1
|
Carbajal-Ochoa W, Bravo-Solarte DC, Bernal AM, Anampa JD. Benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy in lymph node-negative, T1b and T1c triple-negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2024; 203:257-269. [PMID: 37833449 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-023-07132-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current guidelines recommendations regarding chemotherapy in small (T1b and T1c), node-negative triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) differ due to lack of high-quality data. Our study aimed to assess the benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with T1bN0M0 and T1cN0M0 TNBC. METHODS We obtained data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database for patients with node-negative, T1b/T1c TNBC diagnosed between 2010 and 2020. Logistic regresion models assessed variables associated with chemotherapy administration. We evaluated the effect of chemotherapy on overall survival (OS) and breast cancer specific survival (BCSS) with Kaplan-Meier methods and Cox proportional hazards methods. RESULTS We included 11,510 patients: 3,388 with T1b and 8,122 with T1c TNBC. During a median follow-up of 66 months, 305 patients with T1b and 995 with T1c died. After adjusting for clinicopathological, demographic and treatment factors, adjuvant chemotherapy improved OS in T1b TNBC (HR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.41-0.68 p < 0.001) but did not improve BCSS (HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.45-1.07; p = 0.10); the association between chemotherapy and BCSS was not statistically significant in any subgroup. In T1c TNBC, adjuvant chemotherapy improved OS (HR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.47-0.62; p < 0.001) and BCSS (HR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.63-0.99; p = 0.043); the benefit of chemotherapy in OS varied by age (Pinteraction=0.024); moreover, the benefit in BCSS was similar in all subgroups. CONCLUSIONS Our study results support the use of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with node-negative, T1c TNBC. Patients with node-negative, T1b TNBC had excellent long-term outcomes; furthermore, chemotherapy was not associated with improved BCSS in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Carbajal-Ochoa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology/Josep Trueta Hospital, Girona, Spain
| | | | - Ana M Bernal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1695 Eastchester Rd, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Jesus D Anampa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1695 Eastchester Rd, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
TANG W, HU Y, ZHU M, DONG M, LIU T, SARWAR A, ZHAN Y, ZHANG Y. Pingxiao capsule inhibits lung metastasis of triple-negative breast cancer and sensitizes breast cancer to radiotherapy. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2023; 43:897-905. [PMID: 37679977 PMCID: PMC10465830 DOI: 10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.20221121.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the anticancer effect of Pingxiao capsule (, PXC) on the treatment of breast cancer and . METHODS The inhibition of PXC on cell viability and proliferation was determined by cell counting kit-8, EdU assay and colony formation assay, respectively. The effect of PXC on cell apoptosis was detected by using flow cytometry. The suppression of PXC on cell migration and invasion was investigated by chamber assay. To investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms, the expression of proteins related to epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) was analyzed by Western blotting in breast cancer cells and by immunohistochemistry in tumor tissues. The anticancer effect of PXC was evaluated by using MDA-MB-231 xenograft model and 4T1 metastatic breast cancer model. RESULTS Our results indicated that triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 were sensitive to PXC. PXC potently inhibited the proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion of MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells . Then, MDA-MB-231 xenograft model depicted that PXC significantly reduced tumor size and weight compared with Control. 4T1 lung metastasis model showed that PXC significantly inhibited breast cancer cell spreading to lungs in mice. Mechanistically, PXC inhibited EMT process by reducing cadherin turnover in TNBC. Furthermore, PXC in combination with 8 Gy X-ray treatment obviously promoted the induction of apoptosis, and suppressed cell proliferation. CONCLUSION PXC could inhibit the proliferation and invasion of TNBC both and , and exerted its anti-metastatic effect by regulating cadherin turnover, Furthermore, it sensitized the TNBC cells to radiotherapy. The data supported further development of PXC as an adjuvant-therapy agent for TNBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan TANG
- 1 School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Shaanxi for Natural Medicines Research and Engineering, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yu HU
- 1 School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Shaanxi for Natural Medicines Research and Engineering, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Man ZHU
- 1 School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Shaanxi for Natural Medicines Research and Engineering, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Mingzhi DONG
- 3 Xi’an C.P. Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Xi’an, 710043, China
| | - Tieming LIU
- 3 Xi’an C.P. Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Xi’an, 710043, China
| | - Ammar SARWAR
- 1 School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Shaanxi for Natural Medicines Research and Engineering, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yingzhuan ZHAN
- 1 School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Shaanxi for Natural Medicines Research and Engineering, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yanmin ZHANG
- 1 School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Shaanxi for Natural Medicines Research and Engineering, Xi'an 710061, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhao F, Shen G, Dong Q, Xin Y, Huo X, Wang M, Liu Z, Zhao Y, Ren D, Xie Q, Liu Z, Li Z, Gao L, Du F, Zhao J. Impact of platinum-based chemotherapy on the prognosis of early triple-negative breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:2025-2040. [PMID: 36422737 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-022-00940-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although platinum-based chemotherapy can improve pathologic complete response (pCR) in patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), the impact on survival of platinum-based neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy is still controversial. Our meta-analysis aimed at analyzing survival with platinum-based neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with TNBC. