odile Cabaret
- Medical Biology and Pathology Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Sophie Cotteret
- Biology and Genetics Department, Centre Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Martine Muleris
- Department of Genetics, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Veronica Golbarg
- Medical Oncology Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - David Malka
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Pudlarz
- Medical Oncology Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Olivier Caron
- Medical Oncology Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Cristina Smolenschi
- Drug Development Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Medical Biology and Pathology Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Medical Oncology Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
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4
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Bouras A, Lefol C, Ruano E, Grand-Masson C, Auclair-Perrossier J, Wang Q. Splicing analysis of 24 potential spliceogenic variants in MMR genes and clinical interpretation based on refined ACMG/AMP criteria. Hum Mol Genet 2024; 33:850-859. [PMID: 38311346 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddae016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Lynch syndrome (LS) is a common hereditary cancer syndrome caused by heterozygous germline pathogenic variants in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes. Splicing defect constitutes one of the major mechanisms for MMR gene inactivation. Using RT-PCR based RNA analysis, we investigated 24 potential spliceogenic variants in MMR genes and determined their pathogenicity based on refined splicing-related American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics/Association for Molecular Pathology (ACMG/AMP) criteria. Aberrant transcripts were confirmed in 19 variants and 17 of which were classified as pathogenic including 11 located outside of canonical splice sites. Most of these variants were previously reported in LS patients without mRNA splicing assessment. Thus, our study provides crucial evidence for pathogenicity determination, allowing for appropriate clinical follow-up. We also found that computational predictions were globally well correlated with RNA analysis results and the use of both SPiP and SpliceAI software appeared more efficient for splicing defect prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Bouras
- Centre Léon Bérard, Laboratory of Constitutional Genetics for Frequent Cancer HCL-CLB, 28 Laennec street, 69008 Lyon, France
- Inserm U1052, Lyon Cancer Research Center, 28 Laennec street, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Cedrick Lefol
- Centre Léon Bérard, Laboratory of Constitutional Genetics for Frequent Cancer HCL-CLB, 28 Laennec street, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Eric Ruano
- Centre Léon Bérard, Laboratory of Constitutional Genetics for Frequent Cancer HCL-CLB, 28 Laennec street, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Chloé Grand-Masson
- Centre Léon Bérard, Laboratory of Constitutional Genetics for Frequent Cancer HCL-CLB, 28 Laennec street, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Jessie Auclair-Perrossier
- Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon Cancer Research Center, Cancer Genomic Platform, 28 Laennec street, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Qing Wang
- Centre Léon Bérard, Laboratory of Constitutional Genetics for Frequent Cancer HCL-CLB, 28 Laennec street, 69008 Lyon, France
- Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon Cancer Research Center, Cancer Genomic Platform, 28 Laennec street, 69008 Lyon, France
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5
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He Y, Lu F, Jiang C, Gong F, Wu Z, Ostrikov K. Cold atmospheric plasma stabilizes mismatch repair for effective, uniform treatment of diverse colorectal cancer cell types. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3599. [PMID: 38351129 PMCID: PMC10864286 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Mismatch Repair (MMR) mechanisms play a pivotal role in rectifying DNA replication errors and maintaining the stability of DNA microsatellite structure. Colorectal cancer (CRC) can be characterized into microsatellite stability (MSS) and microsatellite instability (MSI) subtypes based on the functionality of MMR. MSI CRC notably exhibits enhanced chemotherapy resistance, attributable to diminished MMR-related protein expression. Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has emerged as a promising treatment modality, demonstrating efficacy in inducing apoptosis in various cancer cells. However, the therapeutic impact of CAP on MSI colorectal cancer, and the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we investigated the effects of CAP on MSI (MC38, HCT116, and LOVO) and MSS (CT26 and HT29) CRC cell lines. We are probing into the products of CAP treatment. Our findings indicate that CAP treatment induces comparable effects on apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), as well as the expression of apoptosis-related proteins in both MSI and MSS cells. Mechanistically, CAP treatment led to an elevation in the expression of mismatch repair proteins (MLH1 and MSH2), particularly in MSI cells, which notably have been proven to facilitate the activation of apoptosis-related proteins. Collectively, our study reveals that CAP enhances apoptotic signaling and induces apoptosis in MSI colorectal cancer cells by upregulating the expression of MMR-related proteins, thereby reinforcing MMR stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan He
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Fu Lu
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Chenmin Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Fanwu Gong
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China.
