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Rhim H, Godke AM, Aguilar MG, Mitchell MA. Evaluating the Physiologic Effects of Alfaxalone, Dexmedetomidine, and Midazolam Combinations in Common Blue-Tongued Skinks ( Tiliqua scincoides). Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2636. [PMID: 39335227 PMCID: PMC11429061 DOI: 10.3390/ani14182636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Common blue-tongued skinks (Tiliqua scincoides) are popular pet reptiles; however, there has been limited research to investigate sedatives for this species. The purpose of this study was to measure the physiologic effects of four combinations of alfaxalone, dexmedetomidine, and midazolam for minor procedures such as intubation and blood collection. Eleven common blue-tongued skinks (Tiliqua scincoides) were used for this prospective, randomized cross-over study. The subcutaneous combinations were used as follows: 20 mg/kg alfaxalone (A); 10 mg/kg alfaxalone and 1 mg/kg midazolam (AM); 0.1 mg/kg dexmedetomidine and 1 mg/kg midazolam (DM); and 5 mg/kg alfaxalone, 0.05 mg/kg dexmedetomidine, and 0.5 mg/kg midazolam (ADM). Heart rate, respiratory rate, palpebral reflex, righting reflex, escape reflex, toe pinch withdrawal reflex, tongue flicking, and the possibility of intubation were recorded at baseline and every 5 min for 60 min. Venous blood gases were measured at baseline, full sedation, and recovery. Heart and respiratory rates decreased significantly in all groups, but the reductions were most prominent in DM and ADM. Analgesic effects, as measured by the toe pinch withdrawal reflex, were only observed in DM and ADM. Intubation was possible in all four protocols; however, it was not possible in two DM skinks. Based on these trials, ADM and AM are recommended for minor procedures in blue-tongue skinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haerin Rhim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Ashleigh M Godke
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - M Graciela Aguilar
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Mark A Mitchell
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Vaughan KL, Toepfer K, Mattison JA. Physiological effects of alfaxalone anesthesia on rhesus monkeys during intravenous glucose tolerance testing. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0308007. [PMID: 39058717 PMCID: PMC11280158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0308007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Laboratory animal research with nonhuman primates (NHPs) requires anesthesia for most procedures to ensure safety and consistency in sample collection. However, anesthesia drugs can have adverse effects on the physiological measures of interest. Alfaxalone, most notably used in dogs and cats, offers rapid onset, short duration of action, and has a high safety margin. Here, we compared our current anesthesia protocol using Telazol, to three different doses of alfaxalone during a one-hour intravenous glucose tolerance test, the standard evaluation of glucose metabolism in NHPs. Results indicate there are no differences in the rate of glucose metabolism, anesthesia depth measurements, or total duration of sedation, but induction, number of supplemental doses required, and recovery time to eating were affected by the different doses of alfaxalone. Cardiovascular measures showed variability between the four protocols in respiratory rate and systolic blood pressure rates only. These results indicate that alfaxalone can produce a reliable state of anesthesia, similar to our current protocol, and confers minimal cardiovascular or metabolic disturbance, as well as enhanced recovery characteristics. As such, alfaxalone is a promising anesthetic for use in laboratory animals and further investigation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli L. Vaughan
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kielee Toepfer
- Charles River, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Julie A. Mattison
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Tal S, Shilo-Benjamini Y. Anesthesia, pain management and surgical approach of ovariectomy or orchiectomy in six Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus): A case report. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1121526. [PMID: 36992976 PMCID: PMC10040664 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1121526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this report is to describe the anesthetic and analgesic management and the surgical procedures of gonadectomy in six (four females and two males) healthy adult Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus). Bats were anesthetized with a combination of alfaxalone, midazolam, and morphine administered subcutaneously. Incisional line infiltration using bupivacaine was administered in all bats, and additional bilateral intratesticular injection was administered in the males. Ovariectomy was performed via a dorsal approach, by bilateral midline skin incisions at the paralumbar fossa level. Orchiectomy was performed via a ventral approach, by bilateral midline