1
|
Borgheresi A, De Muzio F, Agostini A, Ottaviani L, Bruno A, Granata V, Fusco R, Danti G, Flammia F, Grassi R, Grassi F, Bruno F, Palumbo P, Barile A, Miele V, Giovagnoni A. Lymph Nodes Evaluation in Rectal Cancer: Where Do We Stand and Future Perspective. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11092599. [PMID: 35566723 PMCID: PMC9104021 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11092599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The assessment of nodal involvement in patients with rectal cancer (RC) is fundamental in disease management. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is routinely used for local and nodal staging of RC by using morphological criteria. The actual dimensional and morphological criteria for nodal assessment present several limitations in terms of sensitivity and specificity. For these reasons, several different techniques, such as Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI), Intravoxel Incoherent Motion (IVIM), Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging (DKI), and Dynamic Contrast Enhancement (DCE) in MRI have been introduced but still not fully validated. Positron Emission Tomography (PET)/CT plays a pivotal role in the assessment of LNs; more recently PET/MRI has been introduced. The advantages and limitations of these imaging modalities will be provided in this narrative review. The second part of the review includes experimental techniques, such as iron-oxide particles (SPIO), and dual-energy CT (DECT). Radiomics analysis is an active field of research, and the evidence about LNs in RC will be discussed. The review also discusses the different recommendations between the European and North American guidelines for the evaluation of LNs in RC, from anatomical considerations to structured reporting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Borgheresi
- Department of Clinical, Special and Dental Sciences, University Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy; (A.B.); (A.A.); (A.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Federica De Muzio
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy;
| | - Andrea Agostini
- Department of Clinical, Special and Dental Sciences, University Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy; (A.B.); (A.A.); (A.B.); (A.G.)
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University Hospital Ospedali Riuniti, 60126 Ancona, Italy;
- Italian Society of Medical and Interventional Radiology (SIRM), SIRM Foundation, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.D.); (R.G.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (P.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Letizia Ottaviani
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University Hospital Ospedali Riuniti, 60126 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Bruno
- Department of Clinical, Special and Dental Sciences, University Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy; (A.B.); (A.A.); (A.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Vincenza Granata
- Division of Radiology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione Pascale IRCCS di Napoli, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Roberta Fusco
- Medical Oncology Division, Igea SpA, 80013 Napoli, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Ginevra Danti
- Italian Society of Medical and Interventional Radiology (SIRM), SIRM Foundation, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.D.); (R.G.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (P.P.); (V.M.)
- Department of Radiology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy;
| | - Federica Flammia
- Department of Radiology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy;
| | - Roberta Grassi
- Italian Society of Medical and Interventional Radiology (SIRM), SIRM Foundation, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.D.); (R.G.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (P.P.); (V.M.)
- Division of Radiology, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80128 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Grassi
- Italian Society of Medical and Interventional Radiology (SIRM), SIRM Foundation, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.D.); (R.G.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (P.P.); (V.M.)
- Division of Radiology, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80128 Naples, Italy
| | - Federico Bruno
- Italian Society of Medical and Interventional Radiology (SIRM), SIRM Foundation, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.D.); (R.G.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (P.P.); (V.M.)
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;
| | - Pierpaolo Palumbo
- Italian Society of Medical and Interventional Radiology (SIRM), SIRM Foundation, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.D.); (R.G.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (P.P.); (V.M.)
- Abruzzo Health Unit 1, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Area of Cardiovascular and Interventional Imaging, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Antonio Barile
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;
| | - Vittorio Miele
- Italian Society of Medical and Interventional Radiology (SIRM), SIRM Foundation, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.D.); (R.G.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (P.P.); (V.M.)
- Department of Radiology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy;
| | - Andrea Giovagnoni
- Department of Clinical, Special and Dental Sciences, University Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy; (A.B.); (A.A.); (A.B.); (A.G.)
