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Yang J, Hu X, Wang Y, Liu W, Zhang M, Zhang A, Ni B. Identification of the shared gene signatures and molecular mechanisms between multiple sclerosis and non-small cell lung cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1180449. [PMID: 37251402 PMCID: PMC10213509 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1180449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The association between multiple sclerosis (MS) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been the subject of investigation in clinical cohorts, yet the molecular mechanisms underpinning this relationship remain incompletely understood. To address this, our study aimed to identify shared genetic signatures, shared local immune microenvironment, and molecular mechanisms between MS and NSCLC. Methods We selected multiple Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets, including GSE19188, GSE214334, GSE199460, and GSE148071, to obtain gene expression levels and clinical information from patients or mice with MS and NSCLC. We employed Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) to investigate co-expression networks linked to MS and NSCLC and used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis to explore the local immune microenvironment of MS and NSCLC and identify possible shared components. Results Our analysis identified the most significant shared gene in MS and NSCLC, phosphodiesterase 4A (PDE4A), and we analyzed its expression in NSCLC patients and its impact on patient prognosis, as well as its molecular mechanism. Our results demonstrated that high expression of PDE4A was associated with poor prognoses in NSCLC patients, and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) revealed that PDE4A is involved in immune-related pathways and has a significant regulatory effect on human immune responses. We further observed that PDE4A was closely linked to the sensitivity of several chemotherapy drugs. Conclusion Given the limitation of studies investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying the correlation between MS and NSCLC, our findings suggest that there are shared pathogenic processes and molecular mechanisms between these two diseases and that PDE4A represents a potential therapeutic target and immune-related biomarker for patients with both MS and NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Yang
- Department of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaofei Hu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenying Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Mengjie Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Anmei Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Bing Ni
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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Yang F, Pei Y, Xu W, Rong L. hsa_circ_0003176 Suppresses the Progression of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer via Regulating miR-182-5p/RBM5 Axis. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:8402116. [PMID: 36193508 PMCID: PMC9525747 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8402116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the major diseases that threaten human health, and there is still no fundamental treatment method. Emerging evidences suggested that circRNAs might be an effective target to treatment NSCLC. However, the roles and detailed mechanisms of hsa_circ_0003176 in NSCLC still not clear. Methods hsa_circ_0003176 was identified from GSE101684 and GSE112214 datasets of Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The expression of hsa_circ_0003176 was detected by RT-qPCR in NSCLC tissues, paired adjacent nontumor tissues, and cell lines. RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization and nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA fractionation analysis was used to detect the subcellular localization of hsa_circ_0003176 in H1299 and A549 cells. Dual-luciferase reporter and RNA pull-down assay were used to confirm the regulatory of miR-182-5p to hsa_circ_0003176 and RBM5. The roles of hsa_circ_0003176 in NSCLC progression was evaluated both in vitro by CCK-8 assay, colony formation assay, wound-healing assay, and matrigel transwell assay and in vivo by the subcutaneous xenograft nude mouse experiment and lung metastasis nude mouse experiment. In addition, RNA pull down and luciferase reporter assays were carried out to investigate the interaction between hsa_circ_0003176 or RBM5 and miR-182-5p. Results Our results indicated that hsa_circ_0003176 showed typical characteristic of circRNAs, which was downregulated in both NSCLC tissues and cell lines. Functionally, overexpression of hsa_circ_0003176 suppressed the proliferation, migration, and invasion of NSCLC cells in vitro and inhibited NSCLC growth and metastasis in vivo. Furthermore, we found that hsa_circ_0003176 acts as sponge of miR-182-5p to regulate RBM5 expression. Further, in vitro rescue experiments demonstrated that hsa_circ_0003176 suppressed the proliferation, migration, and invasion of NSCLC cells by regulating miR-182-5p/RBM5 axis. Conclusion We demonstrated that hsa_circ_0003176 suppressed the NSCLC progression via regulating miR-182-5p/RBM5 axis. These data indicated that hsa_circ_0003176 might be a novel molecular target for NSCLC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518053, China
| | - YanLi Pei
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518053, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518053, China
| | - Lei Rong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518053, China
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Jin Y, Kang Y, Wang M, Wu B, Su B, Yin H, Tang Y, Li Q, Wei W, Mei Q, Hu G, Lukacs-Kornek V, Li J, Wu K, Yuan X, Wang W. Targeting polarized phenotype of microglia via IL6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling to reduce NSCLC brain metastasis. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:52. [PMID: 35194016 PMCID: PMC8864012 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00872-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages have emerged as crucial factors for metastases. Microglia are indispensable components of the brain microenvironment and play vital roles in brain metastasis (BM). However, the underlying mechanism of how activated microglia promote brain metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains elusive. Here, we purified cell lines with brain-metastatic tropism and employed a co-culture system to reveal their communication with microglia. By single-cell RNA-sequencing and transcriptome difference analysis, we identified IL6 as the key regulator in brain-metastatic cells (A549-F3) to induce anti-inflammatory microglia via JAK2/STAT3 signaling, which in turn promoted the colonization process in metastatic A549-F3 cells. In our clinical samples, patients with higher levels of IL6 in serum showed higher propensity for brain metastasis. Additionally, the TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) data revealed that NSCLC patients with a lower level of IL6 had a longer overall survival time compared to those with a higher level of IL6. Overall, our data indicate that the targeting of IL6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling in activated microglia may be a promising new approach for inhibiting brain metastasis in NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jin
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yalin Kang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Minghuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Bili Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Beibei Su
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Han Yin
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yang Tang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qianxia Li
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wenjie Wei
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qi Mei
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Guangyuan Hu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Veronika Lukacs-Kornek
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Clinic of Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jian Li
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Clinic of Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xianglin Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China.