incisions of scrotal skin above the testes. Following surgery, all bats were administered flumazenil for midazolam reversal, and meloxicam for postoperative analgesia, subcutaneously. All bats recovered from anesthesia uneventfully. Bats were monitored for complications up to 10 days following surgery, when skin sutures were removed. No morbidities or mortalities occurred during this period in any of the bats. In conclusion, ventral approach orchiectomy and dorsal approach ovariectomy using the injectable combination alfaxalone-midazolam-morphine in conjunction with local anesthesia and meloxicam are feasible procedures in Egyptian fruit bats and can be performed with relative ease. However, further studies using these techniques in a larger group of bats should be performed to establish their safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smadar Tal
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Tel-Hai College, Qiryat Shemona, Israel
- *Correspondence: Smadar Tal
| | - Yael Shilo-Benjamini
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Marion BM, Ghering JM, Dixon BC, Casselman AM, Astleford SM, White CE, Bowling PA. Comparison of Alfaxalone-Midazolam, Tiletamine-Zolazepam, and KetamineAcepromazine Anesthesia during Plethysmography in Cynomolgus Macaques ( Macaca fascicularis) and Rhesus Macaques ( Macaca mulatta). Comp Med 2022; 72:248-256. [PMID: 35772936 PMCID: PMC9413525 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-22-000010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Plethysmography is used in nonhuman primates (NHPs) to measure minute volume before aerosol exposure to an agent to calculate total time necessary in the exposure chamber. The consistency of respiratory parameters during the entire exposure time is paramount to ensuring dosing accuracy. Our study sought to validate an alfaxalone-midazolam (AM) anesthetic combination for use in aerosol studies. We hypothesized that AM would provide an adequate duration of anesthesia, achieve and maintain steady state minute volume (SSMV) for 20 min, and have anesthetic quality and side effects comparable to or better than either tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ) and ketamine-acepromazine (KA), the most common anesthetics used for this purpose currently. Two groups of NHPs, one consisting of 15 cynomolgus macaques and one of 15 rhesus macaques, received 3 intramuscular anesthetic combinations (AM, TZ, and KA), no less than one week apart. Anesthetized NHPs were placed in a plethysmograph chamber and their minute volumes were measured every 10 s to determine whether they had achieved SSMV and maintained it for at least 20 consecutive min. Achieving and reliably maintaining an SSMV for at least 20 min facilitates precise aerosol dosing of a challenge agent. Quality of anesthesia, based on the NHP's ability to achieve and maintain SSMV, was higher with AM compared with TZ and KA in both species, and AM had a longer duration of SSMV as compared with TZ and KA in cynomolgus macaques. Average SSMV was larger with AM compared with TZ in cynomolgus macaques, but larger with KA compared with AM in rhesus macaques. Duration of anesthesia was sufficient with all combinations but was longer for TZ than both AM and KA in both species. These results suggest that the AM anesthetic combination would produce the most accurate dosing for an aerosol challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeanean M Ghering
- Aerobiology, Animal Clinical Pathology, and Telemetry Section, Veterinary Medicine Division, and
| | | | | | | | - Charles E White
- Statistics Section, Veterinary Medicine Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, Maryland
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Elena Ríos Á, Laura Vilalta S, de Carellán Mateo AG. Comparison of subcutaneous sedation with alfaxalone or alfaxalone-midazolam in pet guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) of three different age groups. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:1024-1030. [PMID: 35333744 DOI: 10.2460/javma.21.02.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the cardiorespiratory effects, quality and duration of sedation of 2 subcutaneous sedation protocols for noninvasive procedures in guinea pigs (GPs). ANIMALS 24 pet GPs (15 females, 9 males) of 3 different age groups: infant (n = 8), juvenile (8), and adult (8). PROCEDURES The study design was a randomized, crossover, blinded, clinical trial with a washout period of at least 7 days between protocols. Guinea pigs were sedated SC with alfaxalone (5 mg/kg; group A) or alfaxalone (5 mg/kg) and midazolam (0.5 mg/kg; group A + M) to facilitate blood sampling, radiography, or abdominal ultrasonography. Vital parameters, hemoglobin saturation (SpO2), and sedation scores were recorded every 5 minutes. RESULTS Mean heart rate was lower in group A than group A + M (P = 0.001), and respiratory rate was significantly (P = 0.001) decreased relative to baseline during sedation in both groups. The SpO2 remained above 95% in both sedation groups. Rectal temperature was significantly (P = 0.001) lower during recovery versus baseline. Onset of sedation was shorter and the duration longer in group A + M than in group A. The duration and depth of the sedation was different between age groups (P = 0.001), being longer and deeper in adults. Bruxism, hectic movements, twitching, and some degree of hyperreactivity were observed during 41 of the 48 sedations. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Subcutaneous administration of alfaxalone provided reliable sedation for nonpainful procedures in GPs. When combined with midazolam, alfaxalone provided longer and deeper sedation that was more significant in adults than in younger patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvarez Elena Ríos