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University Hospital Ospedali Riuniti, 60126 Ancona, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pradella S, Grazzini G, Letteriello M, De Amicis C, Grassi R, Maggialetti N, Carbone M, Palumbo P, Carotti M, Di Cesare E, Giovagnoni A, Cozzi D, Miele V. Masses in right side of the heart: spectrum of imaging findings. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2020; 91:60-70. [PMID: 32945280 PMCID: PMC7944673 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v91i8-s.9940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Primary heart tumors are rare, benign tumors represent the majority of these. If a cardiac mass is found, the probability that it is a metastasis or a so-called “pseudo-mass” is extremely higher than a primary tumor. The detection of a heart mass during a transthoracic echocardiography (TE) is often unexpected. The TE assessment can be difficult, particularly if the mass is located at the level of the right chambers. Cardiac Computed Tomography (CCT) can be useful in anatomical evaluation and Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (CMR) for masses characterization as well. We provide an overview of right cardiac masses and their imaging futures. (www.actabiomedica.it)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pradella
- Department of Radiology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
| | - Giulia Grazzini
- Department of Radiology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
| | - Mayla Letteriello
- Department of Radiology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
| | | | - Roberta Grassi
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
| | - Nicola Maggialetti
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy.
| | - Mattia Carbone
- Department of Radiology, S. Giovanni and Ruggi D'Aragona Hospital, Salerno, Italy.
| | - Pierpaolo Palumbo
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Marina Carotti
- Università politecnica delle Marche, School of Medicine and University Hospital "Umberto I-Lancisi-Salesi", Department of Radiology, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Ernesto Di Cesare
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Andrea Giovagnoni
- Università politecnica delle Marche, School of Medicine and University Hospital "Umberto I-Lancisi-Salesi", Department of Radiology, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Diletta Cozzi
- Department of Radiology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
| | - Vittorio Miele
- Department of Radiology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Agostini A, Borgheresi A, Floridi C, Carotti M, Grazzini G, Pagnini F, Guerrini S, Palumbo P, Pradella S, Carrafiello G, Vivarelli M, Giovagnoni A. The role of imaging in surgical planning for liver resection: what the radiologist need to know. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2020; 91:18-26. [PMID: 32945275 PMCID: PMC7944681 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v91i8-s.9938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The management of patients undergoing surgical resection for liver malignancies requires a multidisciplinary team, including a dedicated radiologist. In the preoperative workup, the radiologist has to provide precise, relevant information to the surgeon. This requires the radiologist to know the basics of surgical techniques as well as liver surgical anatomy in order to help to avoid unexpected surgical scenarios and complications. Moreover, virtual resections and volumetries on radiological images will be discussed, and basic concepts of postoperative liver failure, regeneration, and methods for hypertrophy induction will be provided. (www.actabiomedica.it)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Agostini
- Department of Clinical, Special and Dental Sciences, University Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, AN, Italy; Division of Special and Pediatric Radiology, Department of Radiology, University Hospital "Umberto I - Lancisi - Salesi", Ancona, AN, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Borgheresi
- Division of Special and Pediatric Radiology, Department of Radiology, University Hospital "Umberto I - Lancisi - Salesi", Ancona, AN, Italy.
| | - Chiara Floridi
- Department of Clinical, Special and Dental Sciences, University Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, AN, Italy; Division of Special and Pediatric Radiology, Department of Radiology, University Hospital "Umberto I - Lancisi - Salesi", Ancona, AN, Italy.
| | - Marina Carotti
- Division of Special and Pediatric Radiology, Department of Radiology, University Hospital "Umberto I - Lancisi - Salesi", Ancona, AN, Italy.
| | - Giulia Grazzini
- Department of Radiology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
| | - Francesco Pagnini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Radiology, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Susanna Guerrini
- Unit of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy.
