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Scurt FG, Bose K, Mertens PR, Chatzikyrkou C, Herzog C. Cardiac Surgery-Associated Acute Kidney Injury. KIDNEY360 2024; 5:909-926. [PMID: 38689404 PMCID: PMC11219121 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0000000000000466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
AKI is a common and serious complication of cardiac surgery that has a significant impact on patient morbidity and mortality. The Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes definition of AKI is widely used to classify and identify AKI associated with cardiac surgery (cardiac surgery-associated AKI [CSA-AKI]) on the basis of changes in serum creatinine and/or urine output. There are various preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative risk factors for the development of CSA-AKI which should be recognized and addressed as early as possible to expedite its diagnosis, reduce its occurrence, and prevent or ameliorate its devastating complications. Crucial issues are the inaccuracy of serum creatinine as a surrogate parameter of kidney function in the perioperative setting of cardiothoracic surgery and the necessity to discover more representative markers of the pathophysiology of AKI. However, except for the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7 ratio, other diagnostic biomarkers with an acceptable sensitivity and specificity are still lacking. This article provides a comprehensive review of various aspects of CSA-AKI, including pathogenesis, risk factors, diagnosis, biomarkers, classification, prevention, and treatment management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian G. Scurt
- Clinic of Nephrology, Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Bose
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter R. Mertens
- Clinic of Nephrology, Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christos Chatzikyrkou
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carolin Herzog
- Clinic of Nephrology, Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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Drăgan A, Drăgan AŞ. The Preventive Role of Glutamine Supplementation in Cardiac Surgery-Associated Kidney Injury from Experimental Research to Clinical Practice: A Narrative Review. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:761. [PMID: 38792944 PMCID: PMC11123382 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60050761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury represents a significant threat in cardiac surgery regarding complications and costs. Novel preventive approaches are needed, as the therapeutic modalities are still limited. As experimental studies have demonstrated, glutamine, a conditionally essential amino acid, might have a protective role in this setting. Moreover, the levels of glutamine after the cardiopulmonary bypass are significantly lower. In clinical practice, various trials have investigated the effects of glutamine supplementation on cardiac surgery with encouraging results. However, these studies are heterogeneous regarding the selection criteria, timing, dose, outcomes studied, and way of glutamine administration. This narrative review aims to present the potential role of glutamine in cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury prevention, starting from the experimental studies and guidelines to the clinical practice and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Drăgan
- Department of Cardiovascular Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Emergency Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases “Prof Dr C C Iliescu”, 258 Fundeni Road, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adrian Ştefan Drăgan
- Faculty of General Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
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Trigkidis KK, Siempos II, Kotanidou A, Zakynthinos S, Routsi C, Kokkoris S. EARLY TRAJECTORY OF VENOUS EXCESS ULTRASOUND SCORE IS ASSOCIATED WITH CLINICAL OUTCOMES OF GENERAL ICU PATIENTS. Shock 2024; 61:400-405. [PMID: 38517247 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000002321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background: Systemic venous congestion, assessed by the venous excess ultrasound (VExUS) score, has been associated with adverse effects, including acute kidney injury (AKI), in patients with cardiac disease. In general intensive care unit (ICU) patients, the association between VExUS score and outcomes is understudied. We aimed to investigate the association between the trajectory of VExUS score within the first 3 days of ICU admission and the composite clinical outcome of major adverse kidney events within 30 days (MAKE30). Methods: In this prospective observational study, including patients consecutively admitted to the ICU, VExUS score was calculated within 24 h after ICU admission (day 1) and at 48 to 72 h (day 3). D-VExUS was calculated as the difference between the VExUS score on day 3 minus that on day 1. Development of AKI within 7 days and all-cause mortality within 30 days were recorded. Results: A total of 89 patients (62% men; median age, 62 years; median Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, 24) were included. Sixty (67%) patients developed AKI within 7 days, and 17 (19%) patients died within 30 days after ICU admission. D-VExUS was associated with MAKE30, even after adjustment for confounders (hazard ratio, 2.07; 95% confidence interval, 1.17-3.66; P = 0.01). VExUS scores on days 1 or 3 were not associated with MAKE30. Also, VExUS scores on day 1 or on day 3 and D-VExUS were not associated with development of AKI or mortality. Conclusions: In a general ICU cohort, early trajectory of VExUS score, but not individual VExUS scores at different time points, was associated with the patient-centered MAKE30 outcome. Dynamic changes rather than snapshot measurements may unmask the adverse effects of systemic venous congestion on important clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriakos K Trigkidis
