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Monge E, Donnelly TM, Coutant T, Bennett RA, Pignon C. Lateral ear canal resection and bulla osteotomy with marsupialization to treat otitis media in rabbits: forty-eight procedures. Vet Surg 2023; 52:1100-1111. [PMID: 37635342 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.14017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Describe lateral ear canal resection and bulla osteotomy with marsupialization (LECARBOM) in rabbits with otitis media (OM), and report outcomes, complications, bacteria cultured from middle ears, and their antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) results. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective clinical case series; single referral hospital. ANIMALS Forty-two rabbits with naturally occurring OM. METHODS Medical records (2011-2021) of rabbits with CT-confirmed OM undergoing surgery were reviewed for outcomes, complications, bacteria cultured from middle ears, and AST. RESULTS Surgery was performed on 48 ears, and outcomes determined 21 days postoperatively. All rabbits survived the procedure. Otitis externa resolved in all lop-eared rabbits. Of 29 ears with OM-associated head tilt, eight (28%) resolved, nine (31%) improved, seven (24%) remained unchanged and five (17%) worsened. Outcome was not associated with head tilt duration nor OM severity. Postoperative complications occurred in 12 (25%) cases, seven of which had wound margin dehiscence that healed by 21 days. The most frequent bacteria isolated were Pasteurella multocida (16%), Bordetella bronchiseptica (14%) and Staphylococcus aureus (14%). Bacteria were sensitive to azithromycin, marbofloxacin or enrofloxacin and resistant to penicillin. CONCLUSION LECARBOM is a well-tolerated surgical procedure to treat OM. It also improved or stabilized 83% of cases with head tilt and resolved all cases with otitis externa. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE LECARBOM with administration of an AST-sensitive antibiotic, or azithromycin when no AST is performed, should be effective in rabbits with OM. Postsurgically, it resolves or alleviates most secondary conditions such as otitis externa, head tilt and facial nerve paralysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Monge
- Exotics Medicine Service, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Zoological Medicine Service, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas M Donnelly
- Exotics Medicine Service, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Thomas Coutant
- Exotics Medicine Service, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Charly Pignon
- Exotics Medicine Service, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Dobberstein REA, Brisson BA, McMillan S, Oblak ML, Singh A, Dutton CJ, Zhang M. Perioperative complications and outcomes following partial ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy in pet rabbits: 20 cases (2009-2021). J Small Anim Pract 2023; 64:350-358. [PMID: 36756788 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the perioperative complications and outcomes of rabbits undergoing partial ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy for treatment of chronic otitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Surgical logbooks were searched to identify rabbits that underwent partial ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy between December 2009 and September 2021. Data collected included signalment, history, clinical signs, historical and current medical management, physical examination findings, preoperative diagnostic imaging and aural bacterial culture results, surgical procedure information, duration of hospitalisation, complications and final outcome. RESULTS Twenty rabbits with chronic, medically unresponsive otitis underwent 27 partial ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomies. Ten rabbits had pre-existing neurologic deficits and 17 had an ear base abscess at the time of surgery. A total of 13 (65%) rabbits developed at least one complication, either in the perioperative period or between discharge and recheck. Three of these rabbits (15%) underwent revision surgery for persistent or recurrent ear base abscess. Complete resolution of clinical signs ultimately occurred in 12 (60%) rabbits. Three (15%) rabbits showed improved but not completely resolved clinical signs (three facial asymmetry). Five (25%) rabbits died of causes potentially related to chronic otitis and/or partial ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy; two of these rabbits had undergone revision surgery. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Although this study reports a high complication rate (65%), most complications resolved, with 15 (75%) rabbits having a good to excellent final outcome. Since the majority of rabbits in this study had chronic and severe ear disease, further studies are required to determine if surgical intervention earlier in the disease process could result in a lower complication rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E A Dobberstein
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - B A Brisson
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - S McMillan
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - M L Oblak
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Singh
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - C J Dutton
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Zhang
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Injection techniques for auricular nerve blocks in the rabbit cadaver. Vet Anaesth Analg 2019; 47:274-279. [PMID: 32029354 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the landmarks for localization and to determine the methodology and volume of methylene blue dye to adequately stain the auricular nerves in rabbit cadavers. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, randomized, cadaveric study. ANIMALS A total of 26 rabbit cadavers (Dutch-Belted and New Zealand White breeds). METHODS Part I: anatomical dissections were performed to identify the sensory auricular nerves and to establish the ideal injection approach and volume of dye required for nerve staining. Part II: a single injection technique using 0.1 mL kg-1 dye was evaluated for staining the greater auricular nerve and two techniques (perpendicular and angled needle approaches) using 0.075 mL kg-1 dye were evaluated for the auriculotemporal nerve. Dye spread was evaluated through cadaveric dissections and nerve staining graded using a 0-2 point scale. Injections were considered successful if the nerve was stained circumferentially. Cadavers were assessed for staining of the mandibular nerve owing to the close proximity to the auriculotemporal nerve. Fisher's exact test and mixed effects logistic regression model were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS The greater auricular nerve was stained in 24/27 (88.9%) injections. The auriculotemporal nerve was stained in 7/12 injections (58.3%) with the perpendicular needle approach; staining success increased to 80% (12/15 injections) with the angled needle approach; however, this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.228). Mandibular nerve staining occurred on seven auriculotemporal injections with no statistically significant difference in the incidence of nerve staining between techniques. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggest that the auricular nerves in rabbit cadavers can be successfully located and stained using anatomic landmarks and the described injection techniques.