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane databases, and several major conferences up to January 2021. Fixed and random models were used for our meta-analysis. Disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), and side effects data were extracted from the included literature in addition to the corresponding pooled hazard ratio (HR) and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A total of nine studies involving 3247 patients were included. The pooled analysis suggested that compared with anthracycline- and/or paclitaxel-based chemotherapy, platinum-based chemotherapy could further improve DFS (HR = 0.56, 95% CI 0.45-0.67, p < 0.01) and OS (HR = 0.54, 95% CI 0.38-0.70, p < 0.01) in patients with TNBC. The subgroup analysis showed that platinum-based chemotherapy could further improve DFS (HR = 0.59, 95% CI 0.43-0.74, p < 0.01) and OS (HR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.40-0.83, p < 0.01) in neoadjuvant chemotherapy and DFS (HR = 0.53, 95% CI 0.37-0.69, p < 0.01) and OS (HR = 0.46, 95% CI 0.23-0.69, p < 0.01) in adjuvant chemotherapy compared with anthracycline- and/or paclitaxel-based chemotherapy in patients with TNBC. In addition, compared with anthracycline-based chemotherapy, platinum-based chemotherapy without anthracycline chemotherapy could further improve DFS (HR = 0.53, 95% CI 0.37-0.70, p < 0.01) and OS (HR = 0.46, 95%CI 0.19-0.72, p < 0.01) in patients with TNBC. Compared with anthracycline- and/or paclitaxel-based chemotherapy, all-grade diarrhea, fatigue, and grade ≥ 3 anemia were higher in platinum-based chemotherapy. In contrast, all-grade anemia, leukopenia, neutropenia, peripheral neuropathy, myalgia/arthralgia, cardiac toxicity were lower in platinum-based chemotherapy; grade ≥ 3 leukopenia, neutropenia and myalgia/arthralgia were also lower. Compared with anthracycline- and/or paclitaxel-based chemotherapy, platinum-based chemotherapy was more associated with improved DFS and OS in TNBC patients. The benefit of survival is consistent with platinum-based neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy. The side effects of platinum-based chemotherapy are tolerable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuxing Zhao
- Breast Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000, China
| | - Guoshuang Shen
- Breast Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000, China
| | - Qiuxia Dong
- The Fifth People's Hospital of Qinghai Province, The First Ward of Oncology, Xining, 810000, China
| | - Yuanfang Xin
- Breast Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000, China
| | - Xingfa Huo
- Breast Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000, China
| | - Miaozhou Wang
- Breast Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Breast Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Breast Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000, China
| | - Dengfeng Ren
- Breast Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000, China
| | - Qiqi Xie
- Breast Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000, China
| | - Zhilin Liu
- Breast Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000, China
| | - Zitao Li
- Breast Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000, China
| | - Lihong Gao
- Breast Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000, China
| | - Feng Du
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education/Beijing), The VIPII Gastrointestinal Cancer Division of Medical Department, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Jiuda Zhao
- Breast Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bravo-Solarte DC, Zhang F, Anampa JD. Assessment of Use and Impact of Chemotherapy in Lymph Node-Negative, T1a Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Clin Breast Cancer 2023; 23:763-773.e6. [PMID: 37648557 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current treatment guidelines suggest considering adjuvant chemotherapy in high-risk patients with T1a, node-negative triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC); however, limited quality data support this statement. Our population-based study assessed the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy and factors associated with its administration in node-negative, T1a TNBC. MATERIALS AND METHODS We obtained data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database for patients with T1aN0 TNBC diagnosed between 2010 and 2019. We utilized the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression model to analyze the overall survival (OS) and breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) in chemotherapy benefit. We performed stratified models to identify differences in OS and BCSS between those who received chemotherapy and those who did not across subgroups. Competing risk analysis was conducted to assess differences in risk of breast cancer death in patients with chemotherapy administration versus no chemotherapy. Additionally, propensity score matching was executed to assess survival analysis in a matched cohort. RESULTS We included 1739 patients with T1a TNBC. Patients who received chemotherapy were younger, had higher histological grade and ductal histology subtype, were more likely to be married and undergo mastectomy. Our study did not show improvement in OS (HR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.35-1.13; P = .122) or BCSS (HR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.37-2.43; P = .908) after chemotherapy use. We did not identify any subgroup of patients that may benefit from chemotherapy. Without chemotherapy, 8-year risk of breast cancer death is 2.75% for these patients. CONCLUSION Adjuvant chemotherapy is not associated with benefit on OS or BCSS in node-negative, T1a TNBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li J, Shen G, Wang M, Huo X, Zhao F, Ren D, Zhao Y, Zhao J. Comparative efficacy and safety of first-line neoadjuvant treatments in triple-negative breast cancer: systematic review and network meta-analysis. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:1489-1499. [PMID: 36152119 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-022-00894-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neoadjuvant treatment options for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) are abundant, but the efficacy of different combinations of treatment options remains unclear. Our network meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of various neoadjuvant treatment options in patients with TNBC. Literature reports published before March 31, 2022, were retrieved from the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, main oncology conference of the European Society of Medical Oncology, American Society of Clinical Oncology, and San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium databases. Pairwise and Bayesian network meta-analyses were performed to compare direct and indirect evidence, respectively. The primary outcome was pathological complete response (pCR). Comparison of efficiency between different treatment regimens was made by HRs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Overall, 26 studies, including 9714 TNBC patients, were assessed in this network meta-analysis. Results indicated that the pCR of immune checkpoint inhibitors plus platinum-containing regimens is better than other joint regimens. PCR rate of neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimens containing bevacizumab, platinum, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors, and immune checkpoint inhibitors was higher than those of standard chemotherapy agents. By performing a conjoint analysis of the pCR rate and safety endpoints, we found that immune checkpoint inhibitors plus platinum-containing regimens were well balanced in terms of efficacy and toxicity. Considering the efficacy and acceptable adverse events, neoadjuvant chemotherapy based on immune checkpoint inhibitors plus platinum may be considered as an option for patients with TNBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Li
- The Center of Breast Disease Diagnosis and Treatment of Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000, China
| | - Guoshuang Shen
- The Center of Breast Disease Diagnosis and Treatment of Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000, China
| | - Miaozhou Wang
- The Center of Breast Disease Diagnosis and Treatment of Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000, China
| | - Xingfa Huo
- The Center of Breast Disease Diagnosis and Treatment of Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000, China
| | - Fuxing Zhao
- The Center of Breast Disease Diagnosis and Treatment of Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000, China
| | - Dengfeng Ren
- The Center of Breast Disease Diagnosis and Treatment of Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- The Center of Breast Disease Diagnosis and Treatment of Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000, China.