| | - Zhengwei Wu
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
| | - Kostya Ostrikov
- School of Chemistry and Physics and QUT Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
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6
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Pantaleo A, Forte G, Cariola F, Valentini AM, Fasano C, Sanese P, Grossi V, Buonadonna AL, De Marco K, Lepore Signorile M, Guglielmi AF, Manghisi A, Gigante G, Armentano R, Disciglio V, Simone C. Tumor Testing and Genetic Analysis to Identify Lynch Syndrome Patients in an Italian Colorectal Cancer Cohort. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5061. [PMID: 37894428 PMCID: PMC10605602 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15205061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lynch syndrome (LS) is an inherited cancer susceptibility syndrome caused by germline mutations in a DNA mismatch repair (MMR) gene or in the EPCAM gene. LS is associated with an increased lifetime risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) and other malignancies. The screening algorithm for LS patient selection is based on the identification of CRC specimens that have MMR loss/high microsatellite instability (MSI-H) and are wild-type for BRAFV600. Here, we sought to clinically and molecularly characterize patients with these features. From 2017 to 2023, 841 CRC patients were evaluated for MSI and BRAFV600E mutation status, 100 of which showed MSI-H. Of these, 70 were wild-type for BRAFV600. Among these 70 patients, 30 were genetically tested for germline variants in hereditary cancer predisposition syndrome genes. This analysis showed that 19 of these 30 patients (63.3%) harbored a germline pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant in MMR genes, 2 (6.7%) harbored a variant of unknown significance (VUS) in MMR genes, 3 (10%) harbored a VUS in other cancer-related genes, and 6 (20%) were negative to genetic testing. These findings highlight the importance of personalized medicine for tailored genetic counseling, management, and surveillance of families with LS and other hereditary cancer syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Pantaleo
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (A.P.); (G.F.); (F.C.); (C.F.); (P.S.); (V.G.); (A.L.B.); (K.D.M.); (M.L.S.); (A.F.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Giovanna Forte
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (A.P.); (G.F.); (F.C.); (C.F.); (P.S.); (V.G.); (A.L.B.); (K.D.M.); (M.L.S.); (A.F.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Filomena Cariola
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (A.P.); (G.F.); (F.C.); (C.F.); (P.S.); (V.G.); (A.L.B.); (K.D.M.); (M.L.S.); (A.F.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Anna Maria Valentini
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (A.M.V.); (R.A.)
| | - Candida Fasano
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (A.P.); (G.F.); (F.C.); (C.F.); (P.S.); (V.G.); (A.L.B.); (K.D.M.); (M.L.S.); (A.F.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Paola Sanese
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (A.P.); (G.F.); (F.C.); (C.F.); (P.S.); (V.G.); (A.L.B.); (K.D.M.); (M.L.S.); (A.F.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Valentina Grossi
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (A.P.); (G.F.); (F.C.); (C.F.); (P.S.); (V.G.); (A.L.B.); (K.D.M.); (M.L.S.); (A.F.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Antonia Lucia Buonadonna
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (A.P.); (G.F.); (F.C.); (C.F.); (P.S.); (V.G.); (A.L.B.); (K.D.M.); (M.L.S.); (A.F.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Katia De Marco
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (A.P.); (G.F.); (F.C.); (C.F.); (P.S.); (V.G.); (A.L.B.); (K.D.M.); (M.L.S.); (A.F.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Martina Lepore Signorile
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (A.P.); (G.F.); (F.C.); (C.F.); (P.S.); (V.G.); (A.L.B.); (K.D.M.); (M.L.S.); (A.F.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Anna Filomena Guglielmi
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (A.P.); (G.F.); (F.C.); (C.F.); (P.S.); (V.G.); (A.L.B.); (K.D.M.); (M.L.S.); (A.F.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Andrea Manghisi
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (A.P.); (G.F.); (F.C.); (C.F.); (P.S.); (V.G.); (A.L.B.); (K.D.M.); (M.L.S.); (A.F.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Gianluigi Gigante
- Department of General Surgery, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy;
| | - Raffaele Armentano
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (A.M.V.); (R.A.)
| | - Vittoria Disciglio
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (A.P.); (G.F.); (F.C.); (C.F.); (P.S.); (V.G.); (A.L.B.); (K.D.M.); (M.L.S.); (A.F.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Cristiano Simone
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (A.P.); (G.F.); (F.C.); (C.F.); (P.S.); (V.G.); (A.L.B.); (K.D.M.); (M.L.S.); (A.F.G.); (A.M.)