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, Evangelismos Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
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Li ZT, Huang DB, Zhao JF, Li H, Fu SQ, Wang W. Comparison of various surrogate markers for venous congestion in predicting acute kidney injury following cardiac surgery: A cohort study. J Crit Care 2024; 79:154441. [PMID: 37812993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2023.154441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Venous congestion has been demonstrated to increase the risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac surgery. Although many surrogate markers for venous congestion are currently used in clinical settings, there is no consensus on which marker is most effective in predicting AKI. METHODS We evaluated various markers of venous congestion, including central venous pressure (CVP), inferior vena cava (IVC) diameter, portal pulsatility fraction (PPF), hepatic vein flow pattern (HVF), intra-renal venous flow pattern (IRVF), and venous excess ultrasound grading score (VExUS) in adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery to compare their ability in predicting AKI. RESULTS Among the 230 patients enrolled in our study, 53 (23.0%) developed AKI, and 11 (4.8%) required continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Our multivariate logistic analysis revealed that IRVF, PPF, HVF, and CVP were significantly associated with AKI, with IRVF being the strongest predictor (odds ratio [OR] 2.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.38-3.73). However, we did not observe any association between these markers and CRRT. CONCLUSION Venous congestion is associated with AKI after cardiac surgery, but not necessarily with CRRT. Among the markers tested, IRVF exhibits the strongest correlation with AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Tao Li
- Department of Surgical Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, China
| | - Da-Bing Huang
- Department of Surgical Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, China
| | - Jian-Feng Zhao
- Department of Surgical Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Surgical Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, China
| | - Shui-Qiao Fu
- Department of Surgical Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Surgical Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, China.
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Yu Y, Li C, Zhu S, Jin L, Hu Y, Ling X, Miao C, Guo K. Diagnosis, pathophysiology and preventive strategies for cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury: a narrative review. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:45. [PMID: 36694233 PMCID: PMC9872411 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-00990-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and serious complication of cardiac surgery and is associated with increased mortality and morbidity, accompanied by a substantial economic burden. The pathogenesis of cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury (CSA-AKI) is multifactorial and complex, with a variety of pathophysiological theories. In addition to the existing diagnostic criteria, the exploration and validation of biomarkers is the focus of research in the field of CSA-AKI diagnosis. Prevention remains the key to the management of CSA-AKI, and common strategies include maintenance of renal perfusion, individualized blood pressure targets, balanced fluid management, goal-directed oxygen delivery, and avoidance of nephrotoxins. This article reviews the pathogenesis, definition and diagnosis, and pharmacological and nonpharmacological prevention strategies of AKI in cardiac surgical patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yu
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Anaesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 20032 China
| | - Chenning Li
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Anaesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 20032 China
| | - Shuainan Zhu
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Anaesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 20032 China
| | - Lin Jin
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Anaesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 20032 China
| | - Yan Hu
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Anaesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 20032 China
| | - Xiaomin Ling
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Anaesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 20032 China
| | - Changhong Miao
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Anaesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 20032 China
| | - Kefang Guo
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Anaesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 20032 China
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Gourdeau S, Beaubien-Souligny W, Denault AY. Point-of-Care Ultrasound in an Unstable Patient After Cardiac Surgery. Chest 2022; 162:e325-e330. [PMID: 36494134 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2021.12.675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Gourdeau
- Department of Anesthesiology, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - William Beaubien-Souligny
- Department of Anesthesiology, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Nephrology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - André Y Denault
- Department of Anesthesiology, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Intensive Care Unit, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Dhawan R, Chaney MA. Renal Dysfunction and Cardiac Surgery: How Can We Study an Undefined Entity? J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2022; 36:4234-4236. [PMID: 36038443 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2022.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richa Dhawan
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL.