- 1Hospital Veterinario Universidad Católica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,2Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultat de Veterinaria y Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Católica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Solé Laura Vilalta
- 1Hospital Veterinario Universidad Católica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,2Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultat de Veterinaria y Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Católica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alejandra García de Carellán Mateo
- 1Hospital Veterinario Universidad Católica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,2Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultat de Veterinaria y Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Católica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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PLASMA CONCENTRATION AND PHARMACODYNAMICS OF INTRAMUSCULAR ADMINISTRATION OF ALFAXALONE IN INDIAN PEAFOWL (PAVO CRISTATUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2022; 53:108-115. [DOI: 10.1638/2020-0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Abstract
Sedation and anesthesia in rodent species are complex due to their wide species variation, small size, and metabolism. This review article covers recent advances in sedation and anesthesia as well as an updated drug formulary for sedation protocols. Setup, equipment, monitoring, maintenance, and recovery are reviewed as well as species-specific anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Bennett
- Avian & Exotics Service, Bluepearl Emergency and Specialty Hospital, 7414 S Tamiami Trl. Sarasota, FL 34231, USA.
| | - Kerrie Lewis
- Pebble Creek Animal Hospital, 19440 Bruce B Downs Boulevard, Tampa, FL 33647, USA
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Sixtus RP, Pacharinsak C, Gray CL, Berry MJ, Dyson RM. Differential effects of four intramuscular sedatives on cardiorespiratory stability in juvenile guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259559. [PMID: 34780534 PMCID: PMC8592412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-invasive physiological monitoring can induce stress in laboratory animals. Sedation reduces the level of restraint required, thereby improving the validity of physiological signals measured. However, sedatives may alter physiological equilibrium introducing unintended bias and/or, masking the experimental outcomes of interest. We aimed to investigate the cardiorespiratory effects of four short-acting sedatives in juvenile guinea pigs. METHOD 12 healthy, 38 (26-46) day-old Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs were included in this blinded, randomised, crossover design study. Animals were sedated by intramuscular injection using pre-established minimum effective doses of either alfaxalone (5 mg/kg), diazepam (5 mg/kg), ketamine (30 mg/kg), or midazolam (2 mg/kg) administered in random order with a minimum washout period of 48 hours between agents. Sedative depth, a composite score comprised of five assessment criteria, was observed every 5-min from dosing until arousal. Physiological monitoring of cardiorespiratory status included measures of heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and peripheral microvascular perfusion. RESULTS Ketamine and alfaxalone were most effective in inducing stable sedation suitable for physiological monitoring, and diazepam less-so. Midazolam was unsuitable due to excessive hypersensitivity. All sedatives significantly increased heart rate above non-sedated control rates (P<0.0001), without altering blood pressure or microvascular perfusion. Alfaxalone and ketamine reduced respiratory rate relative to their control condition (P<0.0001, P = 0.05, respectively), but within normative ranges. CONCLUSION Ketamine and alfaxalone are the most effective sedatives for inducing short duration, stable sedation with minimal cardiorespiratory depression in guinea pigs, while diazepam is less-so. However, alfaxalone is the most appropriate sedative for longitudinal studies requiring multiple physiological timepoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Sixtus
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, & Centre for Translational Research, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Cholawat Pacharinsak
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Clint L Gray
