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Fecal Metabolomics Reveals Distinct Profiles of Kidney Transplant Recipients and Healthy Controls. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11050807. [PMID: 33946812 PMCID: PMC8145417 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11050807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Monitoring graft recipients remains dependent on traditional biomarkers and old technologies lacking specificity, sensitivity, or accuracy. Recently, metabolomics is becoming a promising approach that may offer to kidney transplants a more effective and specific monitoring. Furthermore, emerging evidence suggested a fundamental role of gut microbiota as an important determinant of patients’ metabolomes. In the current study, we enrolled forty stable renal allografts recipients compared to twenty healthy individuals. Samples were taken at different time points from patient to patient following transplantation surgery, which varied from 3 months to 22 years post-graft. All patients started the immunosuppression therapy immediately following kidney graft (Day 0). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was employed to perform untargeted analysis of fecal metabolites. Globally, the fecal metabolic signature was significantly different between kidney transplants and the control group. Fecal metabolome was dominated by lipids (sterols and fatty acids) in the stable transplant group compared to the controls (p < 0.05). Overall, 18 metabolites were significantly altered within kidney transplant recipients. Furthermore, the most notable altered metabolic pathways in kidney transplants include ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis, tyrosine metabolism, tryptophan biosynthesis, and primary bile acid biosynthesis. Fecal metabolites could effectively distinguish stable transplant recipients from controls, supporting the potential utility of metabolomics in rapid and non-invasive diagnosis to produce relevant biomarkers and to help clinicians in monitoring kidney transplants. Further investigations are needed to clarify the physiological relevance of fecal metabolome and to assess the impact of microbiota modulation.
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Wang ZG, Zhu ZQ, He ZY, Cheng P, Liang S, Chen AM, Yang Q. Endogenous conversion of n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids facilitates the repair of cardiotoxin-induced skeletal muscle injury in fat-1 mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:8454-8466. [PMID: 33714197 PMCID: PMC8034919 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the beneficial effects of high endogenous levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on skeletal muscle repair and regeneration using a mouse cardiotoxin (CTX, 20 μM/200 μL) -induced gastrocnemius muscle injury model. Transgenic fat-1 mice expressing the Caenorhabditis elegans fat-1 gene, encoding n-3 fatty acid desaturase, showed higher n-3 PUFA levels and lower n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios in gastrocnemius muscle tissues. Hematoxylin and eosin and Masson’s trichrome staining of gastrocnemius sections revealed increased muscle fiber size and reduced fibrosis in fat-1 mice on days 7 and 14 after CTX injections. Gastrocnemius muscle tissues from fat-1 mice showed reduced inflammatory responses and increased muscle fiber regeneration reflecting enhanced activation of satellite cells on day 3 after cardiotoxin injections. Gastrocnemius muscle tissues from cardiotoxin-treated fat-1 mice showed reduced levels of pro-apoptotic proteins (Caspase 3 and Bax) and increased levels of anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2 and Survivin). Moreover, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) reduced the incidence of apoptosis among cardiotoxin-treated C2C12 mouse myoblasts. These findings demonstrate that higher endogenous n-3 PUFA levels in fat-1 mice enhances skeletal muscle repair and regeneration following cardiotoxin-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Gang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Zi-Qing Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Zhi-Yi He
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - An-Min Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, PR China
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Eide IA, Reinholt FP, Jenssen T, Hartmann A, Schmidt EB, Åsberg A, Bergan S, Brabrand K, Svensson M. Effects of marine n-3 fatty acid supplementation in renal transplantation: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Transplant 2019; 19:790-800. [PMID: 30125457 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Marine n-3 fatty acids (FAs) may exert beneficial effects on inflammation, fibrosis, and endothelial function, which could preserve renal graft function. In this randomized controlled trial, 132 Norwegian renal transplant recipients received either 2.6 g of marine n-3 FAs or olive oil (control) daily for 44 weeks, in addition to standard care. Thirty patients did not complete the trial. The primary endpoint was change (Δ) in measured glomerular filtration rate (mGFR) during follow-up. We found no significant difference in Δ mGFR between the marine n-3 FA group and controls (6.7 vs 3.8 mL/min per 1.73 m2 , P = .15). Significant beneficial effects from marine n-3 FA supplementation were, however, seen in secondary endpoints plasma triglycerides, plasma high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and brachial artery flow-mediated dilation. In the per-protocol population, the renal graft indices percent interstitial fibrosis and Chronic Allograft Damage Index also were significantly lower in the marine n-3 FA group. The cumulative incidence of adverse events did not differ between the marine n-3 FA group (n = 218) and controls (n = 240). In conclusion, marine FA supplementation did not improve renal function compared with controls, but was safe, lowered plasma triglyceride and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels, and improved endothelial function (Clinical.Trials.gov identifier NCT01744067).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivar A Eide
- Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Renal Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Finn P Reinholt
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond Jenssen
- Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Metabolic and Renal Research Group, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anders Hartmann
- Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erik B Schmidt
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Anders Åsberg
- Department of Renal Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stein Bergan
- Department of Pharmacology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Brabrand
- Department of Radiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - My Svensson
- Department of Renal Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, The University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Kim OY, Lee SM, An WS. Impact of Blood or Erythrocyte Membrane Fatty Acids for Disease Risk Prediction: Focusing on Cardiovascular Disease and Chronic Kidney Disease. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1454. [PMID: 30301276 PMCID: PMC6213250 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) are essential nutrients and main constituents of cell membranes that are involved in the signaling pathway and associated with health conditions. We investigated if blood or erythrocyte membrane FAs can predict the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and related complications. Omega-3 (n-3) FAs are important predictors for metabolic syndrome, diabetes, CVD, and CKD risks, and the n-3 index is also a good biomarker for sudden cardiac death in coronary artery disease. Linoleic acid, which is one of the major n-6 FAs reflecting recent dietary FA intake, may predict CVD risk and mortality in the general population and patients with CKD. Monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs) are also related to diabetes or diabetic nephropathy. Oleic acid, a major MUFA, is an emerging marker that is related to acute coronary syndrome, low glomerular filtration rate, and vascular calcification in patients with CKD, and can be modified by n-3 FA supplementation. Saturated FAs, trans-FAs, and FA desaturation/elongation are associated with CVD risk; however, few studies have been conducted on patients with CKD. In summary, blood or erythrocyte membrane FA measurements are important for CVD and CKD risk prediction and management. Further studies are needed to elucidate the FAs for their risk predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oh Yoen Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea.
- Center for Silver-targeted Biomaterials, Brain Busan 21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea.
| | - Su Mi Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Korea.
| | - Won Suk An
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Korea.
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Skaare H, Svensson M, Jenssen T, Åsberg A, Schmidt EB, Chandra A, Ueland T, Mollnes TE, Hartmann A, Eide IA. Plasma n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Levels and Survival in Renal Transplantation. J Ren Nutr 2018; 28:333-339. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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