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Wang H, Xu J, Ding L. MicroRNA-21 was a promising biomarker for lung carcinoma diagnosis: An update meta-analysis. Thorac Cancer 2021; 13:316-321. [PMID: 34837469 PMCID: PMC8807252 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.14242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the diagnostic performance of microRNA‐21 detected in serum or sputum as a biomarker for lung carcinoma identification through pooling the open published data. Methods Clinical diagnostic studies related to microRNA‐21 as a biomarker for lung carcinoma identification were electronically searched in the databases of Pubmed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, and Google Scholar. The data of the included studies was extracted and made pooling of diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) (AUC) for microRNA‐21 expression in serum or sputum as a biomarker for lung carcinoma identification. The publication bias was evaluated by Deek's funnel plot. Results Seventeen diagnostic studies were finally included and made data pooling. For the included 17 studies, 4 investigated the microRNA‐21 expression in sputum and 13 studies in serum. The pooled diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were 0.73 (95% CI, 0.67–0.78) and 0.81 (95% CI, 0.75–0.85), respectively, under random effect model. The combined DOR was 9.65 (95% CI, 6.64–14.03) with the AUC of 0.84 (95% CI, 0.80–0.87). Given a pre‐test probability of 50%, the post‐test positive probability and post‐test negative probability were 79% and 25%, respectively, by using microRNA‐21 as a biomarker for lung carcinoma diagnosis. Deek's funnel was obviously asymmetry and indicated significant publication bias (p < 0.05). Conclusion MicroRNA‐21 in serum or sputum was a promising biomarker for lung cancer identification with relative high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wang
- Department of Respiratory, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Respiratory, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Ding
- Department of Respiratory, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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Wu B, Chang N, Xi H, Xiong J, Zhou Y, Wu Y, Wu S, Wang N, Yi H, Song Y, Chen L, Zhang J. PHB2 promotes tumorigenesis via RACK1 in non-small cell lung cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:3150-3166. [PMID: 33537079 PMCID: PMC7847695 DOI: 10.7150/thno.52848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lung cancer has the highest mortality rate among cancers worldwide, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) the most common type. Increasing evidence shows that PHB2 is highly expressed in other cancer types; however, the effects of PHB2 in NSCLC are currently poorly understood. Method: PHB2 expression and its clinical relevance in NSCLC tumor tissues were analyzed using a tissue microarray. The biological role of PHB2 in NSCLC was investigated in vitro and in vivo using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining, gene expression knockdown and overexpression, cell proliferation assay, flow cytometry, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, wound healing assay, Transwell assay, western blot analysis, qRT-PCR, coimmunoprecipitation, and mass spectrometry analysis. Results: Our major finding is that PHB2 facilitates tumorigenesis in NSCLC by interacting with and stabilizing RACK1, which further induces activation of downstream tumor-promoting effectors. PHB2 was found to be overexpressed in NSCLC tumor tissues, and its expression was correlated with clinicopathological features. Furthermore, PHB2 overexpression promoted proliferation, migration, and invasion, whereas PHB2 knockdown enhanced apoptosis in NSCLC cells. The stimulating effect of PHB2 on tumorigenesis was also verified in vivo. In addition, PHB2 interacted with RACK1 and increased its expression through posttranslational modification, which further induced activation of the Akt and FAK pathways. Conclusions: Our results reveal the effects of PHB2 on tumorigenesis and its regulation of RACK1 and RACK1-associated proteins and downstream signaling in NSCLC. We believe that the crosstalk between PHB2 and RACK1 provides us with a great opportunity to design and develop novel therapeutic strategies for NSCLC.