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, & Centre for Translational Research, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Mary J Berry
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, & Centre for Translational Research, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca M Dyson
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, & Centre for Translational Research, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
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Rockwell K, Boykin K, Padlo J, Ford C, Aschebrock S, Mitchell M. Evaluating the efficacy of alfaxalone in corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus). Vet Anaesth Analg 2021; 48:364-371. [PMID: 33658163 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alfaxalone is a popular veterinary anesthetic; however, research on this anesthetic in snakes has been limited to ball pythons, garter snakes and several Australian species. The objective was to evaluate the anesthetic effects of alfaxalone in corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus), a popular pet snake. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, randomized crossover study. ANIMALS A total of eight corn snakes. METHODS In phase I, snakes were subcutaneously administered three doses of alfaxalone (5, 10 and 15 mg kg-1) in the cranial third of the body to determine the most effective dose. In phase II, a dose of 15 mg kg-1 was administered in the cranial and caudal thirds of the snakes to determine if injection site affected anesthesia duration. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR), righting reflex, escape response, tail pinch, needle prick and tongue flick were monitored at baseline and 5 minute intervals until the snakes fully recovered. RESULTS Duration of anesthesia differed significantly, with higher doses lasting longer than lower doses: 5 mg kg-1 [23.8 ± 4.4 (15-30) minutes]; 10 mg kg-1 [40.6 ± 9.4 (25-55) minutes]; and 15 mg kg-1 [56.9 ± 8.4 (50-70) minutes], mean ± standard deviation (range). The tail pinch reflex was not completely lost in phase 1. There was a significant change in fR over time, but this was not related to dose. HR was not different by time or dose. Duration of anesthesia was not different after administration of alfaxalone (15 mg kg-1) in the cranial third versus the caudal third of the body; however, there was a significant decrease in HR and fR at this dose, regardless of injection site. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Based on these results, alfaxalone (15 mg kg-1) provides adequate anesthesia for brief procedures or intubation; however, additional analgesia is required for painful procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Rockwell
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Kimberly Boykin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Jordan Padlo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Courtney Ford
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Storm Aschebrock
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Mark Mitchell
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
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Evaluation of alfaxalone and midazolam with or without flumazenil reversal in Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus). Vet Anaesth Analg 2020; 48:239-246. [PMID: 33451926 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate alfaxalone-midazolam anesthesia in Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) and the effect of flumazenil administration on recovery time and quality. STUDY DESIGN Randomized, blinded, crossover and controlled, experimental trial. ANIMALS A total of 10 male Egyptian fruit bats. METHODS Bats were anesthetized with alfaxalone (15 mg kg-1) and midazolam (2 mg kg-1) administered subcutaneously. During anesthesia, vital signs, muscle tone and reflexes were monitored every 10 minutes. Flumazenil (0.3 mg kg-1) or saline at an equal volume was administered subcutaneously 60 minutes after anesthetic administration. Time to induction, time to first movement and recovery time (flying) were measured. Quality of induction, anesthesia and recovery were assessed on a 1-3 scale (1, poor; 2, good; 3, excellent). RESULTS Time to induction was 4.2 ± 1.9 minutes (mean ± standard deviation), with median quality score of 2 (range, 1-3). Anesthesia quality score was 3 (1-3). During anesthesia, heart rate and respiratory frequency decreased significantly and penis relaxation, indicating muscle tone, increased significantly. Administration of flumazenil significantly reduced mean recovery time compared with saline (10 ± 5 versus 45 ± 17 minutes, respectively), and significantly improved the quality of recovery [2.5 (2-3) versus 1 (1-2), respectively]. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Alfaxalone-midazolam anesthesia resulted in good induction, muscle relaxation and sufficient anesthesia to perform routine diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for approximately 40 minutes. Reversal of midazolam with flumazenil is recommended, resulting in quicker and better recovery.