| | - Jiuda Zhao
- The Center of Breast Disease Diagnosis and Treatment of Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tiwari PK, Ko TH, Dubey R, Chouhan M, Tsai LW, Singh HN, Chaubey KK, Dayal D, Chiang CW, Kumar S. CRISPR/Cas9 as a therapeutic tool for triple negative breast cancer: from bench to clinics. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1214489. [PMID: 37469704 PMCID: PMC10352522 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1214489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) is a third-generation genome editing method that has revolutionized the world with its high throughput results. It has been used in the treatment of various biological diseases and infections. Various bacteria and other prokaryotes such as archaea also have CRISPR/Cas9 systems to guard themselves against bacteriophage. Reportedly, CRISPR/Cas9-based strategy may inhibit the growth and development of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) via targeting the potentially altered resistance genes, transcription, and epigenetic regulation. These therapeutic activities could help with the complex issues such as drug resistance which is observed even in TNBC. Currently, various methods have been utilized for the delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 into the targeted cell such as physical (microinjection, electroporation, and hydrodynamic mode), viral (adeno-associated virus and lentivirus), and non-viral (liposomes and lipid nano-particles). Although different models have been developed to investigate the molecular causes of TNBC, but the lack of sensitive and targeted delivery methods for in-vivo genome editing tools limits their clinical application. Therefore, based on the available evidences, this review comprehensively highlighted the advancement, challenges limitations, and prospects of CRISPR/Cas9 for the treatment of TNBC. We also underscored how integrating artificial intelligence and machine learning could improve CRISPR/Cas9 strategies in TNBC therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar Tiwari
- Biological and Bio-Computational Lab, Department of Life Sciences, Sharda School of Basic Science and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tin-Hsien Ko
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Rajni Dubey
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Mandeep Chouhan
- Biological and Bio-Computational Lab, Department of Life Sciences, Sharda School of Basic Science and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Lung-Wen Tsai
- Department of Medicine Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Information Technology Office, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Data Science, College of Management, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Himanshu Narayan Singh
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Centre, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kundan Kumar Chaubey
- Division of Research and Innovation, School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Deen Dayal
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chih-Wei Chiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Biological and Bio-Computational Lab, Department of Life Sciences, Sharda School of Basic Science and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liao Y, Li S, An J, Yu X, Tan X, Gui Y, Wang Y, Huang L, Zhou S, Wang D. Ethyl acetate extract of Antenoron Filiforme inhibits the proliferation of triple negative breast cancer cells via suppressing Skp2/p21 signaling axis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 116:154856. [PMID: 37187035 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) has the worst prognosis of the any breast cancer subtype, and the efficient therapeutical treatment is extremely limited. Antenoron filiforme (Thunb.) Roberty & Vautier (AF) is a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), which is well-known for a diverse array of pharmacological activities, including but not limited to anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-tumors properties. Clinically, AF is commonly prescribed for the treatment of gynecological diseases. PURPOSE Since TNBC is one of the worst gynecological diseases, the objective of this research is to study the anti-TNBC function of the ethyl acetate extract (EAE) of AF (AF-EAE) and disclose its mechanism of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS With the aim of elucidating the underlying molecular mechanism and possible chemical basis of AF-EAE in the treatment of TNBC, a comprehensive approach combining system pharmacology and transcriptomic analysis, functional experimental validation, and computational modeling was implemented. Firstly, the potential therapeutic targets of AF-EAE treating TNBC were analyzed by systemic pharmacology and transcriptome sequencing. Subsequently, cell viability assays, cell cycle assays, and transplantation tumor assays were employed to detect the inhibitory effect of AF-EAE on TNBC. Apart from that, the western blot and RT-qPCR assays were adopted to verify its mechanism of action. Finally, the potential chemical basis of anti-TNBC function of AF-EAE was screened through molecular docking and validated by molecular dynamics. RESULTS This study analyzed the differentially expressed genes after AF-EAE treatment by RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). It was found that most of the genes were abundant in the gene set termed "cell cycle". Besides, AF-EAE could suppress the proliferation of TNBC cells in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting the function of Skp2 protein. AF-EAE could also lead to the accumulation of p21 and a decrease of CDK6/CCND1 protein, thereby stalling the cycle of cell in the G1/S stage. Notably, clinical data survival analysis clearly demonstrated that Skp2 overexpression has been negatively correlated with survival rates in breast cancer (BC) patients. Further, as suggested by molecular docking and molecular dynamics, the quercetin and its analogues of AF-EAE might bind to Skp2 protein. CONCLUSION In summary, AF-EAE inhibits the growth of TNBC in vitro and in vivo through targeting Skp2/p21 signaling pathway. While providing a novel potential drug for treating TNBC, this study might establish a method to delve into the action mechanism of TCM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yile Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Shengrong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jun An
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xiankuo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xue Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yu Gui
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yumei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Lijun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Shiyi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sghaier I, Zidi S, El-Ghali RM, Daldoul A, Aimagambetova G, Almawi WY. Unique ESR1 and ESR2 estrogen receptor gene variants associated with altered risk of triple-negative breast cancer: A case-control study. Gene 2023; 851:146969. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
9
|