| | - Pierpaolo Palumbo
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Silvia Pradella
- Department of Radiology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
| | - Gianpaolo Carrafiello
- Radiology Department, Fondazione IRCSS Ca Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Marco Vivarelli
- University Politecnica delle Marche, School of Medicine and University Hospital "Umberto I - Lancisi - Salesi", Division of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Andrea Giovagnoni
- Department of Clinical, Special and Dental Sciences, University Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, AN, Italy; Division of Special and Pediatric Radiology, Department of Radiology, University Hospital "Umberto I - Lancisi - Salesi", Ancona, AN, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Grazzini G, Cozzi D, Flammia F, Grassi R, Agostini A, Belfiore MP, Borgheresi A, Mazzei MA, Floridi C, Carrafiello G, Giovagnoni A, Pradella S, Miele V. Hepatic tumors: pitfall in diagnostic imaging. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2020; 91:9-17. [PMID: 32945274 PMCID: PMC7944669 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v91i8-s.9969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
On computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), hepatocellular tumors are characterized based on typical imaging findings. However, hepatocellular adenoma, focal nodular hyperplasia, and hepatocellular carcinoma can show uncommon appearances at CT and MRI, which may lead to diagnostic challenges. When assessing focal hepatic lesions, radiologists need to be aware of these atypical imaging findings to avoid misdiagnoses that can alter the management plan. The purpose of this review is to illustrate a variety of pitfalls and atypical features of hepatocellular tumors that can lead to misinterpretations providing specific clues to the correct diagnoses. (www.actabiomedica.it)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Grazzini
- Department of Radiology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
| | - Diletta Cozzi
- Department of Radiology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
| | - Federica Flammia
- Department of Radiology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
| | - Roberta Grassi
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
| | - Andrea Agostini
- Department of Clinical, Special and Dental Sciences, University Politecnica delle Marche and Division of Special and Pediatric Radiology, Department of Radiology, University Hospital "Umberto I - Lancisi - Salesi", Ancona, Italy.
| | - Maria Paola Belfiore
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Borgheresi
- Division of Special and Pediatric Radiology, Department of Radiology, University Hospital "Umberto I - Lancisi - Salesi", Ancona, Italy.
| | - Maria Antonietta Mazzei
- Unit of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neuro Sciences and of Radiological Sciences, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy.
| | - Chiara Floridi
- Department of Clinical, Special and Dental Sciences, University Politecnica delle Marche and Division of Special and Pediatric Radiology, Department of Radiology, University Hospital "Umberto I - Lancisi - Salesi", Ancona, Italy.
| | - Gianpaolo Carrafiello
- Radiology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy..
| | - Andrea Giovagnoni
- Department of Clinical, Special and Dental Sciences, University Politecnica delle Marche and Division of Special and Pediatric Radiology, Department of Radiology, University Hospital "Umberto I - Lancisi - Salesi", Ancona, Italy.
| | - Silvia Pradella
- Department of Radiology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
| | - Vittorio Miele
- Department of Radiology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Guerrini S, Bagnacci G, Barile A, La Paglia E, Gentili F, Luzzi L, Giordano N, Fioravanti A, Bellisai F, Cantarini L, Volterrani L, Frediani B, Mazzei MA. Anterior chest wall non-traumatic diseases: a road map for the radiologist. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2020; 91:43-50. [PMID: 32945278 PMCID: PMC7944680 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v91i8-s.9972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The anterior chest wall (AWC) non-traumatic pathologies are largely underestimated, and early detection through imaging is becoming increasingly important. This paper aims to review the major non-traumatic ACW pathologies, with a particular interest in imaging features and differential diagnosis. (www.actabiomedica.it)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Guerrini
- Unit of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy.
| | - Giulio Bagnacci
- Unit of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neuro Sciences and of Radiological Sciences, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy.
| | - Antonio Barile
- Department of Applied Clinical Science and Biotechnology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | | | - Francesco Gentili
- Section of Radiology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Luca Luzzi
- Thoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neuro Sciences, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy.
| | - Nicola Giordano
- Scleroderma Unit, Internal Medicine, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neuro Sciences, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy.
| | - Antonella Fioravanti
- Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neuro Sciences, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, Siena, Tuscany, Italy.
| | - Francesca Bellisai
- Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neuro Sciences, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, Siena, Tuscany, Italy.
| | - Luca Cantarini
- Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neuro Sciences, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, Siena, Tuscany, Italy.
| | - Luca Volterrani
- Unit of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neuro Sciences and of Radiological Sciences, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy.
| | - Bruno Frediani
- Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neuro Sciences, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, Siena, Tuscany, Italy.