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SEDATIVE, CARDIORESPIRATORY, AND THERMOREGULATORY EFFECTS OF ALFAXALONE ON BUDGERIGARS ( MELOPSITTACUS UNDULATUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2020; 51:96-101. [PMID: 32212551 DOI: 10.1638/2019-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alfaxalone is a neurosteroid anesthetic agent that has been extensively used in both human and veterinary medicine for more than 50 yr. Previous studies involving avian species demonstrated various dose ranges and multiple routes of administration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the short-term sedative, cardiorespiratory, and thermoregulatory effects of an intramuscular injection of alfaxalone on budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). A crossover study was performed with a sample size of 10 male budgerigars, previously determined to be healthy based on physical examination. Alfaxalone was administered intramuscularly at two doses: 15 and 20 mg/kg. The lower dose resulted in mild to moderate sedation for 29 ± 5 min, whereas the higher dose resulted in moderate to profound sedation for 29 ± 7 min. A statistically significant decrease in heart rate was observed 2 min after administration of alfaxalone at 15 mg/kg; however, this finding was noted to be transient. A statistically significant decrease in respiratory rate was observed at 6 and 10 min after injection in both groups. Cloacal temperature measurement with a digital thermometer and eye temperature calculated from thermographic images demonstrated a decrease in body temperature over time but was not found to be statistically significant. Intramuscular use of alfaxalone proved to provide short-term sedation in budgerigars, with statistically significant but clinically mild cardiorespiratory effects. Due to a significant decrease in body temperature, active warming is recommended when using alfaxalone in budgerigars.
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A Comparative Study of Intramuscular Alfaxalone- or Ketamine-Based Anesthetic Mixtures in Gray Squirrels Undergoing Gonadectomy: Clinical and Physiologic Findings. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10081402. [PMID: 32806590 PMCID: PMC7460254 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The gray squirrel is one of the most common invasive species in Europe, whose presence is dangerous for the survival of the European red squirrel. To cope with this biological invasion and to safeguard biodiversity, the LIFE+U-SAVEREDS project aims to protect the red squirrel, by limiting the growth of the current population of gray squirrels and simultaneously promoting their eradication with surgical sterilization. This study compares two different anesthetic protocols, including dexmedetomidine (40 µg/kg) and midazolam (0.3 mg/kg) associated with ketamine (15 mg/kg; n = 25 squirrels) or alfaxalone (5 mg/kg; n = 22 squirrels). A blinded investigator evaluated the quality and onset of sedation, intraoperative anesthesia, and recovery, as well as the physiologic parameters for each animal. Alfaxalone provided a good quality of anesthesia with limited cardiovascular effects (p < 0.05) and good intraoperative myorelaxation. Ketamine induced complete relaxation in a shorter time (p < 0.05) and a rapid (p < 0.001) and excellent (p < 0.05) recovery. Despite the overall superiority of ketamine, alfaxalone appeared to be an adequate alternative anesthetic drug that can be administered without requiring intravascular access. It should be rapidly metabolized and excreted; however, it requires the combination of longer acting sedatives/myorelaxants to prevent a poor recovery quality.
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Yaw TJ, Mans C, Johnson S, Bunke L, Doss GA, Sladky KK. Evaluation of subcutaneous administration of alfaxalone-midazolam and dexmedetomidine-midazolam for sedation of ball pythons (Python regius). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 256:573-579. [PMID: 32068510 DOI: 10.2460/javma.256.5.573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate SC administration of alfaxalone-midazolam and dexmedetomidine-midazolam for sedation of ball pythons (Python regius). ANIMALS 12 healthy juvenile ball pythons. PROCEDURES In a randomized crossover study, each snake was administered a combination of alfaxalone (5 mg/kg [2.3 mg/lb]) and midazolam (0.5 mg/kg [0.23 mg/lb]) and a combination of dexmedetomidine (0.05 mg/kg [0.023 mg/lb]) and midazolam (0.5 mg/kg), SC, with a washout period of at least 7 days between protocols. Respiratory and heart rates and various reflexes and behaviors were assessed and compared between protocols. Forty-five minutes after protocol administration, sedation was reversed by SC administration of flumazenil (0.05 mg/kg) alone or in combination with atipamezole (0.5 mg/kg; dexmedetomidine-midazolam protocol only). Because of difficulties with visual assessment of respiratory effort after sedative administration, the experiment was repeated for a subset of 3 ball pythons, with plethysmography used to assess respiration. RESULTS Both protocols induced a similar level of moderate sedation with no adverse effects aside from transient apnea. Cardiopulmonary depression was more profound, but time to recovery after reversal was significantly shorter, for the dexmedetomidine-midazolam protocol than for the alfaxalone-midazolam protocol. Plethysmographic findings were consistent with visual observations and suggested that snakes compensated for a decrease in respiratory rate by increasing tidal volume amplitude. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that both protocols induced clinically relevant sedation in ball pythons and should be useful for minor procedures such as venipuncture and diagnostic imaging. However, caution should be used when sedating snakes with compromised cardiopulmonary function. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020;256:573-579.