- Medical Genetics, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Jonic Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
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7
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Kansikas M, Vähätalo L, Kantelinen J, Kasela M, Putula J, Døhlen A, Paloviita P, Kärkkäinen E, Lahti N, Arnez P, Kilpinen S, Alcala-Repo B, Pylvänäinen K, Pöyhönen M, Peltomäki P, Järvinen HJ, Seppälä TT, Renkonen-Sinisalo L, Lepistö A, Mecklin JP, Nyström M. Tumor-independent Detection of Inherited Mismatch Repair Deficiency for the Diagnosis of Lynch Syndrome with High Specificity and Sensitivity. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 3:361-370. [PMID: 36875157 PMCID: PMC9979712 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-22-0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Lynch syndrome (LS) is the most common hereditary cancer syndrome. Early diagnosis improves prognosis and reduces health care costs, through existing cancer surveillance methods. The problem is finding and diagnosing the cancer predisposing genetic condition. The current workup involves a complex array of tests that combines family cancer history and clinical phenotypes with tumor characteristics and sequencing data, followed by a challenging task to interpret the found variant(s). On the basis of the knowledge that an inherited mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency is a hallmark of LS, we have developed and validated a functional MMR test, DiagMMR, that detects inherited MMR deficiency directly from healthy tissue without need of tumor and variant information. The validation included 119 skin biopsies collected from clinically pathogenic MMR variant carriers (MSH2, MSH6) and controls, and was followed by a small clinical pilot study. The repair reaction was performed on proteins extracted from primary fibroblasts and the interpretation was based on the MMR capability of the sample in relation to cutoff, which distinguishes MMR proficient (non-LS) from MMR deficient (LS) function. The results were compared with the reference standard (germline NGS). The test was shown to have exceptional specificity (100%) with high sensitivity (89%) and accuracy (97%). The ability to efficiently distinguish LS carriers from controls was further shown with a high area under the receiving operating characteristic (AUROC) value (0.97). This test offers an excellent tool for detecting inherited MMR deficiency linked to MSH2 or MSH6 and can be used alone or with conventional tests to recognize genetically predisposed individuals. SIGNIFICANCE Clinical validation of DiagMMR shows high accuracy in distinguishing individuals with hereditary MSH2 or MSH6 MMR deficiency (i.e., LS). The method presented overcomes challenges faced by the complexity of current methods and can be used alone or with conventional tests to improve the ability to recognize genetically predisposed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minttu Kansikas
- LS CancerDiag Ltd., Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Vähätalo
- LS CancerDiag Ltd., Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Kantelinen
- LS CancerDiag Ltd., Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mariann Kasela
- LS CancerDiag Ltd., Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Putula
- LS CancerDiag Ltd., Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anni Døhlen
- LS CancerDiag Ltd., Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pauliina Paloviita
- LS CancerDiag Ltd., Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emmi Kärkkäinen
- LS CancerDiag Ltd., Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Niklas Lahti
- LS CancerDiag Ltd., Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Philippe Arnez
- LS CancerDiag Ltd., Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sami Kilpinen
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Kirsi Pylvänäinen
- Department of Education and Science, Nova Hospital, Central Finland Health Care District, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Minna Pöyhönen
- Department of Genetics, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital Diagnostic Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Applied Tumor Genomics, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Peltomäki
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Toni T. Seppälä
- Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Applied Tumor Genomics, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Gastroenterology and Alimentary Tract Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Laura Renkonen-Sinisalo
- Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Applied Tumor Genomics, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Lepistö
- Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Applied Tumor Genomics, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka-Pekka Mecklin
- Department of Education and Science, Nova Hospital, Central Finland Health Care District, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Faculty of Sports and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Minna Nyström
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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8
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Bruekner SR, Pieters W, Fish A, Liaci AM, Scheffers S, Rayner E, Kaldenbach D, Drost L, Dekker M, van Hees-Stuivenberg S, Delzenne-Goette E, de Konink C, Houlleberghs H, Dubbink H, AlSaegh A, de Wind N, Förster F, te Riele H, Sixma T. Unexpected moves: a conformational change in MutSα enables high-affinity DNA mismatch binding. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:1173-1188. [PMID: 36715327 PMCID: PMC9943660 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA mismatch repair protein MutSα recognizes wrongly incorporated DNA bases and initiates their correction during DNA replication. Dysfunctions in mismatch repair lead to a predisposition to cancer. Here, we study the homozygous mutation V63E in MSH2 that was found in the germline of a patient with suspected constitutional mismatch repair deficiency syndrome who developed colorectal cancer before the age of 30. Characterization of the mutant in mouse models, as well as slippage and repair assays, shows a mildly pathogenic phenotype. Using cryogenic electron microscopy and surface plasmon resonance, we explored the mechanistic effect of this mutation on MutSα function. We discovered that V63E disrupts a previously unappreciated interface between the mismatch binding domains (MBDs) of MSH2 and MSH6 and leads to reduced DNA binding. Our research identifies this interface as a 'safety lock' that ensures high-affinity DNA binding to increase replication fidelity. Our mechanistic model explains the hypomorphic phenotype of the V63E patient mutation and other variants in the MBD interface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexander Fish
- Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute and Oncode Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Manuel Liaci
- Structural Biochemistry, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Serge Scheffers
- Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute and Oncode Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emily Rayner
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne Kaldenbach
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Drost
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen Dekker
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Elly Delzenne-Goette
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte de Konink
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hellen Houlleberghs
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrikus Jan Dubbink
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040 3000CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Abeer AlSaegh
- Sultan Qaboos Comprehensive Cancer Care and Research Center, PO Box 787, 117 Muscat, Oman
| | - Niels de Wind
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Friedrich Förster
- Structural Biochemistry, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hein te Riele
- Correspondence may also be addressed to Hein te Riele. Tel: +31 20 512 2084;
| | - Titia K Sixma
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Tel: +31 20 512 1959;
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9
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Rath A, Radecki AA, Rahman K, Gilmore RB, Hudson JR, Cenci M, Tavtigian SV, Grady JP, Heinen CD. A calibrated cell-based functional assay to aid classification of MLH1 DNA mismatch repair gene variants. Hum Mutat 2022; 43:2295-2307. [PMID: 36054288 PMCID: PMC9772141 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Functional assays provide important evidence for classifying the disease significance of germline variants in DNA mismatch repair genes. Numerous laboratories, including our own, have developed functional assays to study mismatch repair gene variants. However, previous assays are limited due to the model system employed, the manner of gene expression, or the environment in which function is assessed. Here, we developed a human cell-based approach for testing the function of variants of uncertain significance (VUS) in the MLH1 gene. Using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats gene editing, we knocked in MLH1 VUS into the endogenous MLH1 loci in human embryonic stem cells. We examined their impact on RNA and protein, including their ability to prevent microsatellite instability and instigate a DNA damage response. A statistical clustering analysis determined the range of functions associated with known pathogenic or benign variants, and linear regression was performed using existing odds in favor of pathogenicity scores for these control variants to calibrate our functional assay results. By converting the functional outputs into a single odds in favor of pathogenicity score, variant classification expert panels can use these results to readily reassess these VUS. Ultimately, this information will guide proper diagnosis and disease management for suspected Lynch syndrome patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Rath
- Center for Molecular Oncology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
| | | | - Kaussar Rahman
- Center for Molecular Oncology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
| | - Rachel B. Gilmore
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
| | - Jonathan R. Hudson
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
| | - Matthew Cenci
- Center for Molecular Oncology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
| | - Sean V. Tavtigian
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - James P. Grady
- Connecticut Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
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10
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Yangyanqiu W, Shuwen H. Bacterial DNA involvement in carcinogenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:996778. [PMID: 36310856 PMCID: PMC9600336 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.996778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of cancer is high worldwide, and biological factors such as viruses and bacteria play an important role in the occurrence of cancer. Helicobacter pylori, human papillomavirus, hepatitis B viruses and other organisms have been identified as carcinogens. Cancer is a disease driven by the accumulation of genome changes. Viruses can directly cause cancer by changing the genetic composition of the human body, such as cervical cancer caused by human papillomavirus DNA integration and liver cancer caused by hepatitis B virus DNA integration. Recently, bacterial DNA has been found around cancers such as pancreatic cancer, breast cancer and colorectal cancer, and the idea that bacterial genes can also be integrated into the human genome has become a hot topic. In the present paper, we reviewed the latest phenomenon and specific integration mechanism of bacterial DNA into the human genome. Based on these findings, we also suggest three sources of bacterial DNA in cancers: bacterial DNA around human tissues, free bacterial DNA in bacteremia or sepsis, and endogenous bacterial DNA in the human genome. Clarifying the theory that bacterial DNA integrates into the human genome can provide a new perspective for cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Yangyanqiu
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
- Graduate School of Medical college of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer, Huzhou, China
| | - Han Shuwen
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
- Graduate School of Medical college of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer, Huzhou, China
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11