| | - Maria Antonietta Mazzei
- Unit of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neuro Sciences and of Radiological Sciences, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Reginelli A, Urraro F, Sangiovanni A, Russo GM, Russo C, Grassi R, Agostini A, Belfiore MP, Cellina M, Floridi C, Giovagnoni A, Sica A, Cappabianca S. Extranodal Lymphomas: a pictorial review for CT and MRI classification. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2020; 91:34-42. [PMID: 32945277 PMCID: PMC7944666 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v91i8-s.9971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extranodal lymphomas represent an extranodal location of both non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin lymphomas. This study aims to evaluate the role of CT and MRI in the assessment of relationships of extranodal lymphomas with surrounding tissues and in the characterization of the lesion. We selected and reviewed ten recent studies among the most recent ones present in literature exclusively about CT and MRI imaging of extranodal lymphomas. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) is usually the first-line imaging modality in the evaluation of extranodal lymphomas, according to Lugano classification. However, MRI has a crucial role thanks to the superior soft-tissue contrast resolution, particularly in the anatomical region as head and neck. (www.actabiomedica.it)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Reginelli
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Urraro
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy.
| | - Angelo Sangiovanni
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy.
| | - Gaetano Maria Russo
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy.
| | - Carolina Russo
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy.
| | - Roberta Grassi
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy.
| | - Andrea Agostini
- Radiology Department, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Maria Paola Belfiore
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy.
| | - Michaela Cellina
- Department of Radiology, Ospedale Fatebenefratelli, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy.
| | - Chiara Floridi
- Radiology Department, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Andrea Giovagnoni
- Radiology Department, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Antonello Sica
- Oncology and Hematology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Cappabianca
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Giovagnoni A, De Filippo M, Barile A. Diagnostic and interventional radiology: an update. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2020; 91:5-8. [PMID: 32945273 PMCID: PMC7944668 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v91i8-s.9995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
NOT PRESENT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Giovagnoni
- Department of Clinical, Special and Dental Sciences, University Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, AN, Italy.
| | - Massimo De Filippo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery (DiMec), Section of Radiology, University of Parma, Maggiore Hospital, Parma, Italy.
| | - Antonio Barile
- Department of Applied Clinical Science and Biotechnology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Reginelli A, Vacca G, Giovine S, Izzo A, Agostini A, Belfiore MP, Cellina M, Floridi C, Borgheresi A, Palumbo P, Giovagnoni A, Cappabianca S, Grassi R. MRI of perianal fistulas in Crohn's disease. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2020; 91:27-33. [PMID: 32945276 PMCID: PMC7944676 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v91i8-s.9970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Perianal fistulas represent one of the most critical complications of Crohn’s disease (CD). Management and treatment need a multidisciplinary approach with an accurate description of imaging findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Reginelli
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Vacca
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy.
| | - Sabrina Giovine
- Department of Radiology, SG Moscati Hospital, ASL Caserta, Aversa, Italy.
| | - Andrea Izzo
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy.
| | - Andrea Agostini
- Radiology Department, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Maria Paola Belfiore
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy.
| | - Michaela Cellina
- Department of Radiology, Ospedale Fatebenefratelli, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan,Italy.
| | - Chiara Floridi
- Radiology Department, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | | | - Pierpaolo Palumbo
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Andrea Giovagnoni
- Radiology Department, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Cappabianca
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy.
| | - Roberto Grassi
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
State of the art in magnetic resonance imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiol Oncol 2018; 52:353-364. [PMID: 30511939 PMCID: PMC6287184 DOI: 10.2478/raon-2018-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and the second leading cause of cancer mortality. Chronic liver disease caused by viral infection, alcohol abuse, or other factors can lead to cirrhosis. Cirrhosis is the most important clinical risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) whereby the normal hepatic architecture is replaced by fibrous septa and a spectrum of nodules ranging from benign regenerative nodules to HCC, each one of them with different imaging features. Conclusions Furthermore, advanced techniques including the quantification of hepatic and intralesional fat and iron, magnetic resonance elastography, radiomics, radiogenomics, and positron emission tomography (PET)-MRI are highly promising for the extraction of new imaging biomarkers that reflect the tumor microenvironment and, in the future, may add decision-making value in the management of patients with HCC.
Collapse
|