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Whitehead MC, Hoppes SM, Musser JMB, Perkins JL, Lepiz ML. The Use of Alfaxalone in Quaker Parrots ( Myiopsitta monachus). J Avian Med Surg 2020; 33:340-348. [PMID: 31833302 DOI: 10.1647/2018-393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Alfaxalone is a neurosteroid anesthetic that acts on gamma-aminobutyric acid alpha-receptors. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical safety and efficacy of alfaxalone (Alfaxan CD). Due to observed hyperexcitability in the subject animals when alfaxalone was the only drug used during the initial trials, premedication with midazolam was also evaluated during the final study. Ten adult Quaker parrots (Myiopsitta monachus) were assigned to 3 groups: 1) low-dose alfaxalone 10 mg/kg (LD), 2) high-dose alfaxalone 25 mg/kg (HD), and 3) alfaxalone 10 mg/ kg with midazolam 1 mg/kg premedication (AM), administered intramuscularly. Induction time, sedation quality, duration of action, and vital parameters, including heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature, were recorded. All protocols achieved adequate sedation; however, muscle tremors and hyperexcitation were variable. The LD group had a significantly longer mean ± SD induction time (13.5 ± 4.5 minutes) as compared to the HD (6.0 ± 1.3 minutes, P = .002) and AM (6.5 ± 2.9 minutes, P = .006) groups, while recovery time was significantly longer in the HD group (86.2 ± 13.4 minutes) than the LD group (44.4 ± 10.8 minutes, P < .001). Midazolam premedication resulted in reduction of both muscle tremors and hyperexcitation associated with alfaxalone administration, but the recovery time was significantly longer (103.5 ± 15.1 minutes, P < .001) than for the LD group. Alfaxalone as a sole agent resulted in muscle tremors and hyperexcitation during induction, which was attenuated by premedication with midazolam. Further investigation is warranted to characterize the effects of alfaxalone and drugs used to premedicate Quaker parrots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Whitehead
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - Sharman M Hoppes
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - Jeffrey M B Musser
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4467, USA
| | - Jennifer L Perkins
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - Mauricio L Lepiz
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
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Strahl-Heldreth DE, Clark-Price SC, Keating SCJ, Escalante GC, Graham LF, Chinnadurai SK, Schaeffer DJ. Effect of intracoelomic administration of alfaxalone on the righting reflex and tactile stimulus response of common garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis). Am J Vet Res 2019; 80:144-151. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.80.2.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Yaw TJ, Mans C, Johnson SM, Doss GA, Sladky KK. Effect of injection site on alfaxalone-induced sedation in ball pythons (Python regius
). J Small Anim Pract 2018; 59:747-751. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. J. Yaw
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Wisconsin-Madison; 2015 Linden Drive, Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
| | - C. Mans
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Wisconsin-Madison; 2015 Linden Drive, Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
| | - S. M. Johnson
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Wisconsin-Madison; 2015 Linden Drive, Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
| | - G. A. Doss
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Wisconsin-Madison; 2015 Linden Drive, Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
| | - K. K. Sladky
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Wisconsin-Madison; 2015 Linden Drive, Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
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Morici M, Di Giuseppe M, Spadola F, Oliveri M, Knotkova Z, Knotek Z. INTRAVENOUS ALFAXALONE ANAESTHESIA IN LEOPARD GECKOS ( EUBLEPHARIS MACULARIUS ). J Exot Pet Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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James LE, Williams CJA, Bertelsen MF, Wang T. Anaesthetic induction with alfaxalone in the ball python ( Python regius ): dose response and effect of injection site. Vet Anaesth Analg 2018; 45:329-337. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Rodrigo-Mocholí D, Escudero E, Belda E, Laredo FG, Hernandis V, Marín P. Pharmacokinetics and effects of alfaxalone after intravenous and intramuscular administration to cats. N Z Vet J 2018; 66:172-177. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2018.1455541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Rodrigo-Mocholí