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Meulemans L, Baert Desurmont S, Waill MC, Castelain G, Killian A, Hauchard J, Frebourg T, Coulet F, Martins A, Muleris M, Gaildrat P. Comprehensive RNA and protein functional assessments contribute to the clinical interpretation of MSH2 variants causing in-frame splicing alterations. J Med Genet 2022; 60:450-459. [PMID: 36113988 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2022-108576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundSpliceogenic variants in disease-causing genes are often presumed pathogenic since most induce frameshifts resulting in loss of function. However, it was recently shown in cancer predisposition genes that some may trigger in-frame anomalies that preserve function. Here, we addressed this question by using MSH2, a DNA mismatch repair gene implicated in Lynch syndrome, as a model system.MethodsEighteen MSH2 variants, mostly localised within canonical splice sites, were analysed by using minigene splicing assays. The impact of the resulting protein alterations was assessed in a methylation tolerance-based assay. Clinicopathological characteristics of variant carriers were collected.ResultsThree in-frame RNA biotypes were identified based on variant-induced spliceogenic outcomes: exon skipping (E3, E4, E5 and E12), segmental exonic deletions (E7 and E15) and intronic retentions (I3, I6, I12 and I13). The 10 corresponding protein isoforms exhibit either large deletions (49–93 amino acids (aa)), small deletions (12 or 16 aa) or insertions (3–10 aa) within different functional domains. We showed that all these modifications abrogate MSH2 function, in agreement with the clinicopathological features of variant carriers.ConclusionAltogether, these data demonstrate that MSH2 function is intolerant to in-frame indels caused by the spliceogenic variants analysed in this study, supporting their pathogenic nature. This work stresses the importance of combining complementary RNA and protein approaches to ensure accurate clinical interpretation of in-frame spliceogenic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laëtitia Meulemans
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Stéphanie Baert Desurmont
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, and CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Marie-Christine Waill
- Department of Genetics, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Gaia Castelain
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Audrey Killian
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Julie Hauchard
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Thierry Frebourg
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, and CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Florence Coulet
- Department of Genetics, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Inserm UMR-S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Martins
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Martine Muleris
- Department of Genetics, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Inserm UMR-S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Paris, France
| | - Pascaline Gaildrat
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, F-76000 Rouen, France
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12
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Li L, Zhao Z, Dong L, Jia J, Su K, Bai H, Wang J. Case Report: A New Subtype of Lynch Syndrome Associated With MSH2 c.1024_1026 Identified in a Chinese Family. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:811368. [PMID: 35155497 PMCID: PMC8833100 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.811368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lynch syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder associated with a high incidence of various cancer types. Multiple variants of mismatch repair genes have been reported for Lynch syndrome. However, the diagnosis in patients with atypical cancer types remains challenging. Specifically, little is known about the genetic background of Lynch syndrome-related renal carcinoma. We present a case wherein a renal carcinoma patient with multiple primary skin tumors harbored a variant that has not been previously shown to be associated with Lynch syndrome. Case Presentation The proband was a 60-year-old Chinese man with a history of Lynch syndrome-related renal carcinoma and recurrent primary skin tumors. Immunohistochemistry revealed loss of MSH2 and MSH6. Sequencing of mismatch repair genes revealed a previously unknown germline MSH2 mutation (c.1024_1026), which results in an amino acid deletion (p.V342). This variant was co-segregated among the carcinoma-affected family members. After six cycles of immunotherapy, a marked regression of the skin tumors was observed. Conclusions We clarify the pathogenic significance of this newly described mutation and suggest immunotherapy for patients with this subtype of Lynch syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- Health Service Department of the Guard Bureau of the Joint Staff Department, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Dong
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Jia
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Su
- Genetron Health (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Hua Bai
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Hua Bai
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Jie Wang
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13
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Kimura H, Paranal RM, Nanda N, Wood LD, Eshleman JR, Hruban RH, Goggins MG, Klein AP, Roberts NJ. Functional CDKN2A assay identifies frequent deleterious alleles misclassified as variants of uncertain significance. eLife 2022; 11:71137. [PMID: 35001868 PMCID: PMC8824478 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic germline CDKN2A variants are associated with an increased risk of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). CDKN2A variants of uncertain significance (VUSs) are reported in up to 4.3% of patients with PDAC and result in significant uncertainty for patients and their family members as an unknown fraction are functionally deleterious, and therefore, likely pathogenic. Functional characterization of CDKN2A VUSs is needed to reclassify variants and inform clinical management. Twenty-nine germline CDKN2A VUSs previously reported in patients with PDAC or in ClinVar were evaluated using a validated in vitro cell proliferation assay. Twelve of the 29 CDKN2A VUSs were functionally deleterious (11 VUSs) or potentially functionally deleterious (1 VUS) and were reclassified as likely pathogenic variants. Thus, over 40% of CDKN2A VUSs identified in patients with PDAC are functionally deleterious and likely pathogenic. When incorporating VUSs found to be functionally deleterious, and reclassified as likely pathogenic, the prevalence of pathogenic/likely pathogenic CDKN2A in patients with PDAC reported in the published literature is increased to up to 4.1% of patients, depending on family history. Therefore, CDKN2A VUSs may play a significant, unappreciated role in risk of pancreatic cancer. These findings have significant implications for the counselling and care of patients and their relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Kimura
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Raymond M Paranal