Shum K, Hussein A, Hamm C. Are we overtreating stage I triple-negative breast cancer in Ontario? A population-based retrospective epidemiological analysis using the ICES database. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 39:228. [PMID: 36175693 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01829-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is associated with inferior outcomes. The use of adjuvant chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment, and its efficacy was demonstrated to be correlated with tumor size. Different guidelines exist regarding chemotherapy in early-stage TNBC. This study uses ICES database to examine the outcomes of the use of adjuvant chemotherapy in stage I TNBC in Ontario stratified by tumor size. Records of TNBC patients diagnosed in 2012 to 2014 were collected from ICES database. Stage I patients were analyzed by tumor size: T1a (≤ 0.5 cm), T1b (> 0.5 cm and ≤ 1.0 cm), and T1c (> 1.0 cm and ≤ 2.0 cm). Kaplan-Meier curves, log-rank test statistic, and Cox's proportional hazard regression were used to compare differences in overall survival (OS) between chemotherapy and no-chemotherapy groups. Of 610 patients, 183 had tumor sizes ≤ 1 cm, representing stages T1aN0M0 and T1bN0M0, and 427 had tumors > 1 cm to 2 cm, representing stage T1cN0M0. Patients with tumors ≤ 1 cm who received chemotherapy did not have a significant difference in OS compared to the no-chemotherapy group (p = 0.41, hazard ratio (HR) 0.40, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.021-2.5). However, patients with tumor sizes > 1 cm to 2 cm who received chemotherapy demonstrated significantly better OS compared to those without (p = 0.023, HR = 0.40, 95% CI 0.16-0.86). Patients with TNBC stage T1cN0M0 should receive adjuvant chemotherapy. For TNBC tumors ≤ 1 cm, avoidance of chemotherapy can be considered. Prospective research should further investigate the efficacy of chemotherapy in TNBC stages T1a-bN0M0.Trial Registration University of Windsor REB#16-119.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Shum
- Western University, London, ON, Canada.,University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | | | - Caroline Hamm
- University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada. .,Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Qu J, Ke F, Yang X, Wang Y, Xu H, Li Q, Bi K. Induction of P-glycoprotein expression by dandelion in tumor and heart tissues: Impact on the anti-tumor activity and cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 104:154275. [PMID: 35760022 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, we have investigated the anti-tumor activity and mechanism through which dandelion acts against triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, traditional Chinese medicine is mostly accepted as an adjunct therapy during chemotherapy in clinical practice. So far, little is known about the effects of dandelion in conjunction with chemotherapeutic drugs. PURPOSE To investigate the effects of dandelion on the anti-tumor activity and cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin (DOX), and to further explore the molecular mechanisms through which these effects occur. STUDY DESIGN At the beginning of this study, dandelion was observed to alleviate DOX-induced cardiotoxicity and reduce the anti-tumor activity of DOX. Subsequently, we investigated whether the resistance to DOX mediated by P-glycoprotein was involved in the above effects. METHODS The cardioprotective effect of dandelion was investigated on DOX-treated mice by histological analysis, myocardial enzyme assays, and an untargeted metabolomics study based on LC-Q-TOF/MS. TNBC cell lines and 4T1 tumor-bearing mice were employed to investigate the combined anti-tumor activity. Laser scanning confocal microscope and a flow cytometry analysis were employed to measure the intracellular accumulation of DOX. A specific, sensitive, and rapid LC-MS/MS method was developed to detect the efflux of DOX from cells. Expression of P-glycoprotein in mouse tumor and heart tissues was detected via Western blotting analysis. RESULTS Dandelion was found to significantly alleviate DOX-induced cardiotoxicity, as was evidenced by improved cardiomyocyte morphology, decreased LDH and CK-MB release, and adjusted metabolic biomarker levels. However, in vitro and in vivo studies showed that dandelion could reduce the anti-tumor activity of DOX. This counteraction was achieved by activating of the drug efflux transporter P-glycoprotein, thereby promoting the efflux of DOX from cells and reducing the intracellular accumulation of DOX. Moreover, the activation of P-glycoprotein by dandelion in mouse heart tissue was also observed, thus suggesting that the decrease of cardiac DOX accumulation plays an important role in the cardioprotective effect of dandelion. CONCLUSION Dandelion can activate the P-glycoprotein in heart and tumor tissues, which ameliorates DOX-induced cardiotoxicity but attenuates DOX cytotoxicity toward TNBC. Our findings have important implications for the correct clinical use of dandelion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiameng Qu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; School of Traditional Chinese Material Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Fan Ke
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yue Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Huarong Xu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qing Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Kaishun Bi
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shin GR, Kim HE, Ju HJ, Kim JH, Choi S, Choi HS, Kim MS. Injectable click-crosslinked hydrogel containing resveratrol to improve the therapeutic effect in triple negative breast cancer. Mater Today Bio 2022; 16:100386. [PMID: 35991627 PMCID: PMC9386493 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients are considered intractable, as this disease has few effective treatments and a very poor prognosis even in its early stages. Here, intratumoral therapy with resveratrol (Res), which has anticancer and metastasis inhibitory effects, was proposed for the effective treatment of TNBC. An injectable Res-loaded click-crosslinked hyaluronic acid (Res-Cx-HA) hydrogel was designed and intratumorally injected to generate a Res-Cx-HA depot inside the tumor. The Res-Cx-HA formulation exhibited good injectability into the tumor tissue, quick depot formation inside the tumor, and the depot remained inside the injected tumor for extended periods. In vivo formed Res-Cx-HA depots sustained Res inside the tumor for extended periods. More importantly, the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of Res remained almost exclusively within the tumor and not in other organs. Intratumoral injection of Res-Cx-HA in animal models resulted in significant negative tumor growth rates (i.e., the tumor volume decreased over time) coupled with large apoptotic cells and limited angiogenesis in tumors. Therefore, Res-Cx-HA intratumoral injection is a promising way to treat TNBC patients with high efficacy and minimal adverse effects. Intratumoral injection was developed for treatment of triple negative breast cancer. Injectable formulation exhibited good injectability, quick depot formation. The formed depot remained inside the injected tumor for extended periods. Bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of Res inside tumor were improved. In vivo formed depots resulted in significant negative cancer growth.