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - E Escudero
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Murcia, 30071 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - E Belda
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Murcia, 30071 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - FG Laredo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Murcia, 30071 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - V Hernandis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Murcia, 30071 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - P Marín
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Murcia, 30071 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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Gaudio E, Voltan L, De Benedictis GM. Alfaxalone anaesthesia in Lemur catta following dexmedetomidine-butorphanol-midazolam sedation. Vet Anaesth Analg 2018; 45:351-356. [PMID: 29625917 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical effects and quality of sedation, induction, maintenance and recovery in Lemur catta after dexmedetomidine-butorphanol-midazolam sedation and alfaxalone anaesthesia. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, observational study. ANIMALS Six male L. catta weighing 3.0 ± 0.6 kg undergoing surgical castration. METHODS Lemurs were sedated with intramuscular dexmedetomidine (0.015 mg kg-1), butorphanol (0.2 mg kg-1) and midazolam (0.2 mg kg-1). Anaesthesia was induced with intravenous alfaxalone 0.5 mg kg-1 over 60 seconds; further boluses were administered until tracheal intubation was feasible and final dose recorded. Alfaxalone continuous infusion was used to maintain anaesthesia. Atipamezole (0.15 mg kg-1) was administered during recovery. The quality of sedation, induction, intubation, maintenance and recovery was assessed using a scoring system. Physiological parameters were recorded during sedation, maintenance and recovery. RESULTS Sedation was achieved in 13.6 ± 5.6 minutes and no reactions were observed during handling or venepuncture. The mean dose of alfaxalone required for induction and maintenance was 2.09 ± 0.65 and 0.08 ± 0.02 mg kg-1 minute-1, respectively. Quality of induction, intubation and maintenance was good in almost all animals. Mild self-limiting muscle twitching was observed after alfaxalone administration in three animals. Cardiorespiratory function was stable in all animals but one. One lemur showed respiratory depression and required oxygen administration and manual ventilation. The mean maintenance time was 29.2 ± 7.4 minutes. The mean times from the end of alfaxalone administration to extubation, atipamezole administration and full recovery were: 15.3 ± 8.0, 22.2 ± 4.6 and 60.0 ± 8.4 minutes, respectively. Recovery was considered good in all animals. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Dexmedetomidine-butorphanol-midazolam combination provided reliable sedation and adequate muscle relaxation in L. catta. Alfaxalone proved to be a useful drug for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia and might be considered an option for injectable anaesthesia in lemurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Laura Voltan
- Veterinary practitioner, Valcorba Zoological Park, Pozzonovo (PD), Italy
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ALFAXALONE ANESTHESIA IN THE BENGALESE FINCH (LONCHURA DOMESTICA). J Zoo Wildl Med 2017; 48:1146-1153. [DOI: 10.1638/2016-0300r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Fernández-Parra R, Donnelly TM, Pignon C, Noirault A, Zilberstein L. Immersıon Anesthesia with Alfaxalone in a Goldfısh ( Carassius auratus ). J Exot Pet Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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d'Ovidio D, Marino F, Noviello E, Lanaro E, Monticelli P, Adami C. Sedative effects of intramuscular alfaxalone in pet guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). Vet Anaesth Analg 2017; 45:183-189. [PMID: 29398530 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and side effects of alfaxalone administered intramuscularly (IM) as a sedative agent in