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States.,Human Genetics Predoctoral Training Program, the McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Neha Nanda
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Laura D Wood
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States.,Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - James R Eshleman
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States.,Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States.,Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States
| | - Ralph H Hruban
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States.,Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Michael G Goggins
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States.,Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Alison P Klein
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States.,Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States.,Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States
| | | | - Nicholas J Roberts
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States.,Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
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14
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Frazer J, Notin P, Dias M, Gomez A, Min JK, Brock K, Gal Y, Marks DS. Disease variant prediction with deep generative models of evolutionary data. Nature 2021; 599:91-95. [PMID: 34707284 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04043-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying the pathogenicity of protein variants in human disease-related genes would have a marked effect on clinical decisions, yet the overwhelming majority (over 98%) of these variants still have unknown consequences1-3. In principle, computational methods could support the large-scale interpretation of genetic variants. However, state-of-the-art methods4-10 have relied on training machine learning models on known disease labels. As these labels are sparse, biased and of variable quality, the resulting models have been considered insufficiently reliable11. Here we propose an approach that leverages deep generative models to predict variant pathogenicity without relying on labels. By modelling the distribution of sequence variation across organisms, we implicitly capture constraints on the protein sequences that maintain fitness. Our model EVE (evolutionary model of variant effect) not only outperforms computational approaches that rely on labelled data but also performs on par with, if not better than, predictions from high-throughput experiments, which are increasingly used as evidence for variant classification12-16. We predict the pathogenicity of more than 36 million variants across 3,219 disease genes and provide evidence for the classification of more than 256,000 variants of unknown significance. Our work suggests that models of evolutionary information can provide valuable independent evidence for variant interpretation that will be widely useful in research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Frazer
- Marks Group, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pascal Notin
- OATML Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mafalda Dias
- Marks Group, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aidan Gomez
- OATML Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joseph K Min
- Marks Group, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kelly Brock
- Marks Group, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yarin Gal
- OATML Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Debora S Marks
- Marks Group, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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15
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Qu J, Sun Z, Peng C, Li D, Yan W, Xu Z, Hou Y, Shen S, Chen P, Wang T. C. tropicalis promotes chemotherapy resistance in colon cancer through increasing lactate production to regulate the mismatch repair system. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:2756-2769. [PMID: 34345205 PMCID: PMC8326116 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.59262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to chemotherapeutic drug resistance, tumor recurrence is common in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) and chemo-resistant patients are often accompanied by defects in the mismatch repair system (MMR). Our previous study has shown that Candida tropicalis (C. tropicalis) is closely related to the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer, but whether this conditional pathogenic fungus is involved in chemotherapy needs further investigation. Here we found that C. tropicalis promoted chemotherapy resistance of colon cancer to oxaliplatin. Compared with oxaliplatin-treated group, the expression of functional MMR proteins in tumors were decreased in C.tropicalis/oxaliplatin -treated group, while the glycolysis level of tumors was up-regulated and the production of lactate was significantly increased in C.tropicalis/oxaliplatin -treated group. Inhibiting lactate production significantly alleviated the chemoresistance and rescued the decreased expression of MMR caused by C. tropicalis. Furthermore, we found that lactate down-regulated the expression of MLH1 through the GPR81-cAMP-PKA-CREB axis. This study clarified that C. tropicalis promoted chemoresistance of colon cancer via producing lactate and inhibiting the expression of MLH1, which may provide novel ideas for improving CRC chemotherapy effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxing Qu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China, 210093.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China, 210093
| | - Zhiheng Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China, 210093.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China, 210093
| | - Chen Peng
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China, 210093.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China, 210093
| | - Daoqian Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China, 210093.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China, 210093
| | - Wenyue Yan
- Department of Oncology, Yancheng First Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China, 224001
| | - Zhen Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China, 210093.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China, 210093
| | - Yayi Hou
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China, 210093.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China, 210093
| | - Sunan Shen
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China, 210093.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China, 210093