Collapse
|
12
|
Yan W, Wu X, Wang S, He C, Zhong L, Tang P, Ren L, Zhang T, Qi X, Zhang Y. Lobaplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy for triple-negative breast cancer: a 5-year follow-up of a randomized, open-label, phase II trial. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2022; 14:17588359221107111. [PMID: 35769355 PMCID: PMC9234826 DOI: 10.1177/17588359221107111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: We report the 5-year follow-up findings of a randomized, open-label, phase II
trial of lobaplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus adjuvant therapy for
triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Patients and methods: This study included patients aged ⩾18 years with untreated, operable stage
I–III TNBC and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0
or 1. One group of patients (TE group, n = 99) received
four cycles of docetaxel (T, 75 mg/m²) plus epirubicin (E, 80 mg/m²) every
3 weeks, and another group (TEL group, n = 101) received
the same treatment with the addition of lobaplatin (L, 30 mg/m2).
Two cycles of the corresponding treatments were administered after surgery
in both groups. The primary endpoints were total pathological complete
response (tpCR) rate and overall response rate (ORR), and the secondary
endpoints were disease-free survival, overall survival, and long-term
safety. This trial is registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry
(ChiCTR-TRC-14005019). Results: The median follow-up was 48.2 months (interquartile range: 31.1–60.0). The
tpCR rate was 41.4% and 17.8% in the TEL group and TE group, respectively
(p < 0.001). The HR for comparison of DFS between
the TEL group and TE group was 0.44 (95% CI: 0.21–0.90, P
p = 0.028). The addition of lobaplatin resulted in an HR
of 0.44 (95% CI: 0.18–1.02, P = 0.061) for the difference
in OS between the two groups. The ORR, which included complete response and
partial response, was 92.9% in the TEL group and 74.3% in the TE group
(p = 0.001). The TEL group patients were more likely to
develop grade III–IV anemia and thrombocytopenia. No lobaplatin-related
deaths or increased risk of long-term toxicity was observed. Conclusion: Neoadjuvant lobaplatin therapy can improve the tpCR and ORR rates of TNBC
with tolerable side effects and have a tendency to improve the long-term
survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Yan
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiujuan Wu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Shushu Wang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng He
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Zhong
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Tang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Ren
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaowei Qi
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Gaotanyan Street 29, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Gaotanyan Street 29, Chongqing 400038, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu C, Li Y, Xing X, Zhuang J, Wang J, Wang C, Zhang L, Liu L, Feng F, Li H, Gao C, Yu Y, Liu J, Sun C. Immunogenomic landscape analyses of immune molecule signature-based risk panel for patients with triple-negative breast cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 28:670-684. [PMID: 35614988 PMCID: PMC9123090 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) presented as high heterogeneous immunogenicity that lacks useful clinical signatures to risk-stratify immune-benefit subtypes. We hypothesized that molecular-based phenotypic characterization of TNBC tumors and their immunity may overcome these challenges. We enrolled 1,145 patients with TNBC for analysis. Through combining algorithm integration analysis and TNBC datasets, a tumor immune risk score (TIRS) panel consisting of 8 potential biomarkers was identified. The TIRS panel represented excellent effectiveness as an independent predictor. High- and low risk stratification of patients was further achieved by TIRS, and significant survival and immune-infiltration pattern differences were found in each cohort, both at the transcriptome and protein levels. Non-negative matrix factorization clustering further identified four different tumor immune microenvironment types (TIMTs), among which TIMT-II was associated with the best prognosis and immune status, whereas TIMT-IV had the opposite effect, TIMT-III was associated with highly unstable genomes, and TIMT-I displayed stem-cell-related characteristics along with high stromal scores and may have extensive enrichment of tumor-associated fibroblasts and vascular cells. In conclusion, our TIRS panel could serve as a robust prognostic signature and provide therapeutic benefits for immunotherapy. Additionally, coordinating four TIMTs may be helpful for clinical decision-making in TNBC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cun Liu
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Ye Li
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Xiaoming Xing
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Jing Zhuang
- Department of Oncology, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang 261000, China
| | - Jigang Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Department of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang 261000, China
| | - Lujun Zhang
- Department of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang 261000, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Department of Special Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Fubin Feng
- Department of Oncology, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang 261000, China.,Department of Special Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Huayao Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Chundi Gao
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Jingyang Liu
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Changgang Sun
- Department of Oncology, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang 261000, China.,College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261000, China.,Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao 266000, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xu Y, Du Y, Zheng Q, Zhou T, Ye B, Wu Y, Xu Q, Meng X. Identification of Ferroptosis-Related Prognostic Signature and Subtypes Related to the Immune Microenvironment for Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:895110. [PMID: 35603151 PMCID: PMC9115856 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.895110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To identify molecular clusters associated with ferroptosis and to develop a ferroptosis-related signature for providing novel potential targets for the recurrence-free survival and treatment of breast cancer. Methods Ferroptosis-related gene (FRG) signature was constructed by univariate and multivariate Cox regression and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO). Receiver operating characteristic curves, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, principal component analysis, and univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses in the training and test cohorts were used to evaluate the application of this signature. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR (qRT-PCR) was employed to detect the expression of FRGs in the model. Furthermore, the correlations between the signature and immune microenvironment, somatic mutation, and chemotherapeutic drugs sensitivity were explored. Results Internal and external validations affirmed that relapse-free survival differed significantly between the high-risk and low-risk groups. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses indicated that the riskScore was an independent prognostic factor for BRCA. The areas under the curve (AUCs) for predicting 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival in the training and test cohorts were satisfactory. Significant differences were also found in the immune microenvironment and IC50 of chemotherapeutic drugs between different risk groups. Furthermore, we divided patients into three clusters based on 18 FRGs to ameliorate the situation of immunotherapy failure in BRCA. Conclusions The FRG signature functions as a robust prognostic predictor of the immune microenvironment and therapeutic response, with great potential to guide individualized treatment strategies in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Xu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- General Surgery, Cancer Center, Department of Breast Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaoqiang Du
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Qinghui Zheng
- General Surgery, Cancer Center, Department of Breast Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Buyun Ye
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yihao Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiuran Xu
- Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuli Meng
- General Surgery, Cancer Center, Department of Breast Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Qu J, Ke F, Liu Z, Yang X, Li X, Xu H, Li Q, Bi K. Uncovering the mechanisms of dandelion against triple-negative breast cancer using a combined network pharmacology, molecular pharmacology and metabolomics approach. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 99:153986. [PMID: 35183931 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.153986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taraxacum mongolicum, also called dandelion, has been used for thousands of years as a remedy for mammary abscess, mammary gland hyperplasia, and various other diseases afflicting the breast. In modern pharmacological research, dandelion has been proven to be effective against triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, the mechanisms of this anti-tumor effect have not been fully elucidated. PURPOSE The aim of this investigation was to understand the multi-target mechanisms through which dandelion counteracts TNBC via a network pharmacology strategy as well as to validate its effectiveness by means of molecular pharmacology and metabolomics assessments. METHODS A liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (LC-Q-TOF/MS) was employed to identify the absorbed components of dandelion in rat plasma. The network pharmacology-based prediction was utilized to uncover the potential mechanisms through which dandelion counteracts TNBC, during which potential targets were identified and pathway enrichment analysis was performed. Subsequently, TNBC cells and 4T1 tumor-bearing mice were used to further verify the molecular mechanisms of dandelion. RESULTS Twelve active compounds were identified in rat plasma, which were connected with 50 TNBC-related targets. The pathway enrichment showed that dandelion could treat TNBC through regulating a series of biological processes involving cell cycle and metabolism. Experimentally, flow cytometry analysis revealed that dandelion could arrest the G0/G1 and G2/M cell cycles in 4T1 cells. Further western blot analysis evidenced that the protein expression of kinase 6 (CDK6) as well as cyclins B1 and B2 in mice tumor tissue were suppressed by dandelion. In addition, cell metabolomics analysis revealed the changes in the endogenous metabolite levels that result from dandelion treatments, such as the downregulation of arginine and spermine levels. All these findings were consistent with the predicted targets and pathways. CONCLUSION This study comprehensively demonstrates the multi-target mechanisms of dandelion against TNBC using network pharmacology, molecular pharmacology, and metabolomics approaches. These findings will provide important stepping stones for further mechanism investigations and may lead to the development of highly effective dandelion-based treatments for TNBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiameng Qu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; School of Traditional Chinese Material Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Fan Ke
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ziru Liu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xianzhe Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Material Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Huarong Xu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qing Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Kaishun Bi
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Li J, Chen L, Tan W, Qi F, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Shao Z. Platinum is essential in neoadjuvant treatment of triple-negative breast cancer: a network meta-analysis. Cancer Biol Med 2022; 19:j.issn.2095-3941.2021.0529. [PMID: 35170879 PMCID: PMC9196055 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2021.0529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of various neoadjuvant regimens for patients diagnosed with early-stage or locally advanced triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). METHODS Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched in May 2020 to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Bayesian network meta-analysis (NMA) was performed (Registration: PROSPERO CRD42020223012). RESULTS A total of 35 RCTs involving 8,424 participants were reviewed, of which 22 RCTs with 5,203 patients were included in this NMA focusing on pathologic complete response (pCR). An anthracycline-taxane-based (AT) regimen combined with a platinum (ATPt) [odds ratio (OR) = 2.04, 95% credible interval (CrI): 1.69, 2.48] regimen, and a docetaxel regimen combined with a carboplatin (TCb; OR = 2.16, 95% CrI: 1.20, 3.91) regimen improved pCR beyond that with AT only. AT and ATPt combined with targeted therapy [including bevacizumab (Bev), veliparib, atezolizumab, or pembrolizumab] also improved pCR. Five RCTs included in this NMA reported serious adverse events (SAEs) or grade ≥ 3 AEs. TCb was associated with fewer grade ≥ 3 AEs than was AT (OR = 0.66, 95% CrI: 0.23, 1.72) alone. In contrast, ATPt, AT + Bev, ATPt + Bev, ATPt + veliparib, and ATPt + pembrolizumab were associated with more SAEs than was AT alone. CONCLUSIONS In patients with TNBC, platinum-based neoadjuvant regimens ATPt and TCb increase pCR beyond that with AT alone, but TCb appears to be better tolerated than either AT or ATPt. Platinum-based regimens combined with targeted therapies (Bev, PARPi, and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor) also improve the pCR rate beyond that with AT alone, but this benefit is accompanied by greater toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Li Chen