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Richardson J, Longo M, Liuti T, Eatwell K. Computed tomographic grading of middle ear disease in domestic rabbits ( Oryctolagus cuniculi). Vet Rec 2019; 184:679. [PMID: 31147450 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Ear disease, involving the middle and external ear, is commonly reported in pet rabbits, with lop-eared breeds predisposed. CT is the most reliable imaging modality for identifying otitis media (OM) in rabbits. This study aimed to develop a CT-based grading scale to classify the severity of CT changes in rabbits with presumed OM. Three observers independently reviewed CT images of 36 rabbits with OM. For both OM and material within the external ear canal, a grade of I to IV was used, (I=mild, IV=severe disease) and the level of agreement between reviewers was statistically evaluated. The study demonstrated that grades from the three reviewers showed a strong level of interobserver agreement. Comparisons between clinical signs and CT grade were also evaluated. Rabbits with grade IV OM had a high grade of material in the external ear canal. A high proportion of rabbits (83 per cent) underwent CT scanning conscious, demonstrating that diagnostic quality CT images are achievable without the need for anaesthetic intervention, minimising patient risk. This novel CT-based grading scale provides a methodology to correlate grade of disease with clinical signs, ear canal cytology, predisposing factors, treatment options and outcomes for rabbits with ear disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Richardson
- Dick Vet Rabbit and Exotic Practice, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - Maurizio Longo
- Diagnostic Imaging Department, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - Tiziana Liuti
- Diagnostic Imaging Department, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - Kevin Eatwell
- Dick Vet Rabbit and Exotic Practice, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
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Coutant T, Vergneau-Grosset C, Langlois I. Overview of Drug Delivery Methods in Exotics, Including Their Anatomic and Physiologic Considerations. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2018; 21:215-259. [PMID: 29655468 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery to exotic animals may be extrapolated from domestic animals, but some physiologic and anatomic differences complicate treatment administration. Knowing these differences enables one to choose optimal routes for drug delivery. This review provides practitioners with a detailed review of the currently reported methods used for drug delivery of various medications in the most common exotic animal species. Exotic animal peculiarities that are relevant for drug administration are discussed in the text and outlined in tables and boxes to help the reader easily find targeted information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Coutant
- Zoological Medicine Service, Department of Clinical Sciences, CHUV (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S2M2, Canada
| | - Claire Vergneau-Grosset
- Zoological Medicine Service, Department of Clinical Sciences, CHUV (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S2M2, Canada
| | - Isabelle Langlois
- Zoological Medicine Service, Department of Clinical Sciences, CHUV (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S2M2, Canada.
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Capello V. Surgical Treatment of Facial Abscesses and Facial Surgery in Pet Rabbits. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2016; 19:799-823. [PMID: 27497207 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Odontogenic facial abscesses associated with periapical infections and osteomyelitis of the jaw represent an important part of the acquired and progressive dental disease syndrome in pet rabbits. Complications such as retromasseteric and retrobulbar abscesses, extensive osteomyelitis of the mandible, and empyemas of the skull are possible sequelae. Standard and advanced diagnostic imaging should be pursued to make a detailed and proper diagnosis, and plan the most effective surgical treatment. This article reviews the surgical anatomy, the pathophysiology, and the classification of abscesses and empyemas of the mandible, the maxilla, and the skull. It also discusses surgical techniques for facial abscesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Capello
- Clinica Veterinaria S. Siro, Via Lampugnano, 99, Milano 20151, Italy; Clinica Veterinaria Gran Sasso, Via Donatello, 26, Milano 20134, Italy.
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Varga M. Cardiorespiratory Disease. TEXTBOOK OF RABBIT MEDICINE 2014. [PMCID: PMC7150336 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-4979-8.00011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
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Eatwell K, Mancinelli E, Hedley J, Keeble E, Kovalik M, Yool DA. Partial ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy in rabbits. J Small Anim Pract 2013; 54:325-30. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Eatwell
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute; The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG
| | - E. Mancinelli
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute; The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG
| | - J. Hedley
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute; The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG
| | - E. Keeble
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute; The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG
| | - M. Kovalik
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute; The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG
| | - D. A. Yool
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute; The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG
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Chow EP, Bennett RA, Whittington JK. Total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy for treatment of otitis externa and media in a rabbit. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011; 239:228-32. [PMID: 21756179 DOI: 10.2460/javma.239.2.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION A 7-year-old spayed female Miniature Rex European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) was evaluated because of scratching at the right ear. Physical examination revealed purulent exudate in the right ear canal. CLINICAL FINDINGS Microbial culture of the exudate yielded Pseudomonas aeruginosa susceptible to marbofloxacin; however, the infection was refractory to appropriate medical treatment. Computed tomography revealed isoattenuating material within the right tympanic bulla and external ear canal with no enhancement following IV administration of contrast medium. The left tympanic bulla appeared normal. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME A total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy were performed on the right ear, and polymethylmethacrylate beads containing either gentamicin or cefazolin were placed within the bulla and surrounding tissues. Two weeks after surgery, the patient appeared comfortable with no signs of scratching at the right ear. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy can be successfully performed for treatment of chronic otitis externa and media in rabbits. Cartilage plates that compose the external ear canal, a bony acoustic duct, lack of a horizontal ear canal, and thickness of the lateral aspect of the tympanic bulla are features unique to rabbits and have not been described in relation to these surgical procedures in rabbits. Rabbits also produce a caseous exudate, and it is difficult to resolve infections of bone and soft tissues. Placement of antimicrobial-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate beads is recommended to minimize the risk of recurrent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Chow
- Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
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