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Oncology, Yancheng First Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China, 224001
| | - Tingting Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China, 210093.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China, 210093
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16
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Ollodart AR, Yeh CLC, Miller AW, Shirts BH, Gordon AS, Dunham MJ. Multiplexing mutation rate assessment: determining pathogenicity of Msh2 variants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2021; 218:iyab058. [PMID: 33848333 PMCID: PMC8225350 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyab058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the fundamental importance of mutation rate as a driving force in evolution and disease risk, common methods to assay mutation rate are time-consuming and tedious. Established methods such as fluctuation tests and mutation accumulation experiments are low-throughput and often require significant optimization to ensure accuracy. We established a new method to determine the mutation rate of many strains simultaneously by tracking mutation events in a chemostat continuous culture device and applying deep sequencing to link mutations to alleles of a DNA-repair gene. We applied this method to assay the mutation rate of hundreds of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains carrying mutations in the gene encoding Msh2, a DNA repair enzyme in the mismatch repair pathway. Loss-of-function mutations in MSH2 are associated with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, an inherited disorder that increases risk for many different cancers. However, the vast majority of MSH2 variants found in human populations have insufficient evidence to be classified as either pathogenic or benign. We first benchmarked our method against Luria-Delbrück fluctuation tests using a collection of published MSH2 missense variants. Our pooled screen successfully identified previously characterized nonfunctional alleles as high mutators. We then created an additional 185 human missense variants in the yeast ortholog, including both characterized and uncharacterized alleles curated from ClinVar and other clinical testing data. In a set of alleles of known pathogenicity, our assay recapitulated ClinVar's classification; we then estimated pathogenicity for 157 variants classified as uncertain or conflicting reports of significance. This method is capable of studying the mutation rate of many microbial species and can be applied to problems ranging from the generation of high-fidelity polymerases to measuring the frequency of antibiotic resistance emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja R Ollodart
- Molecular Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Genome Sciences Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Chiann-Ling C Yeh
- Genome Sciences Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Aaron W Miller
- Genome Sciences Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Brian H Shirts
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Adam S Gordon
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60208, USA
| | - Maitreya J Dunham
- Genome Sciences Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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17
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18
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Zhang M, Yang H, Chen Z, Fan Y, Hu X, Liu W. Lynch syndrome-associated repeated stroke with MLH1 frame-shift mutation. Neurol Sci 2021; 42:1631-1635. [PMID: 33433757 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04987-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lynch syndrome (LS) is an autosomal dominant inherited disease caused by germline mutations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes, including MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2, which predisposes patients to various malignant neoplasms. Previous studies showed that MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2 mutation in LS were associated with an elevated risk of colorectal, gastric, endometria, ovarian, and other cancers among family members. Patients of these kinds of cancers had high incidence of synchronous and metasynchronus. We describe the case of a 34-year-old female patient with 50 days of sudden dizziness and left limb weakness, whose head CT scan showed large infarction in the right frontal temporal parietal lobe and basal ganglia area. Imaging examinations and pathological biopsy indicated high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) IIIA1 of the right ovary. In addition, a novel frame-shift mutation in the MLH1 gene (c.1621dupG, p.A541Gfs*16) was found in the genetic panel sequence. It may render declining of MLH1 protein and also associate with the patient's progressive clinical manifestations of multiple systems. Therefore, the timely use of prenatal diagnosis to prevent unnecessary new cases of this severe genetic disease is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Haojun Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Zhuohui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yishu Fan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xinhang Hu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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Jia X, Burugula BB, Chen V, Lemons RM, Jayakody S, Maksutova M, Kitzman JO. Massively parallel functional testing of MSH2 missense variants conferring Lynch syndrome risk. Am J Hum Genet 2021; 108:163-175. [PMID: 33357406 PMCID: PMC7820803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of functional evidence for the majority of missense variants limits their clinical interpretability and poses a key barrier to the broad utility of carrier screening. In Lynch syndrome (LS), one of the most highly prevalent cancer syndromes, nearly 90% of clinically observed missense variants are deemed “variants of uncertain significance” (VUS). To systematically resolve their functional status, we performed a massively parallel screen in human cells to identify loss-of-function missense variants in the key DNA mismatch repair factor MSH2. The resulting functional effect map is substantially complete, covering 94% of the 17,746 possible variants, and is highly concordant (96%) with existing functional data and expert clinicians’ interpretations. The large majority (89%) of missense variants were functionally neutral, perhaps unexpectedly in light of its evolutionary conservation. These data provide ready-to-use functional evidence to resolve the ∼1,300 extant missense VUSs in MSH2 and may facilitate the prospective classification of newly discovered variants in the clinic.