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Han YS, Chen JX, Li ZB, Chen J, Yi WJ, Huang H, Wei LL, Jiang TT, Li JC. Identification of potential lipid biomarkers for active pulmonary tuberculosis using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 246:387-399. [PMID: 33175608 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220968058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis of active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is the key to controlling the disease. Host lipids are nutrient sources for the metabolism of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In this research work, we used ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to screen plasma lipids in TB patients, lung cancer patients, community-acquired pneumonia patients, and normal healthy controls. Principal component analysis, orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, and K-means clustering algorithm analysis were used to identify lipids with differential abundance. A total of 22 differential lipids were filtered out among all subjects. The plasma phospholipid levels were decreased, while the cholesterol ester levels were increased in patients with TB. We speculate that the infection of M. tuberculosis may regulate the lipid metabolism of TB patients and may promote host-assisted bacterial degradation of phospholipids and accumulation of cholesterol esters. This may be related to the formation of lung cavities with caseous necrosis. The results of receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed four lipids such as phosphatidylcholine (PC, 12:0/22:2), PC (16:0/18:2), cholesteryl ester (20:3), and sphingomyelin (d18:0/18:1) as potential biomarkers for early diagnosis of TB. The diagnostic model was fitted by using logistic regression analysis and combining the above four lipids with a sensitivity of 92.9%, a specificity of 82.4%, and the area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.934 (95% CI 0.873 - 0.971). The machine learning method (10-fold cross-validation) demonstrated that the model had good accuracy (0.908 AUC, 85.3% sensitivity, and 85.9% specificity). The lipids identified in this study may serve as novel biomarkers in TB diagnosis. Our research may pave the foundation for understanding the pathogenesis of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shuai Han
- Institute of Cell Biology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jia-Xi Chen
- Institute of Cell Biology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Li
- Institute of Cell Biology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Institute of Cell Biology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wen-Jing Yi
- Institute of Cell Biology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Central Laboratory, Yangjiang People's Hospital, Yangjiang 529500, China
| | - Huai Huang
- Institute of Cell Biology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Central Laboratory, Yangjiang People's Hospital, Yangjiang 529500, China
| | - Li-Liang Wei
- Department of Pneumology, Shaoxing Municipal Hospital, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Ting-Ting Jiang
- Central Laboratory, Yangjiang People's Hospital, Yangjiang 529500, China
| | - Ji-Cheng Li
- Institute of Cell Biology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Xue J, Zhang F. LncRNA LINC00511 plays an oncogenic role in lung adenocarcinoma by regulating PKM2 expression via sponging miR-625-5p. Thorac Cancer 2020; 11:2570-2579. [PMID: 32716147 PMCID: PMC7471024 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.13576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung adenocarcinoma (LAC) is the most prominent histological subtype of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with a high rate of mortality and metastasis. Accumulating evidence has shown that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play malfunctioning roles in the development of human tumors. Hence, this study aimed to determine the biological function of LINC00511 in LAC and to provide a novel diagnostic and therapeutic target for it. METHODS LINC00511 expression in LAC tissues and cell lines (H1299 and A549) were detected by real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was employed to analyze cell proliferative ability. Cell metastasis change was measured using transwell assay. Moreover, we revealed a novel target gene of LINC00511 and elucidated the underlying competitive endogenous RNA regulatory mechanism in LAC cells. RESULTS Data from our study demonstrated that LINC00511 expression was increased in LAC tissues and cells in comparison to their corresponding controls. Moreover, overexpression of LINC00511 indicated the poor prognosis of LAC patients. Overexpression of LINC00511 promoted proliferation, invasion and migration capacities of LAC cells. Moreover, LINC00511 promoted LAC progression via serving as a sponge of miR-625-5p and regulating PKM2 expression. CONCLUSIONS The present study showed that LINC00511 was involved in LAC progression by targeting miR-625-5p/PKM2, indicating that LINC00511/miR-625-5p/PKM2 may function as promising therapeutic targets for LAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fayan Zhang
- Heart Disease DepartmentTianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated HospitalTianjinChina
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Isakov KMM, Legasto AC, Hossain R, Verzosa Weisman S, Toy D, Groner LK, Feibusch A, Escalon JG. A Case-Based Review of Vaping-Induced Injury-Pulmonary Toxicity and Beyond. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2020; 50:401-409. [PMID: 32703539 DOI: 10.1067/j.cpradiol.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The last 10 years has seen a steady rise in the use of electronic cigarettes ("e-cigarettes" or ECIGs) or "vape pens." Though initially developed to assist with smoking cessation, use among adolescents has been particularly high. A concomitant rise in ECIG-related injuries disproportionately affecting young patients has been recognized. This unique case series highlights both pulmonary and extra-pulmonary ECIG-induced injuries including vape tip ingestion, maxillofacial fractures after vape pen explosion, myocarditis, and several different manifestations of vaping-associated lung injury. Becoming familiar with expected imaging findings in the wide array of ECIG-induced complications will help radiologists recognize these findings, recommend further imaging as needed, facilitate early diagnosis by help referring clinicians elicit the relevant history from patients, and expedite appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M M Isakov
- Department of Radiology, Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging, New York-Presbyterian Hospital - Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Alan C Legasto
- Department of Radiology, Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging, New York-Presbyterian Hospital - Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Rydhwana Hossain
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Stacey Verzosa Weisman
- Department of Radiology, Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging, New York-Presbyterian Hospital - Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Dennis Toy
- Department of Radiology, Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging, New York-Presbyterian Hospital - Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Lauren K Groner
- Department of Radiology, Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging, New York-Presbyterian Hospital - Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Amanda Feibusch
- Department of Radiology, Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging, New York-Presbyterian Hospital - Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Joanna G Escalon
- Department of Radiology, Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging, New York-Presbyterian Hospital - Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY.
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