| | - Mark A Chaney
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL
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Guo J, Hu Y, Cao S, Feng C, Huang X, Zhou Q. Predictive Value of the Transthoracic Echocardiography Index for Acute Kidney Injury after Cardiac Valve Surgery. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9100316. [PMID: 36286268 PMCID: PMC9604519 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9100316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We aimed to demonstrate whether the preoperative transthoracic echocardiography index (TTEI) could improve the predictive value of clinical parameters for cardiac valve surgery-associated acute kidney injury (CVS−AKI). Methods: A total of 213 patients who underwent surgical CVS at Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University were consecutively recruited in this retrospective study. TTE assessments were performed within 7 days before surgery and logistic regression was used to determine TTEI. A nomogram was constructed by integrating TTEI and clinical features, and the net reclassification index (NRI) and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) were applied to evaluate the improvement in TTEI for CVS−AKI. Results: Among them, 66 patients (30.9%) developed CVS−AKI. The TTEI was calculated as follows: −6.579 + 0.068 × pulmonary artery systolic pressure (mmHg) −0.742 × LVEF (>55%, yes or no) + 0.346 × left ventricle posterior wall thickness (mm). The nomogram based on the TEEI and other clinical factors possessed excellent performance (C-index = 0.880), had great calibration and discrimination, and was clinically useful. Furthermore, NRI (0.07, 95% confidence interval, 95%CI, 0.01−0.12, p = 0.02) and IDI (0.08, 95%CI, 0.01−0.20, p = 0.02) indicated that TTEI could significantly improve the predictive value of clinical features for CVS−AKI. Conclusions: As a simple access and cost-effective parameter, the preoperative TTEI may be a reliable and useful factor for CVS−AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Qing Zhou
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-027-8804-1911
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Eke C, Szabó A, Nagy Á, Párkányi B, Kertai MD, Fazekas L, Kovács A, Lakatos B, Hartyánszky I, Gál J, Merkely B, Székely A. Association between Preoperative Retrograde Hepatic Vein Flow and Acute Kidney Injury after Cardiac Surgery. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12030699. [PMID: 35328250 PMCID: PMC8946915 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12030699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Key questions: Is there a predictive value of hepatic venous flow patterns for postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac surgery? Key findings: In patients who underwent cardiac surgery, retrograde hepatic venous waves (A, V) and their respective ratio to anterograde waves showed a strong association with postoperative AKI, defined as the percentage change of the highest postoperative serum creatinine from the baseline preoperative concentration (%ΔCr). The velocity time integral (VTI) of the retrograde A wave and the ratio of the retrograde and anterograde waves’ VTI were independently associated with AKI after adjustment for disease severity. Take-home message: A higher ratio of retrograde/antegrade waves in hepatic venous retrograde waves, which are related to hepatic stasis, may predict AKI after cardiac surgery. Introduction: Hepatic venous flow patterns reflect pressure changes in the right ventricle and are also markers of systemic venous congestion. Pulsatility of the inferior caval vein was used to predict the risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac surgery. Aims: Our objective was to evaluate the association between preoperative hepatic venous flow patterns and the risk of AKI in patients after cardiac surgery. Methods: This prospective, observational study included 98 patients without preexisting liver disease who underwent cardiac surgery between 1 January 2018, and 31 March 2020, at a tertiary heart center. In addition to a routine echocardiographic examination, we recorded the maximal velocity and velocity time integral (VTI) of the standard four waves in the common hepatic vein with Doppler ultrasound. Our primary outcome measure was postoperative AKI, defined as the percentage change of the highest postoperative serum creatinine from the baseline preoperative concentration (%ΔCr). The secondary outcome was AKI, defined by KDIGO (Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes) criteria. Results: The median age of the patients was 69.8 years (interquartile range [IQR 25−75] 13 years). Seventeen patients (17.3%) developed postoperative AKI based on the KDIGO. The VTI of the retrograde A waves in the hepatic veins showed a strong correlation (B: 0.714; p = 0.0001) with an increase in creatinine levels after cardiac surgery. The velocity time integral (VTI) of the A wave (B = 0.038, 95% CI = 0.025−0.051, p < 0.001) and the ratio of VTI of the retrograde and anterograde waves (B = 0.233, 95% CI = 0.112−0.356, p < 0.001) were independently associated with an increase in creatinine levels. Conclusions: The severity of hepatic venous regurgitation can be a sign of venous congestion and seems to be related to the development of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Eke
- Károly Rácz School of PhD Studies, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (C.E.); (A.S.); (Á.N.)
| | - András Szabó
- Károly Rácz School of PhD Studies, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (C.E.); (A.S.); (Á.N.)
| | - Ádám Nagy
- Károly Rácz School of PhD Studies, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (C.E.); (A.S.); (Á.N.)
| | - Boglár Párkányi
- Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Miklós D. Kertai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, USA;
| | - Levente Fazekas
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (L.F.); (A.K.); (B.L.); (I.H.); (B.M.)
| | - Attila Kovács
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (L.F.); (A.K.); (B.L.); (I.H.); (B.M.)
| | - Bálint Lakatos
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (L.F.); (A.K.); (B.L.); (I.H.); (B.M.)
| | - István Hartyánszky
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (L.F.); (A.K.); (B.L.); (I.H.); (B.M.)
| | - János Gál
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Béla Merkely
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (L.F.); (A.K.); (B.L.); (I.H.); (B.M.)
| | - Andrea Székely
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary;
- Correspondence:
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