guinea pigs undergoing survey radiographs. STUDY DESIGN Prospective clinical trial. ANIMALS A total of 30 client-owned guinea pigs. METHODS Following baseline assessments, 5 mg kg-1 alfaxalone was administered IM. Heart rate, arterial haemoglobin oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, rectal body temperature, palpebral reflex, response to toe and ear pinch, righting reflex, posture, jaw tone and reaction to manipulation were assessed before and after sedation at 5-minute intervals. The time elapsed from onset of sedation to return of locomotion and coordinated limb movements, the quality of recovery and the occurrence of undesired effects were observed and recorded. RESULTS The mean ± standard deviation onset of sedation was 2.7 ± 0.6 minutes. The physiological variables remained within normal ranges until completion of the procedure. Palpebral reflex and responsiveness to both ear and toe pinch were maintained during sedation. Neither hypoxaemia nor hypothermia was observed. The duration of sedation was 29.3 ± 3.2 minutes. Sedation and recovery were uneventful, and adverse effects were not observed. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In conclusion, 5 mg kg-1 of IM alfaxalone represents a valuable sedation protocol for healthy guinea pigs undergoing minor noninvasive procedures. Further trials are required to investigate its cardiovascular effects, clinical usefulness in unhealthy patients and its combined use with analgesics for procedures associated with nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario d'Ovidio
- Veterinari Esotici Campani, Clinica Veterinaria VETLAN, Battipaglia, SA, Italy.
| | - Francesco Marino
- Clinica Veterinaria Animalia, Via Alfonso d'Aragona, Aversa, CE, Italy
| | - Emilio Noviello
- Veterinari Esotici Campani, Clinica Veterinaria VETLAN, Battipaglia, SA, Italy
| | - Enrico Lanaro
- Veterinari Esotici Campani, Clinica Veterinaria VETLAN, Battipaglia, SA, Italy
| | - Paolo Monticelli
- Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Campus, NorthMymms, AL97TF Hatfield, UK
| | - Chiara Adami
- Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Campus, NorthMymms, AL97TF Hatfield, UK
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Bugman AM, Langer PT, Hadzima E, Rivas AE, Mitchell MA. Evaluation of the anesthetic efficacy of alfaxalone in oscar fish (Astronotus ocellatus). Am J Vet Res 2016; 77:239-44. [PMID: 26919593 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.3.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate effects of alfaxalone on heart rate (HR), opercular rate (OpR), results of blood gas analysis, and responses to noxious stimuli in oscar fish (Astronotus ocellatus). ANIMALS 6 healthy subadult oscar fish. PROCEDURES Each fish was immersed in water containing 5 mg of alfaxalone/L. Water temperature was maintained at 25.1°C, and water quality was appropriate for this species. The HR, OpR, response to noxious stimuli, and positioning in the tank were evaluated, and blood samples for blood gas analysis were collected before (baseline), during, and after anesthesia. RESULTS Immersion anesthesia of oscar fish with alfaxalone (5 mg/L) was sufficient for collection of diagnostic samples in all fish. Mean ± SD induction time was 11 ± 3.8 minutes (minimum, 5 minutes; maximum, 15 minutes), and mean recovery time was 37.5 ± 13.7 minutes (minimum, 20 minutes; maximum, 55 minutes). There was a significant difference in OpR over time, with respiratory rates significantly decreasing between baseline and anesthesia and then significantly increasing between anesthesia and recovery. There was no significant difference in HR over time. Median lactate concentrations were significantly increased in all anesthetized fish. Other physiologic or blood gas variables did not change significantly. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Alfaxalone should be considered as a readily available and easy-to-use anesthetic for oscar fish. Because it is more likely to be found in veterinary hospitals than other traditional anesthetics for fish, its value as an anesthetic for other species of fish should also be considered.
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ALFAXALONE AS AN INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTABLE ANESTHETIC IN KOI CARP (CYPRINUS CARPIO). J Zoo Wildl Med 2014; 45:852-8. [DOI: 10.1638/2014-0056.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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