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Application Areas of Traditional Molecular Genetic Methods and NGS in relation to Hereditary Urological Cancer Diagnosis. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2020; 2020:7363102. [PMID: 32612654 PMCID: PMC7317306 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7363102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Next generation sequencing (NGS) is widely used for diagnosing hereditary cancer syndromes. Often, exome sequencing and extended gene panel approaches are the only means that can be used to detect a pathogenic germline mutation in the case of multiple primary tumors, early onset, a family history of cancer, or a lack of specific signs associated with a particular syndrome. Certain germline mutations of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes that determine specific clinical phenotypes may occur in mutation hot spots. Diagnosis of such cases, which involve hereditary cancer, does not require NGS, but may be made using PCR and Sanger sequencing. Diagnostic criteria and professional community guidelines developed for hereditary cancers of particular organs should be followed when ordering molecular diagnostic tests for a patient. This review focuses on urological oncology associated with germline mutations. Clinical signs and genetic diagnostic laboratory tests for hereditary forms of renal cell cancer, prostate cancer, and bladder cancer are summarized. While exome sequencing, or, conversely, traditional molecular genetic methods are the procedure of choice in some cases, in most situations, sequencing of multigene panels that are specifically aimed at detecting germline mutations in early onset renal cancer, prostate cancer, and bladder cancer seems to be the basic solution for molecular genetic diagnosis of hereditary cancers.
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Li J, Li Y, Ni H, Yang Z, Chen J, Li Y, Ding S, Jiang X, Wang M, Li L, Lv X, Ruan X, Jiang Q, Lei Z, Cheng Y, Huang J, Deng A. A Novel Splice-Site Mutation in MSH2 Is Associated With the Development of Lynch Syndrome. Front Oncol 2020; 10:983. [PMID: 32637358 PMCID: PMC7318799 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lynch syndrome (LS) is an inherited autosomal dominant disorder caused by germline mutations of mismatch repair (MMR) genes, including MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, and MLH1. This study aimed to analyze the molecular defects and clinical manifestations of an affected family and propose appropriate individual prevention strategies for all mutation carriers. A novel splicing mutation (c.1661+2 T>G) was identified in the MSH2 gene, which was found to co-segregate among affected family members by Whole exome sequencing (WES). RT-PCR analysis confirmed that c.1661+2 T>G could produce 3 transcripts, including 1 normal transcript and 2 aberrant transcripts. The 2 aberrant transcripts resulted in premature termination at the 6th nucleotide codon of MSH2 exon 11, so that the predicted products of the mutant MSH2 mRNAs were truncated proteins of 505 amino acids (with all of exon 10 deleted) and 528 amino acids (with a deletion of 82-nucleotides in exon 10), resulting in the loss of the interaction domain, the ATP domain and post-translationally modified residues. Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that MSH2 mRNA levels in all patients were reduced to only 1/4 of the control levels. Our study reveals that a novel splicing mutation (c.1661+2 T>G) in the MSH2 gene causes LS and reaffirms the importance of genetic testing for LS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyi Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Haichun Ni
- Department of Pathology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhibin Yang
- Department of Information, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Information, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yarong Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sheng Ding
- Department of Endocrinology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaowan Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengjie Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Lv
- Department of Endocrinology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyun Ruan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhang Lei
- Department of Oncology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Cheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Department of Personnel, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Aiping Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Incorporating Colorectal Cancer Genetic Risk Assessment into Gastroenterology Practice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 17:702-715. [DOI: 10.1007/s11938-019-00267-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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