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wei Tan
- Nottingham Clinical Trials Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Fang Qi
- Academic Department, Systematic Review Solutions Ltd, Shanghai 201400, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Academic Department, Systematic Review Solutions Ltd, Shanghai 201400, China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhimin Shao
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kanugo A, Gautam RK, Kamal MA. Recent advances of nanotechnology in the diagnosis and therapy of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 23:1581-1595. [PMID: 34967294 DOI: 10.2174/1389201023666211230113658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of advanced treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the utmost need of an era. TNBC is recognized as the most aggressive, metastatic cancer and the leading cause of mortality in females worldwide. The lack of expression of triple receptors namely, estrogen, progesterone, and human epidermal receptor2 defined TNBC. OBJECTIVE The current review introduced the novel biomarkers such as miRNA and family, PD1, EGFR, VEGF, TILs, P53, AR and PI3K, etc. contributed significantly to the prognosis and diagnosis of TNBC. Once diagnosed the utilization advanced approaches available for TNBC because of the limitations of chemotherapy. Novel approaches include lipid-based (liposomes, SLN, NLC, and SNEDDS), polymer-based (micelle, nanoparticles, dendrimers, and quantum dots), advanced nanocarriers such as (exosomes, antibody and peptide-drug conjugates), carbon-based nanocarriers (Carbon nanotubes, and graphene oxide). Lipid-based delivery is used for excellent carriers for hydrophobic drugs, biocompatibility, and lesser systemic toxicities than chemotherapeutic agents. Polymer-based approaches are preferred over lipids for providing longer circulation time, nanosize, high loading efficiency, high linking; avoiding the expulsion of drugs, targeted action, diagnostic and biosensing abilities. Advanced approaches like exosomes, conjugated moieties are preferred over polymeric for possessing potency, high penetrability, biomarkers, and avoiding the toxicity of tissues. Carbon-based gained wide applicability for their unique properties like a versatile carrier, prognostic, diagnostic, sensing, photodynamic, and photothermal characteristics. CONCLUSION The survival rate can be increased by utilizing several kinds of biomarkers. The advanced approaches can also be significantly useful in the prognosis and theranostic of triple-negative breast cancer. One of the biggest successes in treating with nanotechnology-based approaches is the marked reduction of systemic toxicity with high therapeutic effectiveness compared with chemotherapy, surgery, etc. The requirements such as prompt diagnosis, longer circulation time, high efficiency, and high potency, can be fulfilled with these nanocarriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kanugo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM NMIMS School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, Shirpur, Dhule, India
| | - Rupesh K Gautam
- Department of Pharmacology, MM School of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Sadopur-Ambala (Haryana) India
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- West China School of Nursing / Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW 2770; Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Duan F, Li J, Huang J, Hua X, Song C, Wang L, Bi X, Xia W, Yuan Z. Establishment and Validation of Prognostic Nomograms Based on Serum Copper Level for Patients With Early-Stage Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:770115. [PMID: 34901016 PMCID: PMC8657150 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.770115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Altered copper levels have been observed in several cancers, but studies on the relationship between serum copper and early-stage triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remain scare. We sought to establish a predictive model incorporating serum copper levels for individualized survival predictions. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed clinicopathological information and baseline peripheric blood samples of patients diagnosed with early-stage TNBC between September 2005 and October 2016 at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center. The optimal cut-off point of serum copper level was determined using maximally selected log-rank statistics. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to estimate survival probabilities. Independent prognostic indicators associated with survival were identified using multivariate Cox regression analysis, and subsequently, prognostic nomograms were established to predict individualized disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). The nomograms were validated in a separate cohort of 86 patients from the original randomized clinical trial SYSUCC-001 (SYSUCC-001 cohort). Results: 350 patients were eligible in this study, including 264 in the training cohort and 86 in the SYSUCC-001 cohort. An optimal cut-off value of 21.3 μmol/L of serum copper was determined to maximally divide patients into low- and high-copper groups. After a median follow-up of 87.1 months, patients with high copper levels had significantly worse DFS (p = 0.002) and OS (p < 0.001) than those with low copper levels in the training cohort. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that serum copper level was an independent factor for DFS and OS. Further, prognostic models based on serum copper were established for individualized predictions. These models showed excellent discrimination [C-index for DFS: 0.689, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.621-0.757; C-index for OS: 0.728, 95% CI: 0.654-0.802] and predictive calibration, and were validated in the SYSUCC-001 cohort. Conclusion: Serum copper level is a potential predictive biomarker for patients with early-stage TNBC. Predictive nomograms based on serum copper might be served as a practical tool for individualized prognostication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Duan
- Departments of Medical Oncology, The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianpei Li
- Departments of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajia Huang
- Departments of Medical Oncology, The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Hua
- Departments of Medical Oncology, The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenge Song
- Departments of Medical Oncology, The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Wang
- Departments of Medical Oncology, The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiwen Bi
- Departments of Medical Oncology, The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Xia
- Departments of Medical Oncology, The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongyu Yuan
- Departments of Medical Oncology, The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Xin Y, Shen G, Zheng Y, Guan Y, Huo X, Li J, Ren D, Zhao F, Liu Z, Li Z, Zhao J. Immune checkpoint inhibitors plus neoadjuvant chemotherapy in early triple-negative breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:1261. [PMID: 34814874 PMCID: PMC8609839 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08997-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Some studies have shown that Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have a favorable efficacy in advanced triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients, but the results are controversial in neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) stage. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety after NACT plus ICIs in early TNBC patients. METHODS After searching PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane library and several mainly oncology conferences up to 30 January 2021 systematically, and define randomized controlled trials (RCTs) exploring the efficacy and safety of programmed death protein-1/programmed cell death-Ligand 1(PD-1/PD-L1) inhibitors plus neoadjuvant chemotherapy in TNBC patients. The primary endpoint was the pathological complete response (pCR) in intention-to-treat populations (ITT), and the secondary endpoints were event-free survival (EFS) and safety analysis in the ITT populations. RESULTS Six RCTs (N = 2142) were included in our meta-analysis; NACT plus ICIs increased pCR rates compared with NACT in intention-to-treat (ITT) populations (OR: 1.91; 95% CI: 1.32-2.78, P < 0.001). The pCR rate also increased in both PD-L1 positive (OR: 1.65; 95% CI: 1.26-2.16, P < 0.001) and PD-L1 negative patients (OR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.04-2.33, P = 0.03), especially in PD-L1 positive patients. The benefit was also observed in nodal-positive populations (OR: 2.52; 95% CI: 1.69-3.77, P < 0.001) and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance-status score (ECOG PS) 0 subgroup (OR: 1.90; 95% CI: 1.42-2.53, P < 0.001). Three RCTs (N = 1615) reported EFS and the results showed that adding PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors increased EFS (HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.50-0.83, P = 0.0007) in ITT populations with a short follow-up time. In the safety analysis of 2205 patients with early TNBC from five eligible studies, NACT plus ICIs had a higher risk of grade 3-4 diarrhea (OR: 2.54; 95% CI: 1.21-5.32; P = 0.01), any grade of adverse effects(AEs)including vomiting (OR: 1.37; 95% CI: 1.00-1.86; P = 0.05), hyperthyroidism (OR: 6.04; 95% CI: 2.39-15.29; P < 0.001), and hypothyroidism (OR: 5.04; 95% CI: 3.02-8.39; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors combined with chemotherapy can improve pCR rates and EFS, and with an increased incidence of some immune-related AEs compared with chemotherapy alone. NACT plus ICIs might be an option in patients with in PD-L1 positive and high-risk populations with positive nodal disease early TNBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfang Xin
- Breast Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000 China
| | - Guoshuang Shen
- Breast Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000 China
| | - Yonghui Zheng
- Breast Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000 China
| | - Yumei Guan
- Breast Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000 China
| | - Xingfa Huo
- Breast Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000 China
| | - Jinming Li
- Breast Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000 China
| | - Dengfeng Ren
- Breast Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000 China
| | - Fuxing Zhao
- Breast Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000 China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Breast Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000 China
| | - Zitao Li
- Breast Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000 China
| | - Jiuda Zhao
- Breast Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000 China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hamadneh L, Abu-Irmaileh B, Al-Majawleh M, Bustanji Y, Jarrar Y, Al-Qirim T. Doxorubicin-paclitaxel sequential treatment: insights of DNA methylation and gene expression changes of luminal A and triple negative breast cancer cell lines. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:3647-3654. [PMID: 34050450 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04191-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the significant causes of death among women diagnosed with cancer worldwide. Even though several chemotherapy combinations are still the primary treatment of breast cancer, unsuccessful treatments, and poor prognostic outcomes are still being reported. DNA methylation and gene expression changes among two breast cancer cell lines representing luminal A (MCF-7) and triple-negative (MDA-MB-231) cancers were determined after sequential combination treatment of doxorubicin and paclitaxel and analyzed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Promoter methylation changes were seen in different treated MCF-7 cells and accompanied by changes in the gene expression of CCNA1 and PTGS2. In MDA-MB-231 cells, the hypomethylation of ESR1 was not accompanied by an increase in its gene expression in any treated cells. The hypomethylation of GSTP1 and MGMT was accompanied by an increase in gene expression levels in the group treated with doxorubicin only. Also, significant downregulation of several genes like MUC1 and MKI67 in MCF-7 cells treated with doxorubicin showed much lower gene expression (- 37.63, - 10.88 folds) when compared with cells treated with paclitaxel (- 2.47, - 2.05 folds) or the combination treatment (- 18.99, - 2.81 folds), respectively. On the other hand, a synergistic effect on MMP9 gene expression was significantly seen in MDA-MB-231 cells treated with the combination (- 9.99 folds) in comparison with the cells treated with doxorubicin (- 3.62 folds) or paclitaxel (1.75 folds) alone. Chemotherapy combinations do not always augment the molecular changes seen in each drug alone, and these changes could be utilized as treatment response markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lama Hamadneh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, AL-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, 11733, Jordan.
| | - Bashaer Abu-Irmaileh
- Hamdi Mango Center for Scientific Research, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - May Al-Majawleh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, AL-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, 11733, Jordan
| | - Yasser Bustanji
- Hamdi Mango Center for Scientific Research, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, 27272, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Yazun Jarrar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, AL-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, 11733, Jordan
| | - Tariq Al-Qirim
- Faculty of Pharmacy, AL-